The Soviet State and Law in the Years of Stagnation. The USSR in the period of "stagnation" The judicial system of the USSR in the period of stagnation

The main features of the foreign policy activity of the Soviet state were: the presence of two socio-political systems - the world system of socialism and the world system of capitalism, the continuation of the Cold War, the confrontation between the Soviet Union and the United States of America.

One of the main principles of the foreign policy of the USSR was the principle of peaceful coexistence of the two systems, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the USSR in 1977.

Among the achievements of the foreign policy of the USSR is the adoption of the Final Act of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe, held in 1979 in Helsinki. The meeting was attended by the heads of 33 states of Europe, as well as the United States and Canada.

The USSR continued to defend proposals to end the arms race, ban atomic and hydrogen weapons, and limit strategic arms. As a result, agreements on missile defense were reached between the USSR and the USA - SALT-1 and SALT-2.

Relations between the USSR and the socialist countries developed. They covered the political, economic, scientific, technical and cultural spheres.

2. On October 7, 1977, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a new Constitution of the USSR. The representative bodies of power were now called Soviets of People's Deputies. The terms of office of the Soviets were changed: the powers of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR increased to 5 years, local Soviets - up to 2.5 years. An equal number of deputies was established in the chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - 750 people each.

In July 1978, a new Law on Elections to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was adopted, based on the provisions of the Constitution of 1977. In April 1979, it was supplemented by the law "On the procedure for recalling a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR" and the law "On the status of people's deputies in the USSR" .

In order to increase the control of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR over the activities of all bodies formed by it, the Regulations of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were adopted, which determined the structure, powers, procedure for the work of the Supreme Council and its bodies, the procedure for legislative work, control activities and the formation of bodies accountable to the Supreme Council.

In 1966, the organizational structure of the chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities - was changed: along with the budget commission, the commission on foreign affairs and the mandate commission, new commissions were formed on the areas of activity of the Supreme Council and areas of state, economic and socio-cultural construction. Each of the chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR formed 16 permanent commissions. On April 19, 1979, the Supreme Council adopted a new regulation on standing committees.

In the 70s. the role of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR increased, which acted as the organizer of all the work of the Supreme Soviet. The control activity of the Supreme Soviets of the USSR and the Union republics and the legislative activity of the Supreme Soviets of the Union republics intensified.

In 1962, a system of party-state control was created. The system was headed by the Committee of Party and State Control of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Party-state control committees and assistance groups were formed locally. The tasks of the CPCC and its local bodies were defined as follows: to assist the party and the state in the implementation of the CPSU Program, to organize a systematic verification of the fulfillment of the directives of the party and government, in the struggle for the all-round development of the socialist economy, to observe party and state discipline and socialist legality.

In December 1965, the control bodies were renamed the bodies of people's control. In December 1968, the government approved the Regulations on the organs of people's control, which included the Committee of People's Control of the USSR; committees of union and autonomous republics, territories, regions, autonomous regions and districts, districts, cities; groups of people's control at settlement and rural Soviets, at enterprises, collective farms, institutions, organizations and military units. After the adoption of the new Constitution in November 1979, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved the Law on People's Control, which determined the functions and structure of the people's control bodies.

The system of law enforcement agencies was brought into line with the Constitution of 1977. At the end of 1979, new laws of the USSR were adopted: on the Supreme Court of the USSR, on the Prosecutor's Office of the USSR, on the State Arbitration in the USSR, on the Advocacy in the USSR. In June 1980, appropriate changes were made to the Fundamentals of Legislation of the USSR and Union Republics on the judiciary.

The Supreme Court of the USSR was elected by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for a term of five years. Its main tasks were: supervision of the activities of all courts, generalization of judicial practice, giving explanations on the application of legislation.

The Law on the Prosecutor's Office expanded the scope of prosecutorial supervision: state committees, executive and administrative bodies of local Soviets were added to it. Since 1979, collegiums of the Main Military Prosecutor's Office, prosecutor's offices of autonomous republics, territories, regions, cities, and autonomous regions began to be formed.

The system of arbitration courts included: State arbitration, arbitration of the union republics, arbitration of autonomous republics, territories, regions, cities, autonomous regions and districts. The arbitration bodies acted in accordance with the Law on Arbitration, the Rules for Considering Economic Disputes and the Regulations on State Arbitration under the Council of Ministers of the USSR.

In accordance with the Law on the Bar and the republican regulations on the bar, bar associations were created - associations on a voluntary basis of persons engaged in advocacy. The lawyers were entrusted with the following tasks: defense of the accused, representation of the interests of the victim, plaintiff, defendant, participation in the consideration of cases in court and during the preliminary investigation, provision of legal assistance to citizens and organizations in the form of consultations.

In 1960, the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR was abolished, its functions were transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Union republics. In 1962 they were renamed ministries of public order. In 1966 In order to ensure a unified leadership of the activities of law enforcement agencies in the fight against crime, the Union-Republican Ministry of Public Order of the USSR was created. In November 1968, it was transformed into the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD USSR).

The period spanning decades from the mid-1950s to the mid-1980s was marked by a process of slowing down the pace of social development. In the previous post-war period of the restoration of the national economy, there was a change in the forms of government by the state; from the authoritarian-totalitarian regime of Stalin, a transition was made to "collective leadership".

Despite the debunking of Stalin's personality cult, voluntarism in the sphere of government continues. One after another, political and economic programs are failing, drawn up without a deep analysis of the state of society and the economy.

A certain development gets the right, filling in the gaps in the rule-making activities of the state during the years of the authoritarian-totalitarian regime.

The purpose of the lecture is to consider the main points in the development of the state apparatus of the USSR and the main directions in the development of law.

1. Development of public authorities and administration in a period of slowdown in social development

By the mid-1950s, the development of democracy, the strengthening of constitutional norms, the enhancement of the role of the Soviets and the strengthening of their ties with the masses had become an urgent task in public life.

In the previous period, as noted at the 20th Congress of the CPSU:

* the principle of collegiality was not respected;

* sessions of the Soviets were convened irregularly, the deadlines for convening congresses were violated;

* deputies did not report to voters, etc.

In essence, this meant that the USSR was turned into a totalitarian state with an authoritarian form of government.

In 1957, the Central Committee of the CPSU adopted a resolution "On Improving the Activities of the Soviets of Working People's Deputies", which outlined measures to improve the work of the Soviets.

In 1957-1960. in the Union republics, new regulations were adopted on local Soviets of working people's deputies, which regulated their rights and obligations, and the procedure for their activities.

At the end of 1962 the Soviets were reorganized. In most territories and regions, 2 Soviets of Working People's Deputies were created - industrial and rural, to which the industrial and rural areas were subordinated.

The division of the Soviets was carried out in order to improve the management of the national economy in the localities. In practice, this separation of the expected results could not give. Therefore, in accordance with the decision of the November 1964 Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces by its Decree restored the united Soviets.

After the adoption of the Constitution of the USSR in 1977 in April-May 1978, new basic laws of the union and autonomous republics were adopted. The Constitution of the RSFSR was adopted on April 12, 1978.

The USSR Constitution of 1977 created certain necessary prerequisites for improving the course of the country's social development. But it was not possible to realize the opportunities laid down by the constitution. At the turn of the 1970s and 1980s, stagnant processes continued in society, unresolved problems and difficulties multiplied. The system of economic instruments of power and control has been significantly weakened, and a mechanism for slowing down social and economic development has been formed.

Limiting factors include:

* shortcomings in the functioning of the instruments of socialist democracy;

* inconsistency of political and theoretical attitudes with the realities of social life;

* conservatism of the management mechanism;

* voluntarism in determining the main directions of economic development

The strengthening of the tendencies of slowing down the pace of social development in the late 50s - early 60s was realized every second by the country's leadership. This is probably why this period was marked by the search for the best combination of territorial and sectoral management principles, which resulted in the reorganization of the management system.

In connection with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of October 14, 1954 "On significant shortcomings in the structure of ministries and departments of the USSR and measures to improve the state apparatus" in 1957, the ministries were disaggregated.

In 1957, the sectoral principle of management was replaced by a territorial one. The whole country was divided into 105 economic administrative regions. In each of them, the Union Republic Council of Ministers created the Council of the National Economy (SNKh), which managed enterprises and construction projects. Economic councils have played a certain positive role:

* brought management closer to production;

* contributed to the cooperation of production within economic regions. However, the disadvantage of this system was that:

* management of the industry was fragmented;

* Industrial relations between enterprises began to be broken.

In accordance with the decisions of the September 1965 Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU, on October 2, 1965, the USSR Supreme Council adopted the Law "On Changing the System of Industry Management Organs." CHX were abolished. A number of all-union and union-republic ministries began to be created to manage industry.

The principle of sectoral and intersectoral management was enshrined in the Constitution of 1977 (Article 135).

It should be noted that those who had some success in science and technology, incl. military space industry, were achieved primarily due to the low level of well-being of the people, especially the collective farm peasantry. The already insignificant investments in agriculture during the execution of the budget were redistributed in favor of other sectors. Agriculture was in decline.

Agricultural products were confiscated from the peasants through collective farms at low prices set by the state. Under these conditions, there has been a tendency for the mass exodus of the rural population to the cities.

The March 1965 Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU adopted a resolution "On Urgent Measures for the Further Development of Agriculture in the USSR", in which he pointed out (more precisely, it would be, if he admitted) serious shortcomings in the management of agriculture.

In March, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution "On enhancing the role of the USSR Ministry of Agriculture in the management of collective farm and state farm production." On May 24, 1982, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution "On improving the management of agriculture and other sectors of the agro-industrial complex", which envisaged the creation of management bodies for a regional agro-industrial association, as well as the creation of similar management bodies in regions, territories, ASSR and SSR.

Summarizing the work of government bodies during this period, it should be noted that all the national economic programs of the 60-80s were one after another failed. And the situation in agriculture has changed little in half a century.

In December 1958, in accordance with the Fundamentals of Legislation on the Judiciary of the USSR, the district system of people's courts was replaced by a single people's court of a city or district. The term of office was extended from 3 to 5 years. People's assessors began to be elected at general meetings of workers, employees and peasants, and military personnel - at a general meeting of a military unit.

The accountability of people's judges to the electorate was established, and of all other courts to the Soviets. The foundations provided for the formation of the Plenums of the Supreme Court of the Union republics, which ensured more qualified management of the activities of the courts.

The Law of 25 December 1958 approved the Regulations on Military Tribunals. They were part of a single system of courts, in relation to the organizational structure of the army.

Supervision of judicial activity and management of military tribunals was carried out directly by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR and the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR.

With minor changes, such a judiciary was preserved until the collapse of the union state.

Thus, changes in public authorities in the period under review are associated with:

* the restoration of the congresses of Soviets, the USSR - as the highest body of state power;

* the introduction of the institute of presidency in the USSR.

In the 1990s, the union state broke up into independent states.

In the Russian Federation, the Soviet system of state authorities was abolished, and the institution of the presidency was introduced.

The system of modern public authorities of the Russian Federation is studied by the discipline "State Law and Public Administration".

1. Soviet society in the "era of stagnation"

There are many periods of development in the history of the Soviet state. One of these periods is the period of stagnation or "the era of developed socialism" Werth N. History of the Soviet state 1900-1991 / Translated from French. - M. / Progress: Progress Academy, 1992 .. This period begins with the resignation of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Khrushchev N. S. and the victory of conservative forces.

The resignation of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU Khrushchev by conservative forces is the period of the beginning of stagnation, which is characterized by the conservative ideological policy of the state, where the ruling elite does not want to change anything, but seeks to leave everything as it was. But it was no longer possible to leave everything as it was, since the reforms carried out in the 50s formed some changes in the life of society and the state as a whole. This was expressed in raising the standard of living of people and maintaining high rates of development. The new leadership of the country understood all this, but did not want to change anything. And in order to somehow stabilize their position in society, consolidate their power and return collective governance in the state, expressed in stabilizing the potential and interests of various bureaucratic structures, the new leadership of the country decides on the need for economic reform, while excluding any alternative to change.

The economic reform was aimed at strengthening the political echelons of power, strengthening the personnel apparatus with party cadres who were loyal to the conservative forces. The reform began with a new administrative centralization, the abolition of economic councils and the restoration of the central industrial ministries, which were liquidated by Khrushchev.

The reform was based on political conservatism, which paralyzed public life and led to the gradual curtailment of any economic levers for managing the state's economy. These levers were replaced by administrative methods of managing the economy, which were expressed in plans, the restoration of central industrial ministries, the creation of large state committees, such as Goskomtsen, Gossnab and others. The plans covered all spheres of the national economy, had their own hierarchy - they could be installed at the enterprise, in the ministry and the State Planning Committee of the USSR, adjusted depending on the type of plan - annual, five-year, long-term, as well as targeted, comprehensive or regional development programs. The basis of economic reform was planning, which allowed enterprises to expand their autonomy and stimulate their initiative, leaving part of the income at their disposal.

The economic reform assumed the development of enterprises, increased growth in gross output and growth in economic indicators, but in fact it was completely different: the plans were overstated, and higher authorities could not change the plan during its implementation.

The economic reform gave more opportunities to the state apparatus of power to strengthen the administrative and economic powers of the authorities, on the basis of personal loyalty.

The process of implementing the economic reform showed that the problems of economic development remained at the same level and were characterized by a process of stagnation.

The main reason for economic stagnation was departmentalism, which was expressed by the principle of vertical subordination in the system of economic planning and management. Each lower body interacted only with the instance that was directly above it, and there was no connection between neighboring enterprises and organizations of another body.

The economic reform was aimed at the growth and development of the bureaucratic apparatus of state power, and not at the economic growth of the production factor. And this was the main problem of economic reform in the state. In other words, the cult of pragmatism built into a system began to develop in the state, and this meant stagnation. Sokolov A.K., Tyazhelnikova V.S. Course of Soviet history, 1941-1999. - M.: Higher. school, 1999. -

For the development and growth of industry, it was necessary to develop agriculture. The development of agriculture by the new government was carried out by numerous reforms aimed at reorganizing the management of collective farm production. The reform of agriculture was aimed at strengthening the connection of agriculture with the complex food production industries. The main feature of the agricultural reform was the creation of new administrative management structures and production associations, which were called Agro-industrial complexes. Agro-industrial complex united collective farms, state farms, food industry enterprises into a single whole.

The agricultural reform included the creation of brigades working on a collective agreement. Team members were responsible for all crops grown in the allotted areas, and their work was paid according to the results achieved. The brigade method did not carry anything revolutionary, but nevertheless met with opposition from many local leaders of the agro-industrial complex, since the leaders of the agro-industrial complex had a conservative view of the development of agriculture and they did not want to change anything.

Brezhnev's strategy, preserving the former structures of agricultural development, could not solve the problem of agricultural development, but, on the contrary, only contributed to the growth of costs, wastefulness and the growth of the bureaucratic apparatus of management.

The government of the state was built on the relationship of personal loyalty and sympathy, manifested in the rise of the personality cult of the leader of the conservative forces, Brezhnev L.I. All leading positions in the state were occupied by persons close to the conservative forces.

The era of stagnation is the heyday of nomenklatura privileges and personalization of power, which pursued the preservation of a stable position of the elite, affecting the interests of various bureaucracies that were strengthened on the basis of personal loyalty, which created security for the leader of conservative forces.

To strengthen the levers of power in the Soviet state, conservative forces are developing and adopting a new constitution, which asserted the leading role of the Communist Party in governing the state. The new constitution formally legitimized the CPSU as the leading and guiding force of the Soviet, determined the political system of management of state and public organizations. The constitution of the era of stagnation determined the importance of the participation of society in the government of the state on the basis of communist self-government. On the basis of the constitution, public organizations and systems of popular control began to appear in the state. Public organizations and people's control were under the complete control of the ruling party. All these changes in public self-government were formal, since all changes were controlled by the CPSU. The country's leadership did not want and did not allow the socio-social strata to participate fully in government, since all power in the state was assigned to one party.

The foreign policy of the Soviet state during the period of stagnation is characterized by the elimination of the threat of the collapse of the socialist camp, expressed in the rallying of political, military and economic relations directed against capitalism. All foreign policy was aimed at stabilizing relations between East and West, caused by increased military aggression on their part. The Soviet state pursued a foreign policy in support of progressive movements and regimes throughout the world. This policy was especially active for those who were in the direct sphere of influence of the USSR.

The main features of the stagnation are that a stable and coherent ruling elite, a kind of "oligarchy", held power by consensus in an effort to institutionalize power relations, protect the interests of bureaucratic structures, while maintaining collective leadership and not disturbing the balance of these structures, concentrated in the environment of one a man who was unable to solve the problems of economic restructuring, because he did not want to change anything.

Political conservatism and economic reform of personnel stability or the promotion of new generations of functionaries, personal loyalty or competence, strict administration or the admission of elements of the market, the priority of heavy and defense industries or light industry, partisanship or technocratic values, the leading role of the party or the activity of the public masses in organizations, more or less reliably controlled - all these basic problems, the solution of which involved choice, were never brought to an end for fear of disturbing the stabilization and breaking the established foundations of conservatism. And all this led to the slowdown, and then the failure of many attempts to reform the state. The ruling elite did not try to solve the problems, but rather strengthened them, creating a centralization of power, strengthening the bureaucracy of the governing bodies, which originated in the thirties. The reforms carried out in the state were purely cosmetic in nature. This was manifested in the creation of new structures of the bureaucratic apparatus of power, which were called in a new way, and the management of these structures was carried out in the old way.

intensification of the Soviet stagnation

Conclusion

The time of reform carried out by Khrushchev and the era of stagnation of the Soviet state is a certain stage in the historical development of our country. On the one hand, it characterizes that a reform is taking place in the Soviet state and the state itself is ready for this reform, and on the other hand, the reform process leads to an increase in the crisis, which leads to the curtailment of reforms - as a process. And the process of curtailing reforms forms a stagnation, where the new government is ready for changes, but does not want to change anything.

List of used sources.

1. Vlasov D.V. Logical and philosophical approaches to the construction of a theoretical model for the formation of the concept of M. Knowledge 2010 - 564 p.

2. Sokolov A.K., Tyazhelnikova V.S. The course of the Soviet state 1941-1999. M .: Higher school 1999. - 415

3. Yakunenko S.V. History of the CPSU M .: New World 1999 - 1, 2 volume

4. Lichman B.V., Skorobogtsky V.V., Postnikov S.P. History of Russia from ancient times to the present day. Course of lectures Ural State Technical University. Yekaterinburg, 1995 - 453 p.

5. Werth N. History of the Soviet state 1900-1991 / Per. from French - M / Progress: Progress Academy, 1992 - 480 p.

1. The main contradictions of the economic and political development of the USSR in the 1970s - the first half of the 1980s.

2. The inconsistency of the foreign policy of the USSR in the 1970s - the first half of the 1980s.

The main contradictions of the economic and political development of the USSR in the 1970s - the first half of the 1980s.

Resigned N.S. Khrushchev and the coming to power of L.I. Brezhnev, the process of liberalization of socio-political life is being completed, the transformations have ended. Departure from the course of de-Stalinization began. The press stopped criticizing Stalin's personality cult and exposing the lawlessness of the Stalinist regime. Censorship was tightened again. Access to sources of information was limited; the 1970s and early 1980s were a period of "stagnation" in the USSR, characterized by a moderately conservative course in politics and ideology. The ideological and theoretical basis of the activities of the country's leadership was the concept of "developed socialism" developed in the late 60s, which was interpreted as an obligatory stage on the path to communism. The communist perspective was not questioned, and the shortcomings and crisis phenomena that existed in society were considered inevitable as a result: in the process of its development, contradictions. The period of stagnation is characterized by the adoption by the government of a large number of laws, but since there was a significant gap between these laws and real life, no one was in a hurry to implement these laws. Dogmatism dominated in the field of socialist theory; ideologists, instead of propagating the idea of ​​communism, carry out propaganda of the achieved level of socialism. In the 1970s and early 1980s, the number of public organizations grew rapidly, but the daily work of all state power structures in the center and in the localities continued to remain under strict party control. The gradual disintegration of the party-state apparatus and its merging with the shadow economy begins. In the early 1970s, the reform of 1965 was gradually curtailed by the ministries. At the turn of the 1970s and 1980s, serious disproportions began to appear in the industrial structure of the USSR. Attempts to transfer the industry to intensive methods ended in failure. The influx of labor resources began to decline, spending on the development of defense industries increased, and scientific and technological progress lagged far behind. The rate of economic growth in the early 1980s fell sharply. In parallel with the state economy, the so-called shadow economy appeared. Its development was accompanied by lawlessness and corruption. The socialist economy turned out to be so inefficient that it could not provide the country's population with all the necessary products. There was a total deficit for most consumer goods. Special distributors appeared for the nomenclature.

An opposition movement is emerging in the country, it consisted of a movement of human rights activists and a movement of nationalists in the republics of the USSR. Human rights activists (otherwise they were called dissidents) sought to improve the existing system (in particular, they advocated the observance of human rights in the USSR), and later began to advocate the rejection of the country's political system. The main forms of activity of dissidents were demonstrations, appeals to the leaders of the country. The dissidents organized the publication of literary works banned in the country. Representatives of the dissident movement were persecuted, they were imprisoned, psychiatric hospitals, and sent abroad. Among the dissidents were prominent scientists and cultural figures: physicist A.D. Sakharov, writer A.I. Solzhenitsyn, historian Roy Medvedev. Participants in the nationalist movements in the republics of the USSR advocated the preservation of national identity, national traditions, and later, for the secession of their peoples from the USSR.

Controversy in the foreign policy of the USSR in the 1970s - the first half of the 1980s.

The only exception to the Cold War period was the 1970s (the period of "détente"). The achievement of parity between the USSR and the USA in terms of the number of intercontinental missiles forced the states to start negotiations. In 1972 The SALT-1 treaty was concluded, which limited the number of launch vehicles for both sides. Then the SALT-2 agreement was signed. In 1972 the issue around Germany was resolved: the FRG recognized the GDR, both states joined the UN. Post-war borders in Europe were recognized. The peak of the period of detente was the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki, 1975) of the leaders of 33 European countries, the USA and Canada. The documents signed there approved 10 principles in the relations between the states participating in the Conference. At the end of the 1970s, the confrontation between East and West intensified again. The mortal blow to détente was dealt by the intervention of Soviet troops in Afghanistan in 1979.

Cardinal changes in the foreign policy of the USSR take place during the period of "perestroika". M.S. Gorbachev puts forward new principles of foreign policy: rejection of the conclusion about the split of the world into opposite systems (capitalist and socialist); the way to resolve international issues is not the balance of power between the two systems, but the balance of their interests; recognition of the priority of universal human values ​​over class ones. The concrete measures of the USSR confirmed its readiness to follow these principles: a moratorium on nuclear weapons testing was declared, Soviet troops began to withdraw from Afghanistan, the GDR and other countries, the conversion of military production and the reduction of armed forces began. The USSR refused to dictate to the socialist countries. The "perestroika" processes in the USSR led to mass demonstrations in these countries for the restoration of democratic freedoms. In autumn 1989 in many countries of Eastern Europe, "velvet revolutions" are taking place, which eliminated the communist governments and contributed to the destruction of socialism in these states. GDR in 1990 merged with Germany. The socialist community collapsed. The new foreign policy of the USSR was conducive to overcoming the consequences of the Cold War and eliminating hostility and distrust in its relations with other states.

USSR in the period of perestroika (1985 - 1991)

During the years of "perestroika" M.S. Gorbachev, fundamental changes are taking place in the conditions for the development of production and methods of managing the economy. Initially, the task was set to accelerate the socio-economic development of the country, which could be the result of using the achievements of science and technology, decentralizing management, expanding the rights of enterprises, introducing self-financing, strengthening order and discipline. In 1987 A reform was adopted in the field of economics, the main focus of which was the transition from predominantly administrative to economic methods of production management. But despite all the measures taken, the crisis increasingly covered the national economy. In the late 1980s, the need to develop market relations was recognized. Individual labor activity was allowed, the creation of cooperatives, broad rights were given to enterprises, commercial and cooperative banks began to appear, the attraction of foreign investment into the economy expanded, and farms and private peasant farms arose in the countryside. But the economic reform did not improve the state of affairs in the national economy. In 1989-1990 the rate of growth in production decreased sharply, the size of the state budget deficit increased, unemployment grew, and social conflicts began (miners' strikes). Instead of one state form of ownership, several forms of ownership appeared in the country; this led to the emergence of new social groups of the population.

Cardinal changes in the political system of the USSR begin with the arrival of M.S. Gorbachev. He carried out "perestroika" (1985-1991), which led to the democratization of the country. The policy of "glasnost" introduced freedom of speech, press, rallies and demonstrations. Social movements began to emerge, which later developed into political parties. This served as the basis for the formation of a multi-party system in the country. The formation of a multi-party system was facilitated by the abolition in 1990. Article 6 of the Constitution of the USSR on the leading role of the CPSU in society. A new stage in the rehabilitation of repressed people and entire nations begins in Stalin's time. The attitude towards religion and believers is changing radically. New authorities are being created: the post of president, the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, from which the permanent Supreme Council was formed. Elections to councils began to be held on an alternative basis. "Perestroika" M.S. Gorbachev led to the following results:

2. ended the Soviet period in the development of Russia and the period of building communism;

3.the collapse of the USSR - once a huge multinational state;

4. 15 independent republics emerged, many of which are developing as democratic states,

The collapse of the USSR took place in December 1991.

The Russian Federation at the present stage.

All the issues facing sovereign Russia in the 1990s boiled down to two major problems: to get the country out of the economic crisis and continue the democratic transformation of society.

To overcome the economic crisis, the country's government is transitioning to market methods of management. The transition to market prices, privatization, land reform with the right to buy and sell land, reform of the banking system, etc. were announced. In January 1992 prices were liberalized. If before that the prices for all types of products were set by the state, now they were formed under the influence of supply and demand in the market. Liberalization had two important consequences: the once-empty stores began to be rapidly filled with a variety of goods, but at the same time, prices for goods and services began to grow very rapidly: by the end of 1992, they had grown 100-150 times (against an expected level of 3- 4 times). Inflation began, the standard of living of the population decreased: in 1994. it was 50% of the level of the early 1990s. Since the end of 1992 privatization of state property began. By the fall of 1994 it covered one third of industrial enterprises and two thirds of trade and service enterprises. The first stage of it was carried out on the basis of privatization checks issued free of charge to all citizens of Russia; since autumn 1994 the second stage of privatization begins - the free sale and purchase of private and joint-stock enterprises on the stock exchanges at the market rate. There was a transformation of collective farms into industrial share partnerships and farms. However, the economic crisis continued to deepen, until the end of the 90s, production was reduced and only at the end of 1999. there has been a slight recovery in the economy.

The democratization of Russia continued in the 1990s. The rights and freedoms of citizens became real, a multi-party system was formed, elections began to have a real character and be carried out on the basis of competition of several candidates for the post. The president, elected by popular vote, became the head of the executive branch. The highest judicial authority is the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.

In autumn 1993 there is a constitutional crisis: the clash of the executive and legislative powers of the country. All those dissatisfied with the ongoing reforms in Russia united around the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation and opposed President Boris N. Yeltsin, who personified the new course of the country. October 2-3, 1993 the opposition organized demonstrations in Moscow, stormed the mayor's office and the Ostankino television center. Troops were brought into the capital, the opposition was suppressed, and the Supreme Soviet was dissolved. The constitutional crisis of autumn 1993. had a number of consequences.

1. a presidential republic took shape in Russia (as opposed to a parliamentary republic);

2. there was a de-Sovietization of the country, the Soviets were abolished as authorities; de-Sovietization of the country, after its decommunization in 1991. as a result of the suppression of the GKChP putsch and the dissolution of the CPSU, it put the final end to the process of destroying the communist regime, the Soviet form of power created by the Bolsheviks;

3. created a new supreme legislative body of Russia - the Federal Assembly, which consists of two chambers: the upper - the Federation Council and the lower - the State Duma. Elections to the State Duma have already been held 3 times (in 1993, 1995 and 1999) on a multi-party basis. The winning parties create their own factions in the Duma, the largest of which are the factions of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, Yabloko, the Liberal Democratic Party, etc.

One of the complex problems of Russia's domestic policy is the national question. It has become especially acute in the North Caucasus. The separatist movement in Chechnya led to the need to bring federal troops into the territory of this republic. This resulted in two Chechen wars:

in 1994-1996 and in 1999-2000. The Chechen Republic remained part of the unified Russian Federation.

The foreign policy of the Russian Federation is peaceful in nature, it is aimed at preserving the territorial integrity and independence of the country and at maintaining friendly relations with all countries of the world. Russia achieved recognition as the legal successor of the USSR in the UN, as well as assistance from Western countries in pursuing a course of reforms. Great importance is attached to the development of relations with the countries of the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States), which, in addition to Russia, includes 11 more former Soviet republics. The Russian government sought to maintain integration ties between them. Relations between the former Soviet republics are complicated by issues related to the division of the property of the former USSR, an unresolved, in some cases, a shameful issue, as well as discrimination against the Russian-speaking population in a number of republics.

The transformations taking place in Russia in the 90s of the XX century are an attempt to return to the European path of development after the Bolshevik (Asian) period of existence.

Material for the lecture "Modern Russia". (on development stage)

Russia in the late XX - early XXI century.

Over-centralization slowed down the economy of the union republics - their own cadres of specialists were trained, capable of independently resolving issues in their region. At the same time, excessive centralization had an unfavorable effect on the political situation: the republics were burdened by this situation and strove for greater independence.

In the 50s. a number of measures have been taken to expansion of the rights of the union republics . In 1954 - 1955 over 11,000 industrial enterprises were transferred from union subordination to the jurisdiction of the union republics. The Decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR in 1955 significantly changed the procedure for planning and financing the economy of the union republics. The Councils of Ministers of the Union Republics were given the right to independently approve plans for the production and distribution of all types of industrial products. In the State Budget of the USSR, the division of the budget of the Union republics into republican and local was canceled. Now the all-union budget began to fix only the amount of expenditure for each union republic as a whole. Republican bodies began to independently distribute funds between the republican and local budgets. This gave the Union republics the opportunity to more fully take into account local conditions. In 1956, the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a Decree on the additional transfer of 3,500 enterprises and organizations of the light, textile, and fishing industries to other sectors of the national economy under the jurisdiction of the Union republics. Automobile transport and the river fleet were also completely transferred to the Union republics. With these changes, the leading sectors of the country's economy still remained in the strictly centralized management of the Union. But even in the area that was transferred to the jurisdiction of the Union republics, the Union remained a coordinating role. It was entrusted to the department established in 1957. Economic Commission of the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR.

There were also the rights of the union republics in the field of legislation and justice have been expanded . In 1957, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR transferred to the jurisdiction of the union republics the legislation on the structure of the courts of the union republics, the adoption of civil, criminal and procedural codes. The USSR retained the right to establish the foundations of criminal, civil and procedural legislation, as well as legislation in the field of justice.

In 1957, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a law, according to which the solution of issues of regional, regional administrative-territorial structure was transferred to the jurisdiction of the union republics , the Union retained only the right to approve new autonomous republics and autonomous regions.

The composition of the union republics has changed. In 1956, the Karelian-Finnish SSR was liquidated, and the Karelian ASSR was created as part of the Russian Federation.

were of great importance measures to restore the rights of the repressed during the Great Patriotic War of Nations. In 1957, the Kabardian ASSR was transformed into the Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR, the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was restored, the Cherkess Autonomous Region was transformed into the Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Region, the Kalmyk Autonomous Region was formed, which was transformed in July 1958 into the Kalmyk ASSR. However, there were still peoples whose rights also needed to be restored (Crimean Tatars, Volga Germans, etc.).

29. Development of the state mechanism during the period of liberalization of public relations (mid-50s - mid-60s of the XX century).

Death of I.V. Stalin marked a new period in the development of the Soviet state, associated with the personality of N.S. Khrushchev, under whose leadership the main spheres of Soviet society were reformed. The essence of the ongoing changes was aimed at the democratization and liberalization of the state and society. In foreign policy: the idea of ​​peaceful coexistence of the two systems was carried out, the problems of general disarmament were considered, the USSR was faced with the task of achieving and exceeding the level of development of the capitalist countries, on the other hand, the arms race intensified. In domestic policy: N.S. Khrushchev was elected First Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU and Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, thereby combining leading posts in the party and the state and concentrating all power in his hands. At the same time, Khrushchev is exposing Stalin's personality cult, which resulted in the trials of "enemies of the people" (L.P. Beria) and the mass rehabilitation of the repressed. IN areas of government a policy of decentralization and separation of the entire system of government is being pursued: the rights of the union republics in the field of industry and production, budgeting, resolving issues of administrative-territorial structure, legislation, and the administration of justice are expanding.

Held restructuring of the state apparatus, aimed at democratizing the life of the state and overcoming centralism. Measures were taken aimed at enhancing the role of the Soviets of Working People's Deputies and intensifying their activities -1957 The Central Committee of the CPSU adopted a resolution "On improving the activities of the Soviets of Working People's Deputies and strengthening their connection with the masses." As a result, sessions began to be regularly convened at which issues of the development of the economy and culture were discussed and resolved, the ties between the Soviets and the population became closer, the activities of the commissions of the Soviets, etc., became more active. in the Union republics, new Regulations on local (rural and district) Soviets of Working People's Deputies were adopted, which regulated their rights and obligations, and the procedure for their activities.

IN management of the national economy: the sectoral management system is replaced by a territorial one. The USSR was divided into 105 economic regions, in which collective governing bodies operated - the Councils of the National Economy (sovnarkhozes). The transition to a territorial system of management of industry and construction pursued the goal of bringing management closer to production, overcoming departmental barriers, and strengthening cooperation in various spheres of the national economy. However, this goal was not achieved. There were no radical changes in the development of industry and construction.

In system law enforcement: the extrajudicial procedure for considering cases was abolished, the Special Conference under the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs was abolished, and the State Security Committee was created under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Voluntary people's squads for the protection of public order arose. In 1956, the departments of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the police departments in the regions and territories were reorganized into single departments of internal affairs of the executive committees of the regional (territorial) Soviets of Workers' Deputies. Militia bodies in districts, cities and workers' settlements were transformed into departments of the executive committees of district, city and settlement Soviets of Working People's Deputies. Thus, in the organizational structure of the internal affairs bodies, the principle of dual subordination. The principles of the organization and activities of the prosecutor's office, violated in the conditions of the personality cult, were restored. In 1955, the Regulations on Prosecutorial Supervision in the USSR were adopted: the supreme supervision over the implementation of laws by all state bodies, officials and citizens was assigned to the USSR Prosecutor General. The Regulation established the duty of all employees of the prosecutor's office to be principled and irreconcilable in the struggle to ensure strict observance of the rule of law. The prosecutor's office was entrusted with the timely application of measures to eliminate violations of the laws, no matter from whom these violations came. In 1957, monitoring commissions were restored. They were created under the executive committees of the district Soviets of workers' deputies, on the territory of which there were correctional labor institutions (ITU). The supervisory commissions were entrusted with the task of constantly monitoring the observance of the law in the activities of the ITU, and the involvement of convicts in socially useful work.

Justice authorities also undergone a significant reorganization. In 1958, the powers and scope of activities of the country's highest judicial body, the Supreme Court of the USSR, were revised. Its supervisory functions were reduced and the powers of the supreme courts of the union republics were expanded. The Supreme Court of the USSR consisted of the Plenum of the Supreme Court of the USSR, the Judicial Collegium for Civil Cases, the Judicial Collegium for Criminal Cases, and the Military Collegium. , union and autonomous republics precinct system nar. courts were to be replaced by the people's court of the city (district). The term of office of nar. judges. People's assessors were elected at general meetings of workers, employees and peasants at the place of their work or residence, and military personnel - by military units.

30.The development of law in the period of liberalization of social relations (mid-50s - mid-60s of the XX century).

Simultaneously with the turn towards the strengthening of democratic principles in public and state life, the law-making activity of the state is activated, a number of new all-union and republican laws are being adopted. The scale, volume, and versatility of lawmaking were such that it was time for a new codification Soviet legislation.

Civil law consolidated the principle of socialism in the development of property relations. In 1961, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted Fundamentals of Civil Legislation of the USSR and Union Republics. At the level of the union state, such an act was adopted for the first time. The foundations fixed the following forms of ownership: state, cooperative-collective farm, trade union, public organizations, personal property of citizens. The Soviet state was the owner of all state property, it could transfer part of its property to enterprises for operational management. In the law of obligations the main attention was paid to contractual regulation as the main way to implement economic plans. The state protection of the personal property of citizens was established, however, its obligatory labor origin and the only purpose were stipulated - to satisfy the material and cultural personal needs of citizens. In 1964, on the basis of the Fundamentals of Civil Legislation, the civil codes of the Union republics were adopted.

labor law developed in the direction improving the financial situation of citizens and ensuring their social rights.In 1955-1958. wages are increased for low-paid workers, in 1964 - for workers employed in the field of education, health care, housing and communal services, trade, public catering, etc. In accordance with the decisions of the XX Congress of the CPSU, measures were taken to switch to a shorter working day. On pre-holiday and pre-weekend days, the duration of the work. day was shortened by 2 hours. From 77 to 112 calendar days, the duration of maternity leave for women was increased. Workers and employees received the right to unilaterally terminate an employment contract with a preliminary warning to the enterprise administration two weeks in advance. The new Regulation on the procedure for considering labor disputes was approved in 1957 by the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR : at the enterprises from an equal number of permanent representatives of the factory, factory, local committees of trade unions and the administration formed labor dispute committee. The commissions considered labor disputes that arose m / y by the workers and the administration. The appeal of the decision of the commission was carried out within 7 days in the committee of the trade union. In case of disagreement with the decision of the trade union committee, it could be appealed against in the people's court within 10 days. A change has been made pension provision. In accordance with the Law on State Pensions of 1956, citizens were entitled to a pension if they became disabled in connection with the performance of state or public duties, as well as due to old age or in the event of loss of a breadwinner. Citizens who had the right to various pensions at the same time were assigned one pension of their choice. The payment of pensions was provided at the expense of annually allocated funds from the state budget without any deductions from wages. Pensions were not subject to taxation. Old-age pensions were assigned to workers and employees: for men - upon reaching 60 years of age with at least 25 years of work experience, for women - upon reaching 55 years of age with at least 20 years of work experience.

Changes Vland and collective farm law were an integral part of the measures taken by the leadership of the Soviet state to overcome the backlog of agriculture. For these purposes were expanded the rights of collective farms. Collective farmers have been granted the right to supplement and amend certain provisions of the Model Charter of the Agricultural Artel of 1935, taking into account local conditions. Collective farms could themselves determine the size of household plots of collective farmers, the number of livestock that was in their personal property. Collective farms were also given the right to establish a mandatory minimum of workdays, based on the needs of labor costs in the public economy. Changes occurred in the principles and form of wages on collective farms. The existing practice, when the main part of the income, subject to distribution according to workdays, was given to collective farmers at the end of the agricultural year, did not meet the principle of the material interest of collective farmers and did not contribute to the growth of production. Therefore, in 1956, the collective farms introduced monthly advance payments to the collective farmers.

Environmental law. In 1960, the Law "On Nature Protection in the RSFSR" was adopted. The law declared concern for nature to be a nationwide affair and assigned state bodies and public organizations the duty to ensure the protection, rational exploitation and reproduction of natural resources; provided for the responsibility of heads of institutions and citizens for the destruction or damage to natural resources.

Criminal law. In 1958, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted new Fundamentals of the criminal legislation of the USSR and the Union republics. As the main task of the Fundamentals, they proclaimed the protection of the Soviet and state system, socialist property, socialist law and order, the personality and rights of citizens. The Concept of crime, types of complicity, institutions of necessary defense and extreme necessity were considered in the Fundamentals. The previously existing principle of analogy, i.e., the condemnation of a person for an act not directly provided for by criminal law, was cancelled. The law establishing the punishability of an act or increasing the punishment for it did not have retroactive effect, that is, it did not apply to acts committed before the moment of its introduction. The law that eliminated or mitigated the punishability of an act had retroactive effect. According to the Fundamentals, punishment could only be applied by a court verdict, taking into account all the objective and subjective circumstances of the case. Criminal liability came from the age of 16, the former age limit of 14 years continued to apply in cases of the most serious crimes . The maximum term of imprisonment was reduced from 25 to 15 years. The Basics gave a list of types of punishments, ranging from the mildest (public censure) to imprisonment and exile. As an exceptional measure, capital punishment was allowed - the death penalty - execution. However, it could only be used in the commission of such grave crimes as treason, espionage, sabotage, a terrorist act, banditry, premeditated murder committed under aggravating circumstances. The procedure for parole of convicts who showed good behavior and an honest attitude to work was established. in accordance with the Fundamentals of Criminal Legislation, the criminal codes of the Union republics were developed. IN 1960 The Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR adopted Criminal Code which replaced the 1926 Code.

Criminal procedure law.Fundamentals of criminal justice in the USSR and the Union republics were adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1958. Tasks of criminal justice: ensuring the rapid and complete disclosure of crimes, exposing and punishing the guilty, protecting the innocent from criminal liability. Principles of criminal justice: the administration of justice only by the court on the basis of equality of citizens before the law and the court, the independence of judges and their subordination only to the law, the participation of people's assessors and the collegial nature of the consideration of cases in court, the publicity of the trial, the inadmissibility of bringing to criminal liability otherwise than on the grounds and in the manner prescribed by law, ensuring the accused the right to defense, conducting legal proceedings in the language of the Union or Autonomous Republic .Fundamentals determined the powers of the court, investigating authorities in criminal proceedings. Introduced Institute of Public Prosecutors and Public Defenders Separate stages of legal proceedings were regulated: inquiry and preliminary investigation, proceedings in the court of first instance, proceedings in the cassation and supervisory instances, execution of the sentence.

Civil Procedure Law. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved Fundamentals of civil legal proceedings of the Union of the USSR and the Union republics. Tasks of civil proceedings: correct and prompt consideration and resolution of civil cases. It was envisaged to expand the participation of organizations and collectives of workers in the judicial consideration of civil cases. In order to protect the rights and legitimate interests of citizens, trade unions and other public organizations, through their representatives, could file lawsuits in court, participate in court proceedings and report to the court the opinion of the collective on the case under consideration. Civil cases, in cases established by law, could be considered by comrades' courts. In accordance with the Fundamentals of Civil Procedure of the Union of the USSR and the Union Republics, in 1964, codes of civil procedure were adopted within the Union Republics.

31.The form of state unity in the period of "stagnation" (mid-60s - mid-80s of the XX century).

During the period under review, a reverse process of strengthening centralism took place.

The process of centralization affected the economy. In 1965, the industrial management system changed dramatically, moving from a territorial to a sectoral principle. Since all the economic councils were liquidated and the management of industry was transferred to the sectoral ministries created as all-Union and Union-Republican bodies, all management of machine building was concentrated in the hands of the All-Union departments, while other branches of industry were transferred to the joint jurisdiction of the Union and the republics. In 1967, construction management was also concentrated in the center: several union-republican construction ministries were created, to which objects previously built by organizations subordinate to republican departments were transferred. In 1970, the entire management of the chemical and oil industries was transferred to the Union.

Happened centralization in the field of culture . Since the emergence of the USSR, the management of education has always been within the competence of the republics. Now, in 1966, the union-republican ministry of education was created for the first time. This made it possible to unify the system and program of teaching schoolchildren, to better organize the study of the Russian language. In the same year, the most important universities of the country were again transferred to the jurisdiction of the USSR Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education. For the first time in the history of the Soviet state, the Academy of Pedagogical Sciences of the USSR was created. In 1973, the Fundamentals of Legislation of the USSR and Union Republics on Public Education were adopted. They consolidated the broad rights of the Union in the management of this area, including the establishment of general principles for the management of public education in the USSR, state control in the field of public education and the establishment of a procedure for its implementation, etc. The foundations emphasized the right of citizens to receive education in their native language or any other language of peoples USSR, i.e. given freedom of choice of language.

Centralization has affected the bodies of public order and justice. In 1966, the union-republican Ministry of Public Order was created. The centralized administration of the organs of justice was also restored: in 1970, the Ministry of Justice of the USSR was re-created.

The form of state unity was enshrined in the Constitution of the USSR in 1977 d. V Article 70 The USSR was defined as a single union multinational state formed on the basis of the principle of socialist federalism as a result of the free self-determination of nations and the voluntary unification of equal Soviet socialist republics.

Article 23, which determined the competence of the USSR, contained such terms of reference that ensured the unity of the Soviet Union. At the same time, the competence of the USSR provided for a fairly high degree of centralism in building a federal state.

Article 73 The Basic Law of the USSR gives a list of the rights of the Union. The competence of the Union includes, in particular, the determination of the state border of the USSR and the approval of changes in the borders between the union republics, ensuring the unity of legislative regulation throughout the USSR, establishing the foundations of the legislation of the USSR and the union republics, managing the country's economy, budget, war and peace, organizing defense , leadership of the Armed Forces, ensuring state security, international relations, foreign trade, coordinating the relations of the union republics with foreign states, monitoring compliance with the Constitution of the USSR and ensuring the conformity of the constitutions of the union republics with the Constitution of the USSR. At the same time, the provisions of Article 73 were formulated in a general form, which made it possible to extend their effect to a very wide range of social relations. In practice, this often led to the fact that centralism went beyond the limits objectively necessary for the development of society, led to a limitation of the independence of the union republics.

At the same time, the Constitution more fully than it was before, regulated the legal status of the union republic. For the first time, the Basic Law defined a union republic as a sovereign state united with other republics in the USSR. Outside the limits specified in Article 73, the union republic independently exercised state power on its territory. The Union Republic had its own Constitution, corresponding to the Constitution of the USSR and taking into account the peculiarities of the republic. The USSR Constitution of 1977 determined the right of the union republic to participate in resolving issues within the jurisdiction of the USSR in the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Government of the USSR, and other bodies of the USSR.

The Union Republic ensured comprehensive economic and social development on its territory, contributed to the exercise of the powers of the USSR on this territory, and implemented the decisions of the highest bodies of state power and administration of the USSR. On issues within its jurisdiction, the union republic coordinated and controlled the activities of enterprises of union subordination.

32.The state mechanism in the period of "stagnation" (mid-60s - mid-80s of the XX century).

The considered period of the development of the state is characterized by a change in the era of transformations carried out by N.S. Khrushchev, the era "stagnation", slowdown and conservation of the pace of social development. In foreign policy the confrontation between the system of capitalism and the system of socialism continues. The conditions of the Cold War and the arms race exhausted the country's economy and diverted the funds necessary for internal development. Development forms of government determined by a return to centralization. IN economic sphere the territorial principle of managing the economy was replaced by a sectoral one: economic councils were liquidated, all key industries (engineering, construction) were concentrated in the hands of the union ministries, the rest were the subject of joint jurisdiction of the Union and the republics. Changes in state apparatus characterized by the rejection of Khrushchev's innovations and the implementation of counter-reforms, as a result of which a slightly modified structure that existed 10 years ago was recreated. became the central political figure L.I. Brezhnev, who combined the posts of the First (later General) Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU and Chairman of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces. state machinery there was a merging of the state and party apparatus, the acceptance by the party of those functions that are peculiar only to the state. The strengthening of the role of the CPSU in the state and society led to the replacement of state bodies by party ones. The composition of state-party bodies became bureaucratized and became difficult to manage.

IN system of Soviets of Working People's Deputies liquidated their division into industrial and rural, they re-united . In 1977, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted a new Constitution of the USSR . The representative bodies of government are now called Councils of People's Deputies . The terms of office of the Soviets were changed: the powers of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR increased to 5 years, local Soviets - up to 2.5 years. An equal number of deputies was established in the chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - 750 people each. In order to increase the control of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR over the activities of all the bodies it formed, the Regulations of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR were adopted, which determined the structure, powers, and procedure for the work of the Supreme Soviet and its bodies. In 1966, the organizational structure of the chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - the Council of the Union and the Council of Nationalities - was changed: along with the budget commission, the commission on foreign affairs and the mandate commission, new commissions were formed on the areas of activity of the Supreme Council and areas of state, economic and socio-cultural construction. Each of the chambers of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR formed 16 permanent commissions. In 1979, the Supreme Council adopted a new Regulation on permanent commissions. In the 70s. the role of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR increased, which acted as the organizer of all the work of the Supreme Soviet. The control activity of the Supreme Soviets of the USSR and the Union republics and the legislative activity of the Supreme Soviets of the Union republics intensified.

In 1962 was established system of party-state control. The system was headed by the Committee of Party and State Control of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR. Party-state control committees and assistance groups were formed locally. The tasks of the KPKK and its local bodies were defined as follows: to assist the party and the state in the implementation of the CPSU Program, to organize a systematic verification of the implementation of the directives of the party and government, in the struggle for the all-round development of the socialist economy, to observe party and state discipline and socialist legality. In 1965 control bodies have been renamed organs of popular control . In 1968, the government approved the Regulations on the organs of people's control, which included the Committee of People's Control of the USSR; committees of union and autonomous republics, territories, regions, autonomous regions and districts, districts, cities; groups of people's control at settlement and rural Soviets, at enterprises, collective farms, institutions, organizations and military units. After the adoption of the new Constitution in 1979, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved People's Control Law, defining the functions and structure of the organs of people's control.

Law enforcement system was brought into line with the Constitution of 1977. At the end of 1979, new laws of the USSR were adopted: on the Supreme Court of the USSR, on the Prosecutor's Office of the USSR, on the State Arbitration in the USSR, on the Advocacy in the USSR. In 1980, appropriate changes were made to the Fundamentals of the Legislation of the USSR and the Union Republics on the judiciary. The Supreme Court of the USSR was elected by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR for a period of 5 years. Its main tasks were: supervision of the activities of all courts, generalization of judicial practice, giving explanations on the application of legislation. The Law on the Prosecutor's Office expanded the scope prosecutor's supervision: state committees, executive and administrative bodies of local Soviets were added to it. Since 1979, boards of the Main Military Prosecutor's Office, prosecutor's offices of autonomous republics, territories, regions, cities, autonomous regions began to form. arbitration courts included: State arbitration, arbitration of the union republics, arbitration of autonomous republics, territories, regions, cities, autonomous regions and districts. Arbitration bodies acted in accordance with the Law on Arbitration, the Rules for Considering Economic Disputes and the Regulations on the State Arbitration under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. In accordance with the Law on the Bar and republican regulations on the Bar, bar associations - associations on a voluntary basis of persons engaged in advocacy. Lawyers were entrusted with the following tasks: defending the accused, representing the interests of the victim, plaintiff, defendant, participating in the consideration of cases in court and during the preliminary investigation, providing legal assistance to citizens and organizations in the form of consultations. In 1960, it was abolished MIA USSR, its functions were transferred to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Union republics. In 1962 they were renamed ministries of public order. In 1966, in order to ensure a unified leadership of the activities of law enforcement agencies in the fight against crime, the Union-Republican Ministry for the Protection of Public Order of the USSR was created. In 1968, it was transformed into the USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD USSR).

Concerning armed forces, it should be noted some changes in the order of recruitment of their personnel. In 1967, the new Law on General Conscription reduced by one year the terms of active military service for soldiers, sailors, sergeants and foremen. For persons with higher education, generally shortened terms of military service are provided. In 1985, it was established that women with medical and other special training could be recruited in peacetime for training camps, and in the military they could be drafted into the Armed Forces to perform auxiliary or special service.

33.Sources of law in the period of "stagnation" (mid-60s - mid-80s of the XX century).

Codification works.Stability social and state system in the period under review determines and sustainable development of Soviet law, which is not characterized by any significant changes, however, due to the large volume of regulatory legal acts, systematization and codification is required. feature of the work, conducted in the legal sphere, it was not a change in existing legal institutions, but the consolidation, generalization and clarification of existing ones. These works were carried out in the following areas:

1. More than 20 years of work on the codification of the main branches of law is being completed. It should be noted a two-level system of codification: at the level of the USSR, the Fundamentals of Legislation were adopted (the Fundamentals of Criminal, Criminal Procedure, Civil, Civil Procedure, Land, Labor, Family, Water, Forest Legislation, etc. were adopted). At the level of the union republics, codes and sectoral laws were adopted (in the RSFSR, a code of laws on labor, marriage and family, land, water, corrective labor codes, laws on health care, and on public education were adopted).

2. With the adoption of the new Constitution of the USSR in 1977, it became necessary to bring the

the entire system of legal acts in force. Most of this work was completed by 1985.

3. The result of work on systematization at the level of the USSR Code of laws of the USSR, A in the RSFSR - Code for-

Konov of the RSFSR.

4. Work was carried out on incorporations legislation, as a result of which acts that contradicted each other, acts that had lost their force and became an integral part of other acts, were canceled, the plurality of acts regulating the same social relations was eliminated.

In the legal system can be identified three trends:

1) The formation of one branch of law as a result of the combination of various acts regulating similar

groups of relations (for example, natural resource law, combined the legislation on environmental protection and legislation on the use of various resources - land, air, water; the similar legal status of collective farms and state farms predetermined the emergence of agricultural law). 2) Separation of independent sub-sectors from the branch of law ( housing law from civil).

3) The emergence of new branches of law (health, public education).

Constitutional law.October 7, 1977, at the Extraordinary Seventh Session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, a new The Constitution of the USSR. The Constitution did not introduce any fundamental changes in the existing social system, the form of government, the state mechanism. Its adoption was caused rather by ideological and subjective reasons, but innovations were also contained. The idea was born in leading circles that Soviet society and the state had entered the era of developed socialism, a state of the whole people, and so on. In this regard, they began to say that the former Basic Law corresponded mainly to the era of the victory of socialism, to the creation of the foundations of socialism, and now a Constitution of mature socialism is required. The subjective factor was also quite clearly visible: N.S. Khrushchev clearly wanted to replace Stalin's constitution with Khrushchev's. After Khrushchev's release from all party and state posts, work on the draft Constitution was suspended. The matter was limited only by the fact that the first secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU L.I. Brezhnev. He apparently did not see a particular need for a new Constitution, and work on the project stalled for 12 years. In 1977, however, for reasons that are not very clear, it intensified sharply and was quickly brought to an end. This was not difficult to do, since it was based on one of the projects developed under N.S. Khrushchev. political basis The USSR was made up of the Soviets of People's Deputies, economic basis - socialist ownership of the means of production. The Constitution stated the building of a developed socialist society and the creation of a nationwide state. The “leading and guiding” role of the Communist Party was consolidated. The 1977 USSR Constitution consisted of 174 articles summarized in 9 sections :

Fundamentals of the social system and politics.

State and individual.

National-state structure.

Councils of People's Deputies and the procedure for their election.

The highest authorities and management.

Fundamentals of building public authorities and management in the Union republics.

Justice, arbitration and prosecutorial supervision.