Breed cow. The best breeds for breeding cattle in a private household

Dairy products have always been in demand in our country.

Without them, it is impossible to imagine either a festive or daily table.

Therefore, many private entrepreneurs, choosing a field of activity for themselves, prefer breeding as a business.

The profitability of such a business is undeniable, especially as modern technologies for genetic modification of products develop, which makes it difficult for people to find quality products.

If you provide the consumer with a quality product, very soon the manufacturer will have a good reputation, many regular customers and the business will be successful.

Since the market is constantly demanding fresh and quality dairy products, it makes sense to start breeding as a business.

It is profitable or not to grow them for milk production can be understood if you familiarize yourself with the numbers a little.

Statistics show that if you keep a cow farm for milk, then the annual profit is about one million six hundred thousand rubles.

Breeding bulls for meat will bring one million three hundred thousand rubles a year. Another opportunity to receive money from keeping cows is the sale of manure as a soil fertilizer. It can be purchased in large quantities by farmers who grow crops in the fields. Thus, all funds spent on promoting the business will be returned in one to two years.

The expected market for milk sales is mainly in:

• Production shops for the manufacture of dairy products such as cheeses, kefirs and oils.
• Large markets that always need a huge amount of fresh produce.
• Counters of small sizes, which are located in towns, villages and on the outskirts of the city.

Also, when starting a dairy business, competition should be taken into account. So that later there are not many problems, it is better to immediately choose such points of sale and a place to build a farm where there are no similar enterprises nearby.

Amount of starting capital

The initial capital for starting a dairy business will depend on how many livestock the farmer plans to keep. This determines the size of the premises, and the purchase of feed, and the hiring of full-time employees.

In total, the costs can be as follows:

• For the construction or reconstruction of the premises, it may take up to two hundred thousand rubles.
• It will take about three hundred thousand rubles to purchase livestock (if you buy seven or eight).
• To complete all the documentation for doing business, you need about twenty thousand rubles.

As a result, you will need about five hundred or six hundred thousand rubles, depending on the number of livestock.

The annual cost of doing business will be:

• Three hundred and sixty thousand rubles for renting the premises (if it is your own, part of the money will be spent on paying utilities and other taxes).
• Sixty-five thousand rubles for the purchase of feed.
• Five hundred and forty thousand rubles for the issuance of regular wages to full-time employees.
• One hundred thousand rubles to pay off state taxes.
• About a hundred thousand rubles for other expenses, such as the purchase and maintenance of equipment and the treatment of animals.

Consequently, in order to keep about a dozen cows, more than one million rubles will be required per year. If the business develops well, the owner may want to increase the number of livestock. In this case, expenses will increase, but income will also increase.

A certain part of the costs of organizing a new business can be covered by the state. If you are well acquainted with laws and rights, you can apply to some services and authorities to receive subsidies for the purchase of livestock and buildings for their breeding, as well as for the purchase of feed. However, this option is not always available. For details, contact your local government development agency.

Where to start business development

It is not so easy to raise cows as a business. Where to begin? The development of any business should begin with the collection of information in this area.

First of all, you need to learn all about the following topics:

• Varieties of cows for milk and meat, their advantages.
• Features of keeping cows of the selected breed.
• The nuances of raising livestock at different times of the year, their response to an increase and decrease in temperature, different humidity.
• Opportunities for the sale of milk, meat products and manure. Learn about exchange and wholesale options.

Selection of cows for breeding

When choosing a breed of cows and purchasing a herd for breeding for milk, it is necessary to pay attention to the presence of the following factors:

• The growth rate of young heifers.
• Large size and weight of animals when they grow up.
• Good health of all individuals in the herd.
• High level of animal performance.
• The ability of cows to produce one healthy yearly.
• The ability of cows to produce large amounts of milk for many years in a row.
• Good adaptability of livestock to different climatic conditions and the ability to quickly adapt to change.

Cows that meet the above requirements are distinguished by the following description:

• The abdominal area of ​​the body of the cow has a barrel-shaped, round belly, the skeleton is thin in appearance, but of high strength. This suggests that the animal's digestive system and lungs work well.
• The shape of the head is elongated, it has a small weight. The horns are small and not wide. The withers are not sharp and not forked. The line of the back is even, without excessive bends.
• The udder is large and heavy. It has a thin and soft hairline. Its volume becomes significantly smaller after milking, and soft and elastic folds appear behind the udder. The most high-yielding udder is in the form of a bowl or bath.
• The first third of the lactation period of cows is considered the most productive. The closer the end of this period, the less milk it gives. When a cow is no longer young, she is less productive. Usually the amount of milk increases until the seventh lactation, after which it begins to gradually fall.

Farm arrangement

The old building can be bought or rented. When choosing, pay attention to the following features:

• To maintain a herd of ten individuals, a room measuring about 34 x 6 m is required. If the population is small, animals can be kept inside the stall. Their average size can be equal to two square meters.
• It is desirable to locate the farm in an area where there are many fields for growing crops. This will allow you to quickly find buyers of manure and transport it without difficulty.
• In order for the cows to be healthy and the milk to be of high quality, there should be a meadow for grazing animals near the buildings for their maintenance. Juicy greens are an important part of the diet, and getting them from free natural resources can save you money.
• In the stall, it is necessary to provide a drain and a door for manure.

If a farm with several hundred cows is planned, grazing in the meadows will be unlikely, and all feed will be distributed using special machines directly inside the farm. In this case, the specifics of the area may be different: the building for keeping the herd and storing food will take up more space, and the presence of a meadow nearby is not so important.

Catering and animal care

The diet of cows should include the following ingredients:

• Compound feed.
• Dried grass.
• Fresh greens.

Also, it is necessary to add all kinds of vitamin bait to food. The feed should be varied and nutritious so that the animals do not lose weight and give a lot of milk.

According to statistics, for one cow per day, it is necessary to spend from nine to fifteen kilograms of hay. But this figure may vary depending on the season and climatic conditions. When the herd is grazing in the meadow, then being in the stall it will consume much less food. However, in winter, the animals have a considerable appetite, so you should calculate in advance the amount of hay and feed that you need to stock up on so that the herd is full and productive.

An important area of ​​commercial and private agricultural activity is cattle breeding. This process, with the right approach, can become an effective and profitable business. But what is needed for this? We will analyze the basics of organizing activities for breeding cows for milk and meat.

Basics

The process of breeding cattle (cattle) - activities for the cultivation and maintenance of farm animals of the Bulls subfamily. The purpose of the activity is to obtain meat, milk, skins and wool, use animals as draft power, as well as breeding work.

The total number of cattle on the planet is about 1.5 billion heads. In modern cattle breeding, there are about 300 breeds of cattle. About 50 breeds are used in Russia.

The number of cattle in Russia and distribution by types of farms (data for 2016):

As can be seen from the data on the number, breeding and keeping cows is effective both as a business and as a private activity for growing at home for milk and meat.

Breeds of cattle

Agricultural and farming organizations may focus on obtaining meat or milk. Mixed farms prevail in Russia, where priority is given to breeding meat and dairy breeds.

This approach allows us to quickly respond to market changes and effectively pursue a flexible policy by selling dairy and meat products.

Other quality breeds of cows:

• Dutch;
• black-and-white;
• red steppe;
• Sychevskaya;
• Swiss;
• Kalmyk;
• bestuzhevskaya;
• charolais;
• limousine;
• Kazakh white-headed.

The characteristics of modern breeds of meat and dairy breeds make it possible to effectively breed cows almost throughout Russia. The main conditions are the quality of feed and the conditions of detention.

Sanitary requirements

An important condition for breeding cattle is compliance with veterinary and sanitary rules.

The norms of veterinary and sanitary control are regulated at the legislative level, annually updated and specified by orders of the Ministry of Agriculture and other regulations of the competent state bodies.

Primary requirements:

• maintenance and grazing in strictly designated areas;
• compliance with the rules for protecting cows from other domestic animals;
• the presence of ventilation;
• regular cleaning and storage of manure in special places;
• the presence of washing, veterinary and other separate premises necessary for the quality maintenance of cows;
• compliance with the rules of sectional and group placement of cattle;
• the presence of walking areas;
• organization of high-quality feeding;
• regular disinsection (destruction of insects), desacarization (destruction of ticks) and deratization (destruction of rodents) of the premises of the barn;
• availability of quarantine zones in cowsheds;
• systematic vaccination at the scheduled time and regular examination by a veterinarian.

Breeding as a business

Breeding cattle is one of the promising areas of business in agriculture.

In the context of growing demand for environmentally friendly, high-quality meat and dairy products, a well-organized farm can become a stable source of growing profits. But high competition and risks require a balanced and thoughtful approach to organizing such a business.

Planning

The first step towards organizing a farm is to draw up a detailed business plan that will take into account all financial costs and profitability.

Directions of financial costs when organizing a farm:

• lease of the territory;
• construction or repair of cowsheds, other industrial premises;
• current utility costs;
• purchase of young animals;
• procurement and purchase of feed;
• maintenance of animals and premises.

Organizational issues that also need to be addressed:

• registration of a farm organization;
• attraction of credit funds (if necessary);
• negotiation of contractual terms for the supply of feed, equipment, livestock;
• obtaining all veterinary and sanitary permits.

Logistics is key. The choice of a farm location should take into account a number of factors.

1. Remoteness of food sources. It is better that it is directly from the manufacturer.
2. Development of transport infrastructure.
3. Availability of quality pastures and meadows.
4. Sales facilities, remoteness.

Another important aspect of planning is market analysis in the region. The purpose of this work is to determine the degree of demand for farm products, the shortage or surplus of local items, their quality and price.

The choice of cow breed is an equally important factor to consider when planning.

When selecting the optimal breeds, a number of key aspects should be taken into account:

• adaptability to local climatic conditions;
• indicators of milk yield and live weight;
• exactingness to the conditions of detention and diet.

The purchase of livestock should be carried out in large breeding farms, where the work on breeding thoroughbred individuals is set at a professional level.

Barn organization

The cowshed must meet the requirements that are established in the relevant GOSTs. When arranging, it is important to take into account the parameters and conditions that are set out in these documents.

Key requirements

1. Ceiling height - not less than 2.5 m.
2. For one cow at least 6 square meters. m, with a calf - 10 sq. m. The animal should move quietly and lie down to rest.
3. Temperature range - from 10 to 18°C. In winter, the temperature should not fall below. There is a slight decrease - the rate of feeding for warming increases, if the temperature drop is significant - it is necessary to take measures to warm the premises.
4. Cattle release ammonia and carbon dioxide. The barn must have an efficient ventilation system. There should be no drafts.
5. Equipment of special drains for the effective removal of manure and urine.
6. Ensuring the illumination of barns for at least 14 hours a day.

Factors to consider when organizing a barn:

• square;
• electricity;
• water supply;
• heating;
• ventilation;
• feed supply and dosage system;
• milk production equipment (if breeding dairy breeds);
• manure cleaning complex.

A barn for 30 cows for a small farm includes several sectors.

1. Stable.
2. Stall dividers.
3. Feed table.
4. Maternity ward.
5. Stalls for cows and calves.
6. Separate stalls for bulls.
7. Milk washing department.
8. Technological passage.
9. Fermsky manure storage.
10. Cup automatic drinker.
11. Manure receiving and manure collecting channels.

With an increase in the area, the number of barn elements increases. The availability of equipment provides a different level of automation. In advanced farms, almost all cow maintenance processes are automated.

Equipment

1. Machine milking machines.
2. Feed grinders. Cows eat fine feed better, it is better absorbed, which affects the quality and speed of weight gain. There are two types - root cutters, straw cutters.
3. feed mills. Used for crushing feed. There are three main types - drum, disk, roller.
4. Conveyors and conveyors. Machines for continuous movement of various goods. On large farms and in cowsheds, they are indispensable when supplying feed.

Staff of specialists

For the organization of the normal functioning of the barn, it is necessary to attract highly qualified specialists in several areas. Full staff:

1. veterinary workers.
2. Milkmaids.
3. Cattlemen.
4. Calfs.
5. Mechanics, other technical personnel.
6. Engineers.

Cattle rearing techniques

The term breeding technique is directly related to the order of reproduction of livestock on the farm. Breeding work allows you to increase the number of cattle with the preservation of thoroughbred properties.

Factors to consider when reproducing:

1. Physiological and sexual maturity of individuals. Readiness for fertilization and insemination depends on factors: breed, age, nutrition, climate, conditions of detention. Beef cows reach reproductive age faster than dairy cows. The reproductive age of females occurs at 6-9 months, males - 7-8 months. Young beef breeds are divided by gender as early as the third month after birth.
2. Readiness of females for calving. The female is allowed to be fertilized only if she has gained 65-75% of the optimal weight of an adult individual of the breed. The weight of cows of small breeds - 330 kg, large - 360 kg.
3. Rationality of use of bulls producers. They are attracted to insemination from 14 months when they reach a mass of 400 kg. For a year, one male is able to inseminate up to 200 females. The load is calculated based on the age of the bull. Young animals are capable of effective mating 2-3 times a week, older ones - once every seven days. The minimum rest period for a bull is a day, preferably two days.
4. The timing of female fertilization. Cows are allowed to be fertilized not earlier than 18 months.
5. The duration of "rest" after the birth of calves.

The process of insemination can be carried out naturally (mating) or artificially (using a special tool). The case is divided into manual (forced) or free.

Instrumental insemination can be either visocervical or rectocervical. More efficient and productive artificial rectocervical method. In Russia, about 90% of cows are inseminated using instrumental methods.

In winter, cows are kept in the barn all year round, with the onset of the green grass period, many enterprises transfer the livestock to non-stall keeping with driving to special paddocks for pastures.

Feeding

A special place in the breeding of cattle is feeding. Its key parameters that are important to consider are diet, feeding norms.

The diet of cows includes 6 types of feed.

1. Green - fresh herbaceous meadow plants.
2. Juicy - silage, root crops, tops.
3. Coarse - hay, straw, grassy flour.
4. Concentrated - bran, grain, legumes, cereals, meal, cake, yeast.
5. Compound feed.
6. Animal origin - meat and bone meal, fish meal.

Norms of feeding cows during the stall period (in kg):

Norms of feeding cows during the pasture period (in kg):

In addition to seasonality, the diet is adjusted depending on the specialization of breeding - meat or dairy. For dairy cows, there should be more juicy, green feed. For meat individuals, the amount of concentrated, protein-rich feed increases.

Bulls, gobies and calves have their own dietary characteristics.

The diet of meat breeds can be of three types:

• complete (compound feed);
• summer grazing (daily rate of grazing in the fresh air - at least 13 hours);
• stall.

Feeding also depends on the condition of the cow:

• rest period, dead wood - two months before calving;
• milking - the first three months after calving;
• lactation;
• start - stopping milking before the next calving.

Risks and difficulties

Growing and keeping cattle carries a number of risks. This applies to animal diseases. Diseases significantly reduce the quality of products, and infections can lead to the death of the entire livestock.

The main diseases of cows:

• foot and mouth disease;
• brucellosis;
• udder diseases - furunculosis, mastitis, edema;
• arthritis;
• hoof problems - laminitis, strawberry disease, corolla cellulitis;
• endometritis;
• blockage of the esophagus;
• leukemia;
• leptospirosis.

Key causes of diseases:

1. Poor quality of feed, violation of the diet.
2. Failure to comply with sanitary and hygienic standards.
3. Poor conditions in the barn.

Preventive measures:

• feed quality control;
• compliance with nutritional standards;
• quality care - udder massage, teat treatment, cleaning;
• maintaining a comfortable level of content - high-quality bedding, optimal temperature conditions, access to fresh air, absence of drafts, regular walking;
• regular disinfection of barns;
• vaccination against salmonellosis, foot-and-mouth disease, anthrax, etc.

It is important to observe the timing and frequency of vaccine administration.

In addition to commercial farming as part of a business project, it is possible to breed cattle at home. The main condition is the availability of land and appropriate outbuildings. Breeding cows is great for private households, this is evidenced by the history of the development of the Russian village.

Breeding dairy cows at home is not so easy. It is necessary to have all the knowledge, create optimal conditions of detention, constantly devote time and energy to the cause.

Knowledge that is necessary for the successful rearing of cows at home for milk or meat:

• features of keeping cattle in summer and winter conditions;
• the specifics of keeping livestock in a particular region;
• variety of meat and dairy breeds of cattle, their profitability;
• diet and feeding norms;
• diseases, treatment and prevention.

1. Regular feeding.
2. Tracking the diet, its seasonal adjustment, taking into account the individual characteristics of animals.
3. Providing fresh and clean water.
4. Cleaning of places of detention from manure is carried out every day.
5. Maintaining the optimum temperature in the room, protecting the stall from drafts.
6. Arrangement of a comfortable bedding on the floor, its regular updating.
7. Organization of walking, maintaining the minimum physical activity of the cow.

A well-fed, warm and healthy cow will produce tasty and healthy milk. If necessary, it will become a source of quality beef.

Animals will bring a lot of income, since milk can be used to cook butter, cheese and other fermented milk products, freeze meat, sell it fresh or close the stew. Another option for generating income is the cultivation and resale of young animals. The first step of a novice farmer is a thorough analysis of the slightest nuances of the future business.

Before understanding how to breed cows, you need to understand the ultimate goals of this action.

1. Analysis of the conditions of the region of residence (are there fields for grazing).
2. Economic factor (competitors and sales market).
3. Features of keeping cows in winter and summer.
4. Finding out the final goal (obtaining meat, milk or complex products). Selection of appropriate breeds.
5. Environmental factor (where to sell manure).

Cows are large in size, have a good appetite (they consume a lot of feed) and are demanding on the conditions of their place of residence, but all these aspects are quickly covered by finished products.

How to write a business plan

Before creating a business on cows, each farmer is recommended to study in depth what the whole process of raising horned animals consists of. In the case of cow breeding, several basic points stand out:

• feeding the cow and keeping it in the stall;
• regular walking and grazing of the animal in the pasture;
• harvesting hay for the winter;
• milk collection;
• breeding and raising offspring (both dairy cows and bulls);
• conducting timely veterinary examinations, as well as vaccination against the most common ailments.

Knowing how to write a detailed business plan can give you a head start on growing your own business. However, to begin with, write down the main points for raising cattle and then already determine what costs will be needed for a particular process.

Suitable site

How much land is needed for 1 cow? The required sowing area for cereals is 0.60 ha, perennial grasses – 0.60 ha, silage crops – 0.20 ha, vegetables – 0.06 ha. On average, there is 1 hectare of land per 1 cow.

When taking into account the stock of hay for the winter, another 1 hectare is added. So, 1 livestock will require up to 2 hectares of water meadow. If the field is not fertile, this figure may increase further.

We equip the building

The best option for maintenance is an old farm. Building a building from scratch is not an economically viable option. An alternative is to rent a ready-made adapted barn.

The room should be away from residential buildings and water sources. According to sanitary standards, the minimum distance to the house is 15 meters, to wells - 20 meters. It is preferable that it be located next to the garden (manure liquidation).

If you decide to build a barn yourself, pay attention to the materials. Brick or foam concrete is suitable for construction - they retain heat well. The floor should be made of cement - it is durable and hygienic. Wood is not recommended as the material absorbs odors and rots quickly.

Stall organization

With a large number of animals, it is necessary to equip the stall. For comfortable keeping of 1 cows, 2 sq.m. is enough. Be sure to make a slope for waste to drain. The stall should have a separate door for cleaning (located on the opposite side of the feeder).

If you want to receive large volumes of milk, think over the water supply and purchase milking systems. It is more profitable to buy a special device than to regularly pay milkmaids.

A useful addition to the barn is the attic. This is a convenient place to store hay. It will also allow you to additionally insulate the ceiling.

Purchase of young animals

The purchase of calves is selected in connection with the purpose for which you need them: for meat or dairy products. Breeding cows for milk as a business (you can find a video on this topic at the end of the article) will be a pretty good start for a beginner. To choose the right dairy livestock, you should pay attention to several features.

When purchasing animals, be guided by your own experience and expert advice

Cows that are best for milk have a round midsection and underdeveloped muscles, so their belly is often oddly shaped. In addition, they have thin horns and a more elongated head. In dairy cows, the withers are quite sharp, and the loin is compatible with the croup of the cattle's body. Together they form an almost straight line. Of course, the udder should be very large and completely hairless. After the end of milking, it greatly decreases and forms small folds.

It is necessary to pay attention to the age of the individual, as over time it will give less and less milk. How many years an animal lives can be calculated by the horns, that is, by the number of lines on them. When you count all the rollers on the horns, then just add two more years to this number and get the exact age of the cow. Everything is more than simple.

Large income will bring not only the sale of milk, but also the breeding of cows for meat. So, now let's pay attention to the selection of these breeds. They differ in such features:

• big weight;
• carcass suitability;
• adaptability of a cow to climate change;
• a healthy uterus so that the cow can bring calves every year;
• rapid growth of young animals.

Such cows are bought very rarely for sale, most often they are taken for the sale of meat. This type of business is the most profitable business, but also the most difficult.

The best breeds for breeding cattle in a private household

The first task of a novice farmer is to choose the breed of animal, depending on the chosen direction.

For milk

The most common dairy breeds are the following:

On meat

The following breeds are considered the most productive in the meat direction:

1. Hereford- famous for the delicate taste of marbled meat. Calf weight at birth 26–34 kg, daily weight gain 700–1200 g, slaughter age 18 months. Weight: bulls - 850–1000 kg, heifers - 550–650 kg; meat yield 62%.
   
2. Belgian blue cow- is considered the most productive, meat can be called dietary due to the small amount of fat. At birth, the weight is about 50 kg, the daily weight gain is up to 1500 g. At 15 months of age, the weight of the bull is on average 1100 kg, the weight of the heifer is 800 kg; meat yield at slaughter 80%.
   
3. Kian breed- originally from Italy, it is considered one of the largest. Calf weight at birth 48 kg, weight gain up to 1400 g. At 15 months, the weight of a bull is 1300–1600 kg, a cow weighs up to 900 kg; meat yield 65%.
   
4. Auliekolskaya- bred in Kazakhstan, marbled meat does not contain much fat. Newborn calves weigh 25 kg, daily gain up to 1700 g. At the age of 16–18 months, the weight of a bull is 1050 kg, the weight of a heifer is 550 kg; meat yield 63%.
   

Breeding bulls as a business for the production of meat products in a paddock is less expensive than stall keeping. One of the reasons for this conclusion is that much fewer employees are needed to work.

Combined breeding method

For business, such universal breeds as Simmental, Lebedinskaya, Swiss, Red Gorbatovskaya, Kostroma are suitable. All of them are able to achieve a large body weight, and females give milk yield on average from 3000 to 5000 kg per year. For slaughter, almost every breed is able to give out from 50% of the weight. The growth of calves is quite active and by six months they weigh quite impressively.

All listed living creatures have high rates of taste of meat and dairy products. For a successful business, this is a clear plus.

Sales of products

This is an equally important stage of business. Having decided what kind of product should be the output - meat or milk - the farmer needs to sell it.

If the farm is aimed at breeding and growing meat heads, then after acquiring the young, the meat will be in about a year. Dairy cows give milk all the time, except during calving. You can also supply related products. These are skins, milk (cheese, butter, kefir, sour cream), semi-finished meat products. At the beginning of the article, it was also mentioned about such a direction as the sale of young animals. With the ability to organize the rearing of calves, this can be an additional profit.

Any of the goods, be it milk or meat, can be sold wholesale or retail. Many processing plants often cooperate with farms. It is also possible to conclude an agreement with catering points and shops. Guided by the main advantage - the environmental friendliness of products - it is necessary to establish high-quality sales of products.

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Write comments on the topic of cattle breeding as a business, as well as why you need to act in this direction and what other advantages of such an activity are.

The specifics of building a farm for profit

Breeding cows on farms can be considered a fairly profitable business if you follow the basic rules of farming. The breeder must be aware of the following:

• varieties of livestock for dairy and meat products, what are their differences and advantages;
• features of growing livestock of the selected breed;
• nuances of content in different seasons and seasons;
• sales and marketing opportunities for dairy and meat products.

The farmer will need to draw up a business plan, which will include:

• initial costs, start-up capital;
• fixed and variable costs;
• possible profit from the sale.

Based on the calculations, it is possible to assess the real opportunities from farming.

Important features of starting a business are the need for documentation and compliance with production standards.

Disease prevention

An important preventive measure in the fight against common diseases is vaccination, which must be carried out from the age of two months. You will need to be vaccinated against pasteurellosis, brucellosis, foot and mouth disease, anthrax and rabies.

In order to prevent the occurrence and development of infectious diseases, it is also important to keep the barns clean and dry. Once a week, it is desirable to treat the premises with slaked lime or caustic soda. In addition, it is important to prevent contact between livestock and wild animals and rodents.

The health and well-being of cows must be systematically monitored. In case of lethargy, refusal to eat, discharge from the nose and eyes, it is necessary to call a veterinarian.

Sanitary and veterinary standards

In addition to a constant comfortable temperature (not lower than ten degrees Celsius), it is recommended to maintain a relative humidity of at least forty percent and no more than eighty. In addition, it is important to pay attention to the fact that for each individual an area of ​​\u200b\u200bat least four square meters must be allocated.

Young animals are recommended to be kept separately from adult animals. Infected and recovering individuals must be quarantined.

Is breeding profitable?

Many beginners are thinking about whether it is generally profitable to keep a cow on the house plot. Whatever you say, but based on the opinions of experts, in recent years there has been a significant reduction in the number of cows in the country. However, in fact, all this is due to the laboriousness of the process of caring for animals, and not because of unprofitability. Agree, a cow will have to devote a lot of time. Grazing regularly, feeding, milking twice a day, veterinarian checks and keeping the barn clean will all take a lot of your energy.

Nevertheless, you can make money on this business, and not bad. It is believed that a high-yielding cow is capable of producing from 3.5 to 6 thousand liters of milk per year. This means that on average a farmer can earn up to 220 thousand rubles from one cow. Provide quality conditions for the animal, take care of it, and the business will soon give the first visible results.

Cultivation of dairy and beef cattle - the livestock industry in our time, unfortunately, is not particularly profitable. However, with the right approach to business, it is still possible to get a relatively good profit from such an enterprise.

In order to establish a good business, the farmer needs to take care of choosing the most suitable breed of cows, build a comfortable barn for the animals and provide them with high-quality feed. Also, a novice entrepreneur will need to draw up a detailed business plan for breeding cattle.

Where to start: company registration

Before starting the construction of a farm, an entrepreneur needs to take care of its legalization. Most often, such enterprises are formalized either asKFK (peasant farm) orLPH (personal utility)or just as an IP. A cattle breeding farm should be registered under a special code (livestock). In this case, taxes in the future will not have to pay too much.Currently, farmers consider CFC to be the most profitable type of registration. The owner of such an enterprise can also choose the most suitable taxation system for himself.

Rbreeding of dairy and meat cattle in our time -supported by the state as well. The owners of such an enterprise can even count on a small financial support (about 60 thousand rubles). Funds are issued for the organization of a barn, mainly to individual entrepreneurs. You can get money at the local employment service.

Direction of activity

Most often, cows in our country are bred for milk production. However, sometimes these animals are also kept for meat. Before starting the construction of a farm, an entrepreneur, of course, needs to decide on the direction of the business. If there are large enterprises for the production of sausages, stews and other similar products in the vicinity, it may make sense to organize a "meat" farm. Otherwise, it is better to focus on such a popular product as milk. There are enterprises for its processing in almost every city in Russia.

Choosing a place for a farm

Composingbusiness plan for breeding cattle,this issue should also be given maximum attention.Place underbarn neededchoose correctly. Sheds dshould be located, of course,at some distance from residential buildings and territories of settlements. Before buying a plot or entering into a lease agreement, you should make sure that there is water for the well in this place.

Also, when choosing land, the farmer should also take into account the expected livestock.. It is believed that one cow should account for:

perennialgrassy meadows - 0.5-0.7 ha;

annual and silage - 0.15-0.25 ha.

Also, next to the farm, agricultural enterprises engaged in the cultivation of root crops and grains should be located.

Staff

Breeding cows as a business is a complex business. And it will most likely be impossible to cope with it alone. In addition to building a barn and identifying places to purchase feed, an entrepreneur who decides to breed cattle will also need to think about hiring workers for the farm. It is believed that an enterprise of such specialization cannot do without:

milkmaid;

Rlaborers.

In some cases, the owner of the farm can take on some of the responsibilities (keeping records, marketing).

Profitability calculation

The costs of organizing a cattle farm are usually significant. So, building a cowshedsmallsizes(for 7 cows and 3 bulls) will costapproximately at200 thousand roubles. Breeding adult animals cost about 200-300 rubles. per kilogram of weight. The weight of such cows is on average 700 kg. That is, about 200 thousand rubles will have to be paid for 10 animals. Registration of entrepreneurial activity will cost about 20 thousand rubles. Thus, the actual organization of the farm will cost at least 420 thousand rubles.

Breeding dairy cattle for productivity, just like meat, also involves the cost of animal feed and wages to employees.

Farmers usually buy feed per cow for about 40-45 thousand rubles a year. Thus, 400-450 thousand rubles will have to be spent on 10 goals. Employees will need to pay:

one milkmaid - at least 15 thousand rubles. per month;

one handyman 13 thousand;

Approximately per month28 thousand roubles.,and per year336 thousand roubles. That is, the cost of maintaining the farm per year will be 450,000 +336 000 = 786 thousand rubles Also, the farmer will have to pay taxes (depending on the chosen scheme) and spend money on equipment repairs.

When compiling a business plan for breeding cattle, the estimated income should also be calculated. They will depend on the cost of products supplied to the market. The price per kilogram of milk at retail in the market is approximately 50 rubles. One breeding cow can give for lactation - 4000-6000 kg. Consequently, when selling milk at retail from 7 animals a year, it will be possible to receive about 1,750,000 rubles.

Based on these figures, it will not be difficult to roughly calculate the profitability of a dairy farm. The cost of keeping beef cows will be about the same. Income is determined taking into account the cost of a kilogram of meat. On the market for this product they ask for an average400 r. Weightslaughter age bulls is 500-800 kg (live). The yield of meat in this case can be equal to 50-65%, that is, about 300 kg. Thus, the income from one animal will be 120,000 rubles. From 10 bulls you can get 1,200,000 rubles.

Business plan for breeding cattle: which breed to choose

So, the net profit from a cattle breeding farm of 10 animals per year can be approximately 500 thousand rubles. However, not every cow can give 6000 kg of milk, and not every bull-calf can gain 800 kg of weight. Therefore, a farmer who wants to make a profit from his enterprise must approach the choice of breed responsibly.

The most productive dairy cow today, of course, is the Holstein. With good care, such cows can produce up to 9 thousand kg of product per year. Also popular with Russian farmers are such breeds as:

red steppe;

black-and-white;

Kholmogory, etc.

All these cows, depending on the conditions of detention, give 4-6 thousand kg of milk during the lactation period. Of course, it is most profitable to keep Holstein cows on the farm. However, this cattle, unfortunately, is quite demanding in terms of care. Therefore, a novice farmer, most likely, should still choose a “simpler” breed. In the future, it will be possible to think about buying Holsteins.

Breeding beef cattle will be the most profitable business when choosing bulls of breeds:

Hereford;

Belgian;

white Aquitaine.

Construction of farms for breeding cattle

The productivity of cows will depend, among other things, on how good the conditions for keeping them will be provided by the owner. Therefore, the construction of sheds should be approached with all responsibility. The size of the farm is determined based on the fact that one animal should have approximately 20 m 3 of free space. The barn plan should include:

stalls with manure, feed and cross passages;

feed preparation room;

rooms for storing inventory, vaccinations, staff.

The meat cattle farm should also be equipped with a mini-slaughterhouse and a refrigeration compartment.

Of course, in the winter season, the sheds must be heated. Therefore, it will be necessary to equip a boiler room in the barn. Also, the farm project should include a ventilation scheme for the premises.

It will, of course, be problematic for an entrepreneur to build even a small barn for 10 heads on his own. In any case, you will have to hire a construction team. To build a large farm, you may also need specialists who are ready to draft a barn for a fee.

It is believed that inexpensive foam blocks are best suited as a material for building a farm. Also today on the market there are ready-made barns made of metal structures. Their advantages are the speed of assembly and relatively low cost.

Stern

To get a lot of milk or meat, the farm owner will have to develop a suitable diet for the animals. Feed cows:

concentrates;

roughage;

root crops.

Grain or special compound feeds are usually used as concentrates. Roughage is primarily hay. Juicy - beets, carrots, potatoes. Such a diet is provided for cattle in winter. In summer, cows are usually driven out to pasture. Cows are in the meadow all day. The owner of a small farm can arrange grazing with a shepherd from a nearby village. The owner of a large enterprise, most likely, will have to hire such an employee separately. Concentrated feed and root crops are given to cows in the summer in the morning and in the evening.

In addition to grain, hay, grass, beets and silage, cows should also receive vitamins, as well as microelements necessary for their body. Therefore, the owner of the farm will need to purchase various premix additives for them.

Often the owners of cowsheds include in the diet of their pets and feed prepared according to special recipes in an industrial way. With their use, the cultivation of cattle and its maintenance are more expensive. But the productivity of cows also increases. When using compound feed in the diet, it is not necessary to include additional premixes in it. They are included in the industrial compositions initially.

Hotels

In addition to stalls and utility rooms, a barn for young animals should also be included in the design of the barn. Dairy calves are taken away from their mother almost immediately. They are fed artificially. After all, milk in this case is the main product of the farm. At meat enterprises for breeding cattle, young animals are left with a suckling cow. This contributes to faster calf weight gain and reduced mortality.

Vaccinations and sanitation rules

The benefits of maintaining a farm can be obtained, albeit not too large, but quite acceptable. However, often novice farmers are faced with such a serious problem as the loss of livestock, and, accordingly, the loss of funds invested in the business.

Some cattle diseases are fatal, others can lead to a significant reduction in productivity. Moreover, infections in barns usually spread very quickly. Therefore, the sanitary condition of the premises for cattle should be given maximum attention. The cattle farm should be cleaned daily. In addition, animals need to be vaccinated.

Hiring a veterinarian on a small farm is, of course, superfluous. In most cases, the owners of such farms, if vaccination is necessary, simply invite specialists from the nearest veterinary clinic for a fee. On a large farm, a doctor of this specialization, of course, should be hired.

The most common cattle diseases are:

brucellosis;

leukemia;

leptospirosis;

mad cow disease;

tuberculosis.

From which diseases it is worth vaccinating cows in a particular region and at what frequency, you should find out in the district veterinary clinic in the department for the prevention of epidemics.

Creating a farm: marketing products

Thus, it is quite difficult to organize a cattle breeding enterprise. It is also relatively costly. But it is even more difficult in our time to find markets. The cost of milk and meat given in the article above is retail. If the farm is designed for only 10 animals, it is possible that the owner will be able to find direct markets for it. When expanding an enterprise with retail sales, certain difficulties may arise. The owner of a large farm will most likely have to sell products in bulk - to enterprises of the corresponding specialization. In this case, the price per liter of milk or a kilogram of meat will be much lower. When calculating the possible profit, this must be taken into account.

Sale of calves

Profit owners of a farm with cattle can receive not only from the sale of milk or meat. Many owners of such enterprises are also engaged in such a business as breeding cattle. Thoroughbred calves are quite expensive today. There are always quite a lot of hunters to acquire such animals. The price of one thoroughbred calf on the market today is about 12 thousand rubles.

Instead of a conclusion

As you can see, the construction of cattle breeding farms is a rather complicated and responsible business. Profit from such an enterprise, of course, can be obtained. However, it will be necessary to spend money on organizing a business of such specialization thoroughly. In any case, of course, you need to have certain skills in keeping this variety of farm animals. Such a business is suitable, most likely, only for a person who is familiar with the basics of keeping cattle firsthand.

Animals will bring a lot of income, since milk can be used to cook butter, cheese and other fermented milk products, freeze meat, sell it fresh or close the stew. Another option for generating income is the cultivation and resale of young animals. The first step of a novice farmer is a thorough analysis of the slightest nuances of the future business.

Before understanding how to breed cows, it is necessary to understand the ultimate goals of this action.

1. Analysis of the conditions of the region of residence (are there fields for grazing).
2. Economic factor (competitors and sales market).
3. Features of keeping cows in winter and summer.
4. Clarification of the final goal (obtaining meat, milk or complex products). Selection of appropriate breeds.
5. Environmental factor (where to sell manure).

Cows are large in size, have good appetite (they consume a lot of feed) and are demanding on the conditions of their place of residence, but all these aspects are quickly covered by finished products.

What are the features of the case?

Life expectancy of 1 cow - more than 25 years. In order for a full-fledged and healthy animal to grow from a calf, you need to spend at least 5 years. The average weight of cows living in households is 600 kg, on farms - 400 kg.

What features should be considered? In the first place - the rules of care in different seasons. Throughout the year, animals need to create optimal conditions for keeping (maintain temperature, humidity). It is necessary to feed and milk the cattle, observing the regime. For walking, a paddock should be equipped, but it is preferable to take cows to pasture (meadows, fields) in the warm season.

One of the important aspects for breeding cows is to know the main diseases and first aid methods.

Suitable site

How much land is needed for 1 cow? The required sowing area for cereals is 0.60 ha, perennial grasses – 0.60 ha, silage crops – 0.20 ha, vegetables – 0.06 ha. On average, there is 1 hectare of land per 1 cow.

When taking into account the stock of hay for the winter, another 1 hectare is added. So, 1 livestock will require up to 2 hectares of water meadow. If the field is not fertile, this figure may increase further.

We equip the building

The best option for maintenance is an old farm. Building a building from scratch is not an economically viable option. An alternative is to rent a ready-made adapted barn.

The room should be away from residential buildings and water sources. According to sanitary standards, the minimum distance to the house is 15 meters, to wells - 20 meters. It is preferable that it be located next to the garden (manure liquidation).

If you decide to build a barn yourself, pay attention to the materials. Brick or foam concrete is suitable for construction - they retain heat well. The floor should be made of cement - it is durable and hygienic. Wood is not recommended as the material absorbs odors and rots quickly.

Stall organization

With a large number of animals, it is necessary to equip the stall. For comfortable keeping of 1 cow, 2 sq.m. is enough. Be sure to make a slope for waste to drain. The stall should have a separate door for cleaning (located on the opposite side of the feeder).

If you want to receive large volumes of milk, think over the water supply and purchase milking systems. It is more profitable to buy a special device than to regularly pay milkmaids.

A useful addition to the barn is the attic. This is a convenient place to store hay. It will also allow you to additionally insulate the ceiling.

Choosing good livestock

The first rule is that the breed must meet the designated purpose of the business (meat, dairy). When buying, find out about the productive qualities of the parents. It is recommended to purchase purebred breeds, as crossbreeds lose important traits. Pay attention to body type:

• elongated head;
• bulging eyes;
• there is no vegetation on the ears;
• wide depressions between the ribs (a sign of a developed food and lung systems);
• long and thin tail;
• developed sacrum and wide backside (for good calving);
• elastic skin;
• loose udder;
• juice length up to 8 cm.

Purchase of young animals

The purchase of calves is made with an identical goal: the conformity of the breed with the goals of the business. The young of the dairy breed is distinguished by long paws and a bony body structure, a light head. The tail of such calves is long (to the middle or below the hock joint).

Beef calves are characterized by short legs, a heavy head, a small tail and a "knocked down" physique. To get meat, farmers recommend buying bulls, as they gain weight more quickly, and their meat is less fatty.

Common factors for young animals of any orientation are a wet nose, a shiny coat and the absence of symptoms of indigestion (signs of health).

Common types

1. Black-and-white (large cattle, cup-shaped udder, high milk yield).
2. Kholmogorskaya. Individuals have a small udder, but give more than 8000 liters of milk per year.
3. Yaroslavl breed. Its distinguishing features are weak muscles, low weight, high milk yield (6000 liters per year).

In addition, farmers involved in the production of dairy products often opt for the Red Steppe breed of cows. You can read more about this breed.

What meat breeds to pay attention to? In the first place - Ukrainian meat. Up to 65% of meat and skin are on sale. Cows are unpretentious to food, quickly gaining weight. Also on the list are the Aberdeen Angus (60% meat) and the elite Charolais breed (for bacon).

Cows are herd animals, there should be several of them on the farm. In the summer, you need to send cows to walking areas. In winter, cows can live in a warm room with constant light. For them, daily walking is shown even in the cold season (cancelled when the thermometer reaches -15).

Remember that cows are whimsical animals: from dampness and heat, problems with milk begin, weight gain slows down. The optimum temperature in the barn is not higher than 20 degrees.

It is important to protect the building from drafts. For ventilation, it is recommended to make a pipe from boards (dimensions 15 by 15 cm) and bring it above the ridge. A system of opening windows should be considered (openings should be higher than 1.2 m from the floor level).

Nutrition Features

The diet should include hay, feed and various baits(seasonal vegetables, seeds, grass). A cow needs from 9 to 14 kg of hay per day. Remember, if the animal eats poor-quality hay, the milk will be bitter.

It is useful to include flax and sunflower cake, oats in the diet. Also, products should replenish the supply of carbohydrates - it is necessary to give cows fodder beets, carrots, potatoes, corn silage. Farmers recommend adding urea (carbamide) to the feed to enrich the stomach.

About reproduction

Sexual age of heifers - 8 months, physiological maturity occurs at 18 months. Live weight by this period reaches 300 kg. Cows have a sexual cycle that repeats every 21 days.

For proper insemination, mating should be done 10-12 hours before feeding. The duration of pregnancy is 285 days. In the second half of the term, fetal movements are observed in the right side of the abdomen. In the last month of pregnancy, you need to stop milking the cow (give physiological rest).

It is important to provide pregnant cows with a balanced diet. Their diet should include hay, succulent feed, concentrates and mineral supplements (chalk, salt, flour).

Signs of the onset of childbirth - the cow looks at her belly, mooing loudly, stomping her hooves. The owner needs to treat the paws, tail and genitals with potassium permanganate, wipe with a towel. Usually, cows do not need other human assistance at calving.

For business

The first action of a novice businessman is to find out if there are competitors. You need to open the farm away from identical points. Another aspect is the clarification of demand, analysis and establishment of points of sale.

You can supply products to markets, shops, factories. To expand the business, it is advisable to find a sales market in neighboring cities.

Decor

If your farm has 2-3 cows, you do not need to register a business. If the breeding of cattle is thought out on a farm scale, registration is necessary (in the future, it is necessary to obtain certificates of product quality). Also, official registration will help to take a preferential state loan if there are not enough own funds for the development of the business.

Employees

It is recommended to involve the inhabitants of the village in which the farm is located. In the list of main vacancies:

• vet;
• accountant;
• sales manager;
• handyman-cleaner;
• milkmaid (if there are no milking machines).

The owner of the farm at the initial stages can act as a manager and accountant.

Costs and income

The total amount for opening such a business is not less than 650,000 rubles. The costs will be in the equipment (construction) of the barn, the purchase of livestock, registration of activities and payments to employees.

Additional expenses may be needed to optimize the business: the purchase of devices for the supply of feed, water or waste disposal, the construction of a building for a slaughterhouse.

On average, with a population of 10-15 individuals per month, you can get up to 2 thousand liters of milk, 200 kg of meat. The sale of milk will bring up to 1,000,000 rubles, meat - more than 1,200,000 rubles. Additional income will bring the sale of manure. Investments will fully pay off in 10-12 months after opening a business.

How to write a business plan?

Next, you will learn how to make a business plan for breeding cows for meat or dairy cattle for a farming business.
A business plan is a clear and consistent presentation of ideas, strategies, possible risks and results. It must define the areas of activity, as well as:

1. rational choice of territory;
2. definition of initial tasks;
3. organization of the technological process;
4. client base;
5. cost and profit calculations.

It is better to think over and draw up a business plan with the involvement of specialists (experienced farmers, lawyers). It is important to clearly define the goals and identify all possible problems in order to minimize their impact on the process.

Breeding cows is a profitable business, since food products will always be in demand in the market. When opening your business, you need to choose the right place and buy suitable breeds of cows. In the future, proper care will bring success to the business, and profit to the owner.

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