World history: periodization

Periodization of World History usually contains several periods. They simply need to be learned if you want to competently and systematically work through each topic and remember it in the best possible way. I recommend analyzing the sequence of historical events, as described in the post on the link. So, the Periodization of World History is as follows:

The first period is from the 5th to the 11th centuries. This period is also characterized by the formation of barbarian kingdoms on its territory.

The second period of periodization of World History: from the XII to the XV centuries. During this period, the borders of European civilization expanded, Europe expanded, learned about other states. The consequence of this is the Crusades. Institutions, religions, and the Inquisition take shape. There is rivalry between royal and papal power.

The third period is associated with the 16th - mid-17th centuries. During this period, feudal institutions underwent a crisis, expressed in the Renaissance, the beginning of the crisis of royal power, and so on.

The fourth period in the periodization of World History is called Modern Time. It covered the period from the middle of the 17th century to 1914. During this period, the first bourgeois revolutions in Europe, the industrial revolution, the change of several systems of international relations (Westphalian, Vienna, etc.) took place.

Fifth period: from 1914 to 1991. This is the shortest and at the same time the most dramatic period in World history.

When studying World History, I highly recommend correlating each studied historical process or event with a specific historical period. Studying World History is most effective, easiest and cheapest using our materials.

Introduction

Topic 1. Prehistory of Europe

Question 1. Periodization of European history in accordance with the material of the tools.

Question 2. The formation of primitive man and society in Europe.

Question 3. From primitiveness to civilization.

Control questions:

Topic 2. Ancient period. Ancient Greece

Question 1. Periodization of the history of Ancient Greece.

Question 2. Greece in the Cretan-Mycenaean era (III-II millennium BC).

Question 3. Greece in the 1st millennium BC.

Question 4. Hellenistic period (late IV-I centuries BC).

Control questions:

Assignments for independent work.

Topic 3. Ancient period. Ancient Rome

Question 1. The origins of Roman statehood. Periodization of the history of Ancient Rome.

Question 2. Features of the Roman state during the reign of kings.

Question 3. The Roman Republic.

Question 4. The Roman Empire and its capture by barbarians (1st century BC – 5th century AD).

Control questions.

Assignments for independent work.

Dear friends!

However, it was here that the ideas of colonialism were born, it was here that the bloodiest wars of the 20th century were unleashed, it was here that totalitarian regimes arose, completely subjugating the lives of people.

Overcoming the burden of the past, comprehending the present from the point of view of the value of a person, the uniqueness of his existence, the European region has not abandoned its leading position. The ideas of human rights, freedom and democracy, prosperity and progress, born in Europe, are still on the banners of those who see their future, the future of their fatherland among the most advanced forces in the world. The proposed manual will help you understand the uniqueness of European history and its unique features.

Good luck!

Introduction

The European region has long been considered by scholars as the center of world history. And indeed, it was here that the conditions for the industrial revolution arose, which allowed the countries located in this part of the world to make a powerful breakthrough and overtake everyone else in their development. Nowadays this approach does not seem correct. Asian countries are making impressive progress. However, the European region continues to play a vital role in the global process, having a rich past. Studying the history of Europe helps to understand the origins of the formation of modern states, to fully evaluate the path of development of European societies, their achievements in the field of economics, politics, culture, to understand the uniqueness and get an idea of ​​the general phenomena in the world historical process.

Our ideas about the history of Europe are formed on the basis of historical sources. By historical source we should generally understand the form in which specific historical facts have come down to us. These can be written, material, oral, folklore, ethnographic, linguistic, photo and film documents, phonological documents. Recently, an electronic document has begun to be considered as a historical source.

A number of specialized and auxiliary historical disciplines also provide materials for the study of history. Among the special disciplines are historiography (a set of studies devoted to a specific topic or historical era), source studies (the science of theoretical and applied problems in the study and use of historical sources). Auxiliary historical disciplines include archeology, heraldry, historical geography, numismatics, onomastics, sphragistics and a number of other sciences.

Archeology studies the history of society through the material remains of people’s lives and activities—material monuments. Heraldry pays attention to the study of coats of arms: state, private, coats of arms of institutions, societies, etc. Historical geography studies the physical, economic and political geography of the past of a country or territory. Numismatics studies coins and medals, onomastics - the meaning, history of the origin of geographical names, surnames and names of people. Finally, the subject of study of sphragistics is seals.

Based on these data, you can get a complete picture of the history of the region and a separate country. Findings by archaeologists, information from ancient authors, household items, analysis of linguistic structures and much more make it possible to write the history of Europe, a brief summary of which is presented in the proposed manual. The traditional version of the presentation of events was chosen: Antiquity, Middle Ages, Modern times, Contemporary times. The first part of the manual is devoted to the prehistory of Europe, antiquity and the Middle Ages.

Topic 1. Prehistory of Europe

Topic questions:

1. Periodization of European history in accordance with the material of the tools.

2. The formation of primitive man and society in Europe.

3. From primitiveness to civilization.

After studying the topic you will:

know:

· how man appeared on the territory of Europe;

· what distinguished his life in the Paleolithic era;

· how primitive art appeared and how it was expressed;

· what new appeared in the life of Europeans during the Mesolithic era;

What was the significance of the Neolithic revolution?

· how people lived in the Neolithic era;

· when people started fighting;

Where did the Indo-European peoples come from in Europe?

· how society changed during the Bronze Age;

· when the Iron Age began in Europe.

Basic concepts:

· Paleolithic;

· Acheulean culture;

· Mousterian era;

· totemism;

· animism;

· primitive art;

· Mesolithic;

· Neolithic;

· Neolithic revolution;

· uneven development;

Chalcolithic;

· social differentiation;

· property differentiation;

· hierarchical structure;

· Bronze Age;

· Iron Age.

Theoretical material

Question 1. Periodization of European history in accordance with the material of tools.

Man appeared in the vastness of Europe about 2 million years ago. From written sources one can learn the history of man in Europe only over the last 3 thousand years. The remaining pages of the foggy past can reveal data from such sciences as archeology, linguistics, paleoanthropology, geology, paleontology, etc.

Archeology distinguishes three main periods in the ancient history of Europe: stone, bronze, iron. The Stone Age is the longest of them. At this time, people made the main tools and weapons from wood, stone, horn and bone. It was only at the very end of the Stone Age that the ancient inhabitants of Europe first became acquainted with copper, but used it mainly for making jewelry. Most likely, the most numerous tools and weapons made by ancient man were made of wood, but organic matter is not preserved, so stone products are the main sources for studying human existence.

Scientists usually divide the Stone Age into three parts: the ancient Stone Age, or Paleolithic; the Middle Stone Age, go Mesolithic, and the New Stone Age, or Neolithic.

In the Paleolithic era (upper, middle, and lower Paleolithic are distinguished), man, existing in the European space, was engaged in hunting and gathering. His stone tools were made without grinding or drilling, using the beating method. The living conditions of that time were extremely harsh: the Paleolithic coincides with the Pleistocene - the early part of the glacial (Quaternary) period of the Earth's history.

The Mesolithic differs from the time-extended Paleolithic by new natural conditions - the onset of the post-glacial period. Along with hunting and gathering, fishing began to develop, including sea fishing, hunting for marine mammals, and collecting sea mollusks. Man learned to use reduced-sized stone tools - microliths.

However, the main event in the development of human society in Europe occurs in the Neolithic era. It is then that the appropriating type of economy is replaced by a producing one. Hunting, gathering, and fishing are being replaced by agriculture and cattle breeding. This most important milestone is called the Neolithic Revolution, as it lays the foundation for the emergence of a new stage in the development of human society - the stage of civilization.

After the Stone Age comes the Bronze Age. Between them the Copper-Stone Age (Eneolithic, Chalcolithic) is distinguished, but this period can not be traced throughout Europe, but mainly in the south of the continent. At that time, agricultural and pastoral societies emerged and flourished there, with large settlements, developed social relations, religion and even proto-literacy.

During the Eneolithic era, the first large-sized copper tools appeared - for example, battle axes, as well as jewelry made of copper, gold and silver.

The Bronze Age in different parts of Europe lasted 1-2 thousand years. In the first half of the Bronze Age, products made of bronze (copper alloys) were rare, mainly axes, daggers, knives, spearheads, and jewelry. But in the second part of the Bronze Age, the first agricultural tools made of bronze, improved weapons (swords), defensive armor (helmets, armor, leggings), products made of sheet copper and bronze, highly artistic products made of gold and bronze appeared. The Bronze Age in the history of Europe ends at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC. e.

Already from the end of the Paleolithic in ancient Europe, uneven economic and cultural development was observed. Thus, the Neolithic era in the southeast, and then in Central Europe, exists in parallel with the Mesolithic in the north and east of Europe. The Chalcolithic in southeastern Europe develops parallel to the Paleolithic in the west, north and east of this part of the world. The Early Bronze Age on the Aegean coast coincides with the Late Chalcolithic in the Danube region and Central Europe, the Chalcolithic in southern Eastern Europe and the Late Neolithic in Northern and North-Eastern Europe.

Periodization of history

Periodization of history- a special kind of systematization, which consists in the conditional division of the historical process into certain chronological periods. These periods have certain distinctive features, which are determined depending on the chosen basis (criterion) for periodization. A variety of reasons can be chosen for periodization: from a change in the type of thinking (O. Comte, K. Jaspers) to a change in methods of communication (M. McLuhan) and environmental transformations (J. Gudsblom). Many scientists use economic and production criteria to create periodization: these are both socio-economic relations and means of production (Marxist theory of formations), and the main sphere of production (the theory of industrial and post-industrial society; periodization according to the principles of production by L. E. Grinin).

Most famous approaches

Formational approach

In Soviet historical science, the most widespread scheme of five formations (the so-called “five-membered structure”), which was developed by Soviet scientists based on the works of Marx and Engels, in particular the work “The Origin of the Family, Private Property and the State” by Friedrich Engels. The essence of the concept was that any human society goes through five successive stages in its development - primitive communal, slaveholding, feudal, capitalist and communist formations. This scheme, as an indisputable dogma, was included in all educational and reference Marxist publications, and Soviet historians made significant efforts to find a consistent change of formations in the history of any society.

The so-called “creative Marxists” perceived the five-fold scheme as the main erroneous construct of Marxist theory, and it was against it that their main critical statements were directed. To a very high degree, the development of creative Marxism in the USSR should be associated with the discussion about the Asian mode of production - the sixth formation, the existence of which was postulated by Marx, but rejected by Soviet scientists.

Based on the new ideas voiced during the discussion, new formational schemes were formed, different from the scheme of the five formations. In some concepts of formations there are six - between primitiveness and slavery, researchers place the “Asian (political) mode of production” (Semyonov; Koranashvili; Kapustin; Nureyev, etc.). In other formations there are four - instead of slavery and feudalism, a “large feudal formation” (Kobishchanov) or a single pre-capitalist formation - “class-class society” (Ilyushechkin). In addition to unilinear formational schemes, multilinear ones have appeared, recording the differences in the development of Western civilization and non-Western societies. The multilinear approach to world history was most consistently defended by L. S. Vasiliev.

Currently (2011), one of the most consistent supporters of formation theory remains Yu. I. Semenov. He created a global formational (relay-formation) concept of world history, according to which no society is obliged to go through all the formations, which Soviet historical science insisted on. The latter societies do not go through the stage at which the first ones were, and do not repeat their movement. Entering the highway of human history, they immediately begin to move from the place where previously advanced societies stopped.

Civilizational approach

Unlike stage theories, including the Marxist one, the civilizational approach considers the historical process on a different plane, not in the diachronic “vertical”, but in the spatial “horizontal” dimension. Proponents of this approach believe that the identification of equivalent civilizations allows us to avoid the question of progress in history, and therefore avoid the gradation of developed, developing and undeveloped peoples.

It is believed that the main ideas of the cyclical understanding of history were formulated in the works of Giambattista Vico. However, this approach was first outlined most clearly in the book by N. I. Danilevsky “Russia and Europe”. In foreign science, unconditional priority belongs to O. Spengler’s book “The Decline of Europe”. However, the civilizational theory was formulated most thoroughly in the 12-volume work of A. Toynbee “Comprehension of History”. Toynbee identified about 30 civilizations, distinguished by unique and inimitable features. The reasons for the emergence of civilizations were the “challenges” of the external environment. Each of the civilizations went through stages of emergence, growth, breakdown and collapse in its development. The internal structure of civilizations was based on a functional division into a “creative minority,” the masses, and the “proletariat.”

The weaknesses of the civilizational approach have long been revealed. Firstly, it was not possible to identify objective criteria by which civilizations are distinguished. For this reason, their number varies greatly among different authors, and various speculations are possible (up to the reduction of any nation to a special civilization). Secondly, the identification of civilizations with living organisms is incorrect. The duration of the existence of civilizations varies; periods of rise and decline can occur repeatedly. Thirdly, the reasons for the genesis and decline of different civilizations are different.

Civilization theory was popular in world science half a century ago, but now it is in a state of crisis. Foreign scientists prefer to turn to the study of local communities, the problems of historical anthropology, and the history of everyday life. The theory of civilizations has been most actively developed in recent decades (as an alternative to Eurocentrism) in developing and post-socialist countries. During this period, the number of identified civilizations increased sharply - to the point of giving civilizational status to almost any ethnic group. I. Wallerstein characterized the civilizational approach as the “ideology of the weak,” as a form of protest of ethnic nationalism against the developed countries of the “core” of the modern world system.

Modernization theories

Neo-evolutionism

World-system

World-system analysis examines the social evolution of systems of societies, but not individual societies, in contrast to previous sociological approaches, within which theories of social evolution considered the development primarily of individual societies, and not their systems. In this, the world-system approach is similar to the civilizational one, but goes a little further, exploring not only the evolution of social systems that embrace one civilization, but also those systems that embrace more than one civilization or even all the civilizations of the world. This approach was developed in the 1970s. A. G. Frank, I. Wallerstein, S. Amin, J. Arrighi and T. dos Santos. F. Braudel is usually considered as the most important predecessor of the world-system approach, who laid its foundations. Therefore, it is no coincidence that the main world center for world-system analysis (in Binghampton, at the State University of New York) is named after Fernand Braudel.

Literature

• Grinin, L. E. 2006. Productive forces and the historical process. Ed. 3rd. M.: KomKniga.
• Grinin, L. E. 2006. Periodization of history: theoretical and mathematical analysis // History and Mathematics: problems of periodization of historical macroprocesses. / Ed. Korotaev A.V., Malkov S.Yu., Grinin L.E.M.: KomKniga/URSS. pp. 53-79. ISBN 978-5-484-01009-7.
• Grinin, L. E. 2006b. Methodological foundations for the periodization of history. Philosophical Sciences 8: 117-123; 9: 127-130.
• Grinchenko S. N. History of humanity from a cybernetic perspective // ​​History and Mathematics: Problems of periodization of historical macroprocesses. M.: KomKniga, 2006. pp. 38-52.
• Sorokin, P. A. 1992. About the so-called factors of social evolution // Sorokin, P. A. Man. Civilization. Society, p. 521-531. M.: Politizdat.
• Shofman, A. S. 1984 (ed.). Periodization of world history. Kazan: Kazan University Publishing House.
• Jaspers, K. 1994. The meaning and purpose of history. M.: Republic.

• Bell, D. 1973. The Coming of Post-Industrial Society. New York: Basic Books.
• Comte, O. 1974. Cours de philosophie positive // ​​The essential Comte: selected from Cours de philosophie positive / Edited and with an introduction by Stanislav Andreski. London: Croom Helme.
• Goudsblom, J. 1996. Human History and Long-Term Social Processes: Toward a Synthesis of Chronology and Phaseology // The Course of Human History. Economic Growth, Social Process, and Civilization / Ed. by J. Goudsblom, E. L. Jones, and S. Mennel, p. 15-30. New York, NY: Sharpe.
• Green, W. A. ​​1992. Periodization in European and World History // Journal of World History 3(1): 13-53.
• Green, W. A. ​​1995. Periodizing World History // History and Theory 34: 99-111.
• Grinin, L. E., and A. V. Korotayev. 2006. Political Development of the World System: A Formal Quantitative Analysis // History & Mathematics. Historical Dynamics and Development of Complex Societies / Ed. by P. Turchin, L. Grinin, V. de Munck, and A. Korotayev. Moscow: URSS.
• Toffler, A. 1980. The Third Wave. New York.
• White, L. A. 1959. The Evolution of Culture; the development of civilization to the fall of Rome. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Links

• Yuri Semyonov Periodization and the general picture of world history

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Periodization of history” is in other dictionaries:

Conditional division of k.l. ist. process on chronological periods will distinguish them accordingly. features determined depending on the selected criterion. The object of P. and. can serve not only general, so-called. citizen history on its various scales... ... Soviet historical encyclopedia

Since the end of the 19th century. In Japan, it is customary to divide the country's history into large time periods called jidai. Paleolithic, or Old Stone Age (40,000–13,000 BC). Jomon period, Japanese Neolithic (13 thousand years BC, 3rd century BC). Named after... ... All Japan

Periodization of the history of civilization in Russia- There are different points of view about how many civilizations there were in that area called Russia. Some historians believe that from the 9th century. (formation of the ancient Russian state) to the present day there is one civilization in... ... Man and Society: Culturology. Dictionary-reference book

PERIODIZATION OF THE HISTORY OF DOMESTIC CONFLICTOLOGY- – highlighting in the history of the development of this science periods, stages, and other time intervals that differ in the qualitative characteristics of the state of conflictology. The periodization is based on a meaningful analysis of conflictological ideas and theories,... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of Psychology and Pedagogy

periodization- and, f. periodization f. Division into periods. Periodization of the history of the peoples of the USSR. ALS 1. In the 60s and 70s of the twentieth century. Many historians of our country were attracted by the problems of periodization of history. Very often discussions on this issue were abstract and unnecessarily... ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

periodization- PERIODIZATION, and, g The result of studying which l. phenomena, most often related to social life, representing a sequence of time periods that differ in common characteristics. Periodization of Russian cultural history... Explanatory dictionary of Russian nouns

PERIODIZATION, periodization, pl. no, female (book scientific). Division into periods. Periodization of world history. Outline, establish, give a periodization of something. The history of the CPSU (b), approved in 1938 by the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), is divided into 12 chapters, ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

PERIODIZATION AND CLASSIFICATION. The main problems are related to the chronological and regional linguistic features of the formation of patristics. Although the Roman world at the end of its existence corresponded just as little to the abstract norm... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

General history in questions and answers Tkachenko Irina Valerievna

1. What criteria were used to periodize the history of modern times?

Modern times open up the most important historical era in the history of Western civilization, when, in the course of complex socio-political processes, its modern appearance was gradually formed.

The term “new history” appeared in socio-political thought back in the Renaissance, when, comprehending the ways of development of human civilization, humanist thinkers proposed a three-part division of history (ancient, medieval and modern). This concept is firmly entrenched in historical science. By now, new history is understood as the process of formation and establishment of bourgeois relations as the basis of Western civilization.

The modern historical period has its own periodization, which reflects the changes occurring in society during this period of time.

Historians of different schools interpret the question of periodization of modern history differently. In Russian historiography, its beginning is associated with the English Revolution, which broke out in the middle of the 17th century. and became a clear symptom of the crisis of feudal relations. This revolution became the starting point of a broader process - the modernization of English society, which created the ground for the industrial revolution. This process in turn created the economic foundation of the future industrial society. And the fact that England embarked on this path earlier than others provided it with unconditional and long-term leadership in world affairs, which continued until the twentieth century. England became a kind of standard against which all other countries that were on the periphery of Western civilization were measured.

Of course, modernization (the transition of society to a more developed state) is a long and complex process, during which, based on industrialization, changes cover all aspects of social life: economics, politics, spiritual life. Thanks to the completion of the industrial revolution, manual labor is mechanized, technological processes become more complex, and the division of labor deepens. In the political field, modernization manifests itself in the democratization of state and public life. The power of kings and emperors is limited by constitutions and parliaments, and in a number of countries the republican system of government prevails. The principles of the rule of law and civil society are strengthened, and individual rights are expanded. In the field of culture, the process of modernization leads to the strengthening of the rational principles of life and the further secularization of consciousness. In the course of modernization, the birth and development of industrial society occurs.

It should be emphasized that the process of destruction of traditional society occurred unevenly. In England and France, the formation of an industrial society took place evolutionarily in Germany, Italy, and the USA through targeted reforms; in countries remote from the center (Latin America, Spain), modernization processes spread very limitedly.

The English Revolution marked the beginning of modern European history. But in historiography, no less controversial is the question of determining its upper limit. In Soviet times, the prevailing point of view was that the period of new history ended in 1917, when a socialist revolution took place in Russia, opening a new era in the development of mankind. Domestic historians started from the theory of imperialism developed by V.I. Lenin, which substantiated the inevitability of the transition to a more perfect and fair type of society - socialism.

But real life turned out to be more complex and diverse than it was imagined at the beginning of the twentieth century. New factors emerged that had an extremely serious impact on the development of Western civilization. It turned out that bourgeois society had not exhausted itself in the twentieth century. reserves for further progress. On the other hand, the construction of a socialist society also encountered many problems along the way.

Therefore, at the present stage, the upper boundary of new history ends with the turn of the 19th-20th centuries. - the period when the entry of leading Western countries into the phase of industrial society was basically completed.