The meaning of the name is by right of memory. Composition “The theme of memory in the poem A
The life of A. Tvardovsky fell, perhaps, on the most tragic years in the history of the Russian people. He went through the entire war "with his people", before his eyes the country was overwhelmed by Stalinist repressions, the poet survived the years of the Khrushchev thaw. He became one of the most significant poets who wrote about the Great Patriotic War. Even during the war, Tvardovsky created the poem "Vasily Terkin" and numerous poems written right at the front. During the years of the Khrushchev thaw, Tvardovsky was the editor-in-chief of the Novy Mir magazine, where he courageously defended the right to publish the works of A. Solzhenitsyn, B. Mozhaev and other talented writers who tried to comprehend the terrible lessons of recent Soviet history in their work. In 1966-1969, Tvardovsky made an attempt at such a rethinking in the poem "By the Right of Memory" ...
The poem was created in 1963-1969 and published only in 1987. In it, the poet tried to rethink the time of Stalinism, to understand what was happening then in the country. After all, Stalin was the idol of a generation, and at the same time lawlessness reigned in the country, in scale comparable only to the horrors of fascism. Tvardovsky, an uncompromising and honest man, believed that it was wrong to hush up these black pages of our history, it was necessary to make them public, to comprehend these events. He set as a goal the moral cleansing of the generation of that era. In December 1963, having finished the poem "Terkin in the Other World", Tvardovsky wrote in working sketches:
... Didn't tell. Can I leave
In the incompleteness of such a speech,
Where to subtract, what to add -
So ignore the grain of truth.
non-stop planet
Years and days counting down.
I didn’t say it - and there is no grief ...
No, the unsaid burns.
Initially, the poet was going to add "unsaid" as a chapter to the poem "Beyond the distance - distance." Then the chapters formed into an independent work, called "By the Right of Memory", - the last, final work of the poet. The poem absorbed the mood and motives of the poet, which Tvardovsky planned to embody in the autobiographical play "Pan", then he wanted to, but nevertheless created a poem. He was in a hurry to talk about the sore:
... Not those years already -
I have no right to defer
Give. The mountain would be from the shoulders -
Still have time without delay
To clothe mute pain in words.
The main theme of the poem "By the Right of Memory" is repentance. The problem of memory develops here into the problem of responsibility to future generations for the unwillingness to understand the past: "He who hides the past jealously is unlikely to be in harmony with the future." We have no right to forget our terrible past, because it concerns all of us, even those "uninitiated" who did not witness the events: And speaking of the initiated:
Where to get them? All dedicated!
Not by marks and scars,
So in passing, in passing,
Not by myself
So through those who themselves ...
The events of those years had such a huge impact on the fate of the entire nation that forgetting them is the most terrible mistake that can lead to tragic consequences. The theme of continuity, the connection of generations finds a very strong sound in the poem. It is built as an excited monologue, a confession that "burns the soul." The first chapter of the poem "Before Departure" is the author's memories of his youth, of a friend with whom they naively dreamed and believed in the future:
We were ready to go.
What could be easier:
Don't lie. Don't be afraid
Be faithful to the people.
Loving mother earth
So that for us into fire and water.
And if that - and life to give.
Self-confident optimists did not assume that not only happiness should be expected from life. In this chapter, an omen of the harsh historical reality, the tragic conflicts of the era, appears between the lines.
The second part of the poem is called "The son is not responsible for the father." This name itself reproduces the widespread official stamp of the Stalin era. A time when children were forced to abandon their parents; when the father denounced the son, and the son denounced the father - the time of general fear. Contrary to the Stalinist formula (the son is not responsible for the father), another expression already appeared in those years - “enemy of the people”:
Five exactly words ... But year after year
Those words faded away
And the title of the son of the enemy of the people
Already with them came into law.
Tvardovsky himself at the beginning of the 30s was placed by the will of the system in the very insoluble situation that he described in the second chapter of the poem. In 1934, he was expelled from the third year of the institute as a "son of a fist":
And how can a boy live with that nickname,
How to serve an unknown term -
Firsthand,
Not from a book
The author of these lines interprets.
Reading the poem, we now feel the full depth of the tragic feeling experienced by Tvardovsky. This is not a fault in the usual sense of the word, but a great historical tragedy turned into a personal disaster for him, as well as for many other people of his generation. Tvardovsky's pain is understandable: his father was a hard worker (recall the description of his father's callused hands in the poem), possessing ingenuity and vitality. He was dispossessed not so much for his strong economy, acquired by hard work, but for his extravagant behavior: he wore a hat, shunned other peasants, treating them somewhat arrogantly, was married to the daughter of a nobleman-one-palace (ruined).
The whole family suffered as a result. The children of the "enemies of the people" had a hard time:
And behind one line of law
Fate has already equaled everyone:
The son of a fist or the son of a people's commissar,
The son of a commander or a priest ...
The stigma from birth marked
A baby of enemy blood.
And everything seemed to be missing
Land of branded sons.
That is why Tvardovsky, who for a long time had to hide his origin from others, is outraged by Stalin's phrase:
The son is not responsible for the father.
That sign has now been removed from you
... The end of your dashing adversity,
Stay strong, don't hide your face.
Thank the father of nations
That he forgave you father
Native…
Tvardovsky does not really want to renounce his father, he does not want to use his talent to become "not remembering kinship." In addition, Stalin's statement was only a beautiful gesture, in fact nothing has changed, the attitude towards the children of "enemies of the people" in the country has remained the same. Stalin wanted to educate a person for whom the state is more important than the family, the ideals of socialism are personal happiness. Tvardovsky emphasizes that renunciation of kinship is the meanest betrayal:
The task is clear, the cause is holy, -
With that - to the highest goal - straight
Betray your brother on the way
And a secret best friend.
And the soul with human feelings,
Do not burden yourself by sparing yourself.
The era demanded the suppression of the personal in the name of the state:
Forget where you came from
And realize, do not argue:
To the detriment of love for the father of nations -
Any other love.
Sincerely believing in the new shrines, the younger generation was under the threat of moral self-destruction:
And bear false witness in the name
And atrocity in the name of the leader.
The tragic position of the individual gave rise to its tragic split: on the one hand, people believed in the idea, were devoted to the ideals of socialism; on the other hand, the cruelty of the embodiment of the idea came into conflict with their conscience, giving rise to doubts: is everything going right when building a new society? These experiences are close to the author, he himself is one of such people, who sincerely believed in the ideals of socialism and suffered during their implementation. Therefore, the attitude of the poet to the "leader of peoples" is ambiguous. In the last poems of Tvardovsky, the image of Stalin is one of the central and most changeable. Either he is a wise and reliable helmsman “on a powerful ship” (the 1951-1953 cycle “About Stalin”), then he is the creator of a grandiose bureaucratic machine, the creator of lawlessness and his own cult, then, finally, a tyrant who perverted socialism and encroached on the very nature of man. This evolution is associated not only with changes in the country's course, which allowed the poet to tell the truth about the "great helmsman", but also with the evolution of Tvardovsky's attitude towards Stalin, with the personal fate of the poet. Tvardovsky believes that behind the unwillingness to reveal the truth about the cruelties of Stalinism lies a fear of his own people, and after all, descendants will ask the people, they will be judged by the court of generations, the court of history:
For a long time, children became fathers,
But for the universal father
We were all responsible
And the judgment lasts for decades
And the end is not yet in sight.
The poet is sure that it is necessary to tell the descendants the truth about the past and thereby cleanse oneself morally:
But in the future, as we were - we will be, -
What a sudden thunderstorm,
People from those people that people
Without hiding your eyes, look into your eyes.
The theme of repentance is the main one in the poem "By the Right of Memory". Each person is responsible to his past and the past of his people. The poem resounds with the thought of an innate connection with one's history, of the impossibility of dissembling and pretending "in the face of bygone past."
A. T. Tvardovsky himself did not consider that the poems that make up the poem “By the Right of Memory” are an independent work; he wrote them as a continuation of the poem "Beyond the distance - distance." During the life of the poet, these poems, of course, could not be published, although A. T. Tvardovsky himself prepared them for publication shortly before his death. At the end of the 60s, negative trends intensified in the socio-political life of the country, and what later received the capacious name “stagnation” set in. Even the half-glasnost that was possible during the Khrushchev “thaw” has come to naught. And therefore, Tvardovsky's poems about Stalinism "came their turn" only in the late 80s, during the time of genuine glasnost.
The poem "By the Right of Memory" is the final work of A. T. Tvardovsky, these are his thoughts about the life he lived - both his own and the country. He returns to past events and judges them as a man and a citizen - by the right of memory. Memory does not lie, memory illuminates people and events in their true form, memory is free from momentary errors.
Compositionally, the poem is divided into three parts. The first part is called "Before Departure" and depicts the poet's youth. The village boy dreams of leaving his outback, exchanging it "for the whole wide world." Tvardovsky himself and his contemporaries dreamed of "suddenly seizing all the sciences", they dreamed of big things, grandiose discoveries, an interesting and exciting life. Ahead was seen only happiness, which must be rewarded with young enthusiasm and creative impulse.
At the same time, people of the generation of the 1920s and 1930s had the feeling that the country was surrounded by enemies, that the young Soviet Republic was threatened from all sides by enemy forces. And therefore, the younger generation was ready "for a campaign", in which one had to "give one's life" for victory.
This youthful mixture of expectation of happiness and readiness to sacrifice oneself for the sake of the Motherland is the pathos of the first part of the poem. All this was “a life ago”, and at the end of his days the poet recalls his former self with light sadness.
The second part has a completely different tone, which is already determined by the title - "The son is not responsible for the father." Memories of Stalin's repressions come to life here like an ominous ghost. Tvardovsky himself bore the stigma of “not a kulak son, but a son” all his life, and in his youth he even hid his origin. Now, at the end of his life, the poet reflects on how it could happen that a whole generation already from birth felt guilty of something for which they could not be responsible. The state considered dangerous "babies of enemy blood." The title "son of the enemy of the people" crossed out the whole fate and even the life of a person. Every year there were more and more such people, "and everything seemed to be lacking in the country of branded sons."
When the cup of people's anger overflowed, the party and its helmsman made a sharp turn: articles like "Dizziness from success" or wording like "The son is not responsible for the father" appeared. But after hundreds of thousands of people, having received the ominous nickname CHSIR - a member of the family of a traitor to the Motherland, were innocently exiled or thrown into prison, this false phrase of the leader could not really help anyone.
Injustice and cruelty were elevated to the rank of state policy, in which entire nations were subjected to repression and forced deportation. The most striking thing is that, despite what was happening, many people retained a naive love, even reverence towards the “father of nations”. The propaganda machine worked so devilishly skillfully that people forgot the age-old moral rules. A denunciation of a loved one, a public renunciation of a father accused under Article 58 - all this was considered (and by many - sincerely!) As civic prowess. Terrible crimes were justified in the name of Stalin:
And the soul with human feelings
Do not burden yourself by sparing yourself.
And bear false witness in the name
And atrocity in the name of the leader.
Years passed, the children of those terrible years became fathers, and now they are responsible for the “universal father”.
The final part of the poem is called "On Memory". On behalf of his generation, on behalf of those who became "camp dust", the poet judges the past. He angrily accuses Stalin of inhuman cruelty and wonders: how could it happen that the true face of the “father of nations” was unknown to people? The answer of A. T. Tvardovsky is quite in the spirit of his time. It seems to him that the whole point is “a crafty substitution”, that the names of Lenin and Stalin were “rudely doubled”, that Stalin was considered the continuer of Lenin’s cause, while he never was one. Stalin grossly distorted Lenin's ideas, and the task is to return to the Leninist norms of party and public life.
Today, new facts, documentary evidence have changed our understanding of Lenin as well. Of course, he was not a bloody dictator like Stalin, but many of the atrocities of the Stalinist regime are connected with Lenin's ideas, for example, with the idea of intensifying the class struggle in the course of building socialism. But we cannot blame A.T. Tvardovsky for his vision of history, because every person, even a great artist, is limited in his views by the time frame.
The exposure of Stalinism, even such a vivid one, full of great artistic power, no longer seems like a revelation today. But the poem "By the Right of Memory" still evokes grateful reader feelings, because it contains a living, truthful and hard-won word of a great artist about his era.
Subject: Man, time, history in the poem "By the Right of Memory"
Target: to acquaint students with the life and work of whom; to determine the genre features and the ideological content of the poem "By the Right of Memory"; find out why the poem is the justification and repentance of the author, the poem is a warning.
Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky
the history of our society. Understand
Tvardovsky - to understand the era in everything
drama, complexity and inconsistency.
F. Abramov
Advanced homework: everyone to read the poem "By the Right of Memory"; individual task: prepare a short story about life and work, draw up a plan for the poet's biography (you can offer to write it down to classmates); group tasks for 3 groups: a) make a quotation plan for chapter 1, retell chapter 1 using selected quotes; b) in the 2nd chapter, find the signs of Stalin's time; indicate the language means by which the author manages to paint a vivid picture of reality; c) in the 3rd chapter, determine the positions of the disputing parties - the lyrical hero and the “silent ones”; Whose side are you on?
During the classes
I. Introduction by the teacher.
In any historical era there will always be a person whose fate is a reflection of contemporary reality. Sometimes it is enough to understand this person in order to understand all the historical vicissitudes. And if this is a poet, then his work becomes a poetic chronicle of the life of the country ( epigraph reading).
II. Student Message about the main stages of the poet's life and work (advancing homework is possible according to pp. 409 - 415 of the textbook "Russian Literature for Grade 11", ed.,). Students write down the information in a concise manner.
III. Teacher's word.
If we talk about poems, then each of them is a reflection not only of the biography of the poet, but also of the history of the country.
"Country Ant" - an image of the process of collectivization, the search for a country of happiness, which turns out to be a collective farm estate.
"Vasily Terkin" - an image of the fate of the people and the national character during
Great Patriotic War, an attempt to tell the truth about the war.
"House by the road" - an image of human destinies broken by war, heavy
consequences of the war.
"Beyond the distance - the distance" - an image of the revival of the native country, which endured many trials and became a mighty world power; understanding of what is happening in Stalin's times.
Tvardovsky wrote the poem "By the Right of Memory" in the last years of his life (1966-1969), but it was banned for a long time and was published only in 1987.
The poem reflected the author's sharp reaction to the change in the social situation in the second half of the 60s: attempts to rehabilitate Stalin, glorify him again, hush up the decisions of the 20th Congress, which condemned Stalin's personality cult, the power of strict censorship ... Solzhenitsyn's inspired case, custom-made denunciations, the fabricated "letters of the working people" published in the central press are all signs of that time.
Akshin, assessing the fact of the appearance of the poem, wrote: “Experiencing the excitement of conscience, the bitterest guilt before his family, before his father, before all the Russian peasantry crushed by Stalin, Tvardovsky wrote the poem “By the Right of Memory” - his justification and his repentance.” And Tvardovsky wrote about the poem: “... felt ... what I ... must definitely express. This is a living, necessary thought of my life ... "
IV. Work with the text of the poem.
The poem consists of 3 chapters. Decide on a theme for each section. ( The first two (“Before departure”, “The son is not responsible for his father”) - the lyrical hero is trying to comprehend histhe past and the past of the country, the last chapter (“On Memory”) is the hero’s reflections on a person’s duty to the past and future).
Determine the main themes of the entire work. (Tema of repentance and personal guilt of a person; the theme of memory and oblivion; the theme of "filial responsibility", the theme of historical retribution.)
With what mood do the heroes of the chapter “Before Departure” leave for the capital?
(Retelling of the chapter with obligatory reading of the citation plan. With high spirits; with grandiose plans for the future, the hope to fully realize oneself, to take place, with boundless faith in one's strength, the desire to keep up with the times. From the life of the capital, young men expect not just entertainment, they are torn into the world of knowledge, wanting to draw from the holy temple of science its treasures for grandfathers and great-grandfathers, who were inseparably kept by the earth).
This chapter was written as an appeal to a friend of youth. Why do you think the author chose this form? ( An atmosphere of trust is created in which you can talk about the innermost). Thus, from the very beginning of the poem, the tone of utmost sincerity is set.
Is it possible to define the genre of the poem as a "family tragedy"? Why?
Being deeply personal, confessional, the poem at the same time expresses the people's point of view on the tragic phenomena of the past. In the second chapter, "The son is not responsible for the father," the poet faithfully reproduces the atmosphere of Stalin's time.
What signs of the Stalinist era does Tvardovsky depict in this chapter? Give examples from the text.
Give examples of speech stamps from the 1930s - 1950s that are used in the second chapter. Define their role. ( The use of speech stamps of the political terminology of the Stalin era (“class enemy”, “father of peoples”,“leader”, “fist”, “son of the enemy of the people”, etc.) becomes at TvarDove's way of reflecting the spirit of the times, featuresthinking and attitude of the Soviet people of that time).
Note that the words "The son is not responsible for the father" appear several times in this chapter. Why? (By repeating, these words get more and more new semantic and emotional content. It is the repetition that allows you to follow the development of the theme of “five words”).
What does the poet accuse Stalinism of? Give examples from the text. ( Dramatism itselfsensations of a Soviet person - "the son of an enemy of the people" ("Stigmacelebrated from birth / Baby of enemy blood"), the tragic fate of the dispossessed ("in great anguish / he left his house and yard"), the crippled fate of former Soviet prisoners of war ("from captivity to captivity - under the thunder of victory"), repressure of small peoples).
How would you define the worst thing for yourself in this era? Confirm with lines of text.
- What is the position of the lyrical hero? ( He tries to figure out who is to blame for what happened andreproaches himself and his generation forcivil failure, blind faith in the infallibility of the leader, unquestioning obedience to his will (“foruniversal father / We were all in the answer”).
What images, in your opinion, are most vividly presented by the poet in this chapter? ( Stalin, the hero's father).
How does Twardow's image of his father portray him? Why only one detail of his appearance emphasizes? Read the text.
How is the “Father of the People” Stalin shown in the poem? Why is this image not drawn in detail?
- “On Memory” is a special chapter. It synthesizes the thoughts and motives stated in its title. The chapter is polemical. With whom and what is the hero arguing about? Read text. ( The lyrical hero argues with those whomhe calls "silencers". This is what they want "on a sleepless memoryput up a cross." “Do not remember - memory for printing” - this is their position).
Describe the civil position of the lyrical hero. Read the text. ( He acts as an opponent of the tendencies of the rehabilitation of Stalin, considers it a crime to deliberately suppress the tragic events of Soviet history).
How do you understand the lines:
What is now considered large, what is small -
How to know, but people are not grass:
Don't turn them all in bulk
In some forgetful kinship.
The poem ends with the words:
But in the future, as we were - we will be, -
What a sudden thunderstorm, -
people
of those people
that people
Without hiding your eyes
They look into the eyes.
The poet claims that memory is a compass on the path of life and that every person should have a duty to the past and the future. Conscience and memory - these are the moral norms that determine the civil position of a person, and the position of Tvardovsky the poet in particular.
We figured out why the poem "By the Right of Memory" is the repentance and justification of the hero. - - - What do you think, why is she a warning? ( Children's statements).
Yevgeny Yevtushenko said: "A poet in Russia is more than a poet." In your opinion, how can these words be attributed to Alexander Tvardovsky? ( Children's statements).
V. Reflection.
Find in the text the key words of the poem: memory, truth, true story, pain. Write down poetic turns with these words (they can be called aphorisms), which you will take for yourself as life principles.
VI. Homework. Prepare an expressive reading of poetry by M. Tsvetaeva and
B. Pasternak.
List of used literature
1. (and others). Russian literature: questions, assignments, tests. - Minsk: Aversev, 2006.
2. Egorova's developments in Russian literature, grade 11 (II half of the year).
– M.: Vako, 2006.
3. , (and others). - Russian literature: a textbook for the 11th grade. with 11 years of study. - Minsk: NIO, 2006.
Lesson Development
based on the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "By the right of memory" in the 11th grade
teachers of the first qualification category
MOU secondary school №10, Kovrov
Landikhova Tatyana Ivanovna.
Material specificity (for teacher) .
The presented development of lessons on the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "By the Right of Memory" (three lessons, of which two lessons are devoted to working with the text of the poem, analysis, one lesson - to creative written work; the teacher, at his discretion, can allocate two lessons for writing or give work at home) can be used to work in 11 humanitarian and non-humanitarian (universal, specialized non-humanitarian) classes; usedmethodical methods: group research work on the text of a work, search work, solving problems of a problem nature, creative written work.
It is advisable to continue the study of the poem “By the Right of Memory” after studying the lyrics, the poem “Beyond the distance - distance”; if study time allows, you can refer to the poem "Country Ant" in an overview, fragmentary or study in detail, in a non-humanitarian class, you can limit yourself to an overview repetition of lyrics, studying only the poems "By the Right of Memory" (as the most relevant at the present time) and "Vasily Terkin" .
It is advisable to work on the topic “Ideological and artistic originality of the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky “By the Right of Memory” should be preceded by a lesson in which to consider the genre features of the poem, the main topics covered by the author, the composition, the title of the poem, repeat the necessary literary terms and continue working with the dictionary (various interpretations of the main concepts, keywords).
Topic of the lessons:
The ideological and artistic originality of the poem
A.T. Tvardovsky "By the right of memory"
Lesson Objectives:
(cognitive) - to deepen students' understanding of the work of A.T. Tvardovsky, the life and creative principles of the poet, to give an idea of the ideological and artistic originality of the poem "By the Right of Memory";
(educational) - to show how the poet comprehends the experience of his entire life, in which the heavy contradictions of time were reflected and refracted, to draw students' attention to the value, the primacy of the human personality, the unique individual over the general and collective; to promote the formation of a personal position of students on the problem raised;
(aimed at literary development) - to continue the formation of skills in the analysis of a poetic text, search work, research work with a text, literary concepts; further development of creative thinking of students.
Lesson equipment: portrait of A.T. Tvardovsky; reproduction of the manuscript of the poem, book cover, texts of the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "By the right of memory" for each student.
Epigraphs:
I answer with my head.
A.T. Tvardovsky. "For the distance - the distance"
…felt ... what I ... must definitely express. This is a living, necessary thought of my life...
A.T. Tvardovsky
…he spoke in a full voice about the tragedy of dispossession, about the Stalinist massacre of his own prisoners of war, about the expulsion of entire peoples from their homes. But he found the courage, without beating his chest and without playing the fool, to atone for his involuntary guilt before his loved ones, to part with the illusions of his generation.
V.Ya. Lakshin. From
books "Coast of Culture", 1991.
Literary terms used in the lesson.
Poem - Poetic storytelling. Lyric epic work.
Artistic image - the image of a person in the work.
Lyrical hero - a person whose experiences, thoughts and feelings are expressed in the work. The author's "I" of the poet.
Subject - life material: persons, circumstances reflected in a work of art.
Composition external - division into parts, chapters.
Composition internal - a system of images, functions of a portrait, landscape, interior, off-plot digressions, artistic details; artistic time and space.
Idea - the main idea about the main range of phenomena that are depicted in the work. Expression of the author's thought.
Genre features - specific characteristics of the genre of a particular work.
Evolution (attitudes, relationships…) - change ... in time.
Reminiscence - an echo of someone else's work, vague memories.
motive - additional, secondary themes.
Aphorism - a complete thought, expressed in a concise and precise form.
Dictionary (the dictionary is kept both in the lesson and during homework, we turn to the dictionary in the process of working on the poem).
Memory - the ability to remember, not to forget the past; the property of the soul to keep, remember the consciousness of the past.
Memory - 1) the ability to preserve and reproduce in the mind previous impressions, experience, as well as the very stock of impressions stored in the mind;
2) memories of someone.
Repentance - repentance, kaika. One of the seven sacraments of the church, confession. Spiritual punishment, or punishment for transgressions against faith.(Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by V.I. Dahl).
Repentance - voluntary confession in a committed act, in a mistake.(Dictionary of the Russian language S.I. Ozhegov).
repent - to experience regret, to admit to a mistake, to a bad, wrong act.(Dictionary of the Russian language S.I. Ozhegov).
Guilt - beginning, reason, source, occasion, pretext. Guilt, offense, crime, transgression, sin, any unlawful, reprehensible act.(Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by V.I. Dahl).
Guilt - 1) misdemeanor, crime;
2) cause, source of something (unfavorable).
(Dictionary of the Russian language S.I. Ozhegov).
Retribution - retribution, reward and punishment, payment according to merit, reward; return, return.(Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by V.I. Dahl).
Retribution - retribution, punishment for a crime, for evil.(Dictionary of the Russian language S.I.
Responsibility - the duty to answer for something, the duty to give an account of something.(Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by V.I. Dahl).
Responsibility - 1) the need to take the blame for mistakes, bad progress; 2) the need, the obligation to be responsible for their actions, deeds.
(Dictionary of the Russian language S.I. Ozhegov).
Homework for the lesson.
Formulate the life and creative principle of A.T. Tvardovsky. Select the appropriate quotation material from the poems (and poems) of the poet(search task).
(Group or individual task. The nature of the task: a simplified version).
The foundation of all my foundations
I am for such a charter severe,
To limit the waste of words;
So that their living mind closes;
From capitals capital;
Dust in our own eyes;
At the exchange rate of the hard ruble (...)
("Word about words", 1962)
Continue work on the table about the history of the creation of the poem "By the Right of Memory" - fill in the column "The views of the poet reflected in the poem."
Course of lessons.
First learning situation.
Teacher's word.
Modern literary criticism considers the history of the creation of a work as a means of reading it. The fate of the work is the key to its meaning. Let us dwell on the creative history of the poem by Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky "By the Right of Memory".
- What events, observations, experiences during the work found a response in the views of the poet, reflected in the poem?
(Students present the result of completing homework No. 3 in the form of a table (column "The views of the poet ..."), on which they began work (columns "History of the poem" and "Events in the life of the poet, circumstances of work") in the previous lesson. the entire table - note for the teacher).
History of the poem
The poem was created in the last years of his life (the years of the life of A.T. Tvardovsky 1910-1971).1958-1970s – A.T. Tvardovsky is the editor of the Novy Mir magazine. 60s - the center of attraction for all the best literary and social forces. F. Abramov, Ch. Aitmatov, V. Belov, V. Voinovich, Yu. Dombrovsky, S. Zalygin, F. Iskander, B. Mozhaev, Yu. Trifonov, V. Shukshin, A. Solzhenitsyn are published. Since the end of the “thaw”, the magazine has been subjected to censorship chicanery. Futile attempts to publish the poem.1968 - Tvardovsky responded to the events in Czechoslovakia, condemning the action, refused to sign an open letter to the writers of Czechoslovakia. It became noticeable that the direction of the journal acquired an oppositional character.1970 - Tvardovsky left the magazine.
Draws the attention of students to the epigraphs to the lesson.
What do they reflect?(Students express their opinions).
Second learning situation.
Organization of educational search.
Organization page of educational search and research (it is drawn up on the board (screen) and the design continues in the students' notebooks throughout the lessons).
Main question: What are the features of the author's perception of the past and present in the poem "By the Right of Memory"?An example of completing a task for group 1
(Answers are not given in full,
in case of difficulty, the teacher has the right to help students - approx. for the teacher).
Chapter 1 "Before the flight"
(Printed during the life of the poet under the title "In the hayloft").
In terms of its content, the chapter adjoins the chapter “Childhood Friend” from the poem “Beyond the distance - distance”, as if it precedes it. Poems convey an atmosphere of trust in which one can talk about the innermost. Hayloft (native home); two friends (“thinker and poet”) set off on a long journey (unknown, unfamiliar), full of hopes, dreams and illusions (romantic situation):
We repeat that to attack
We don't care
But they themselves were waiting only for happiness, -
That was taught by age.
Time:
the youth of the autobiographical hero (lyrical hero); the youth of the heroes is the young "age" of the era:
they didn’t hear: the morning roosters “as if they were singing the funeral service for the end of our childish days”;
they didn’t foresee: soon “the native land will break loose”;
deep archaeological layer: “How long ago? Life ago.
Conclusion: life passes, but fidelity to youthful ideals has been preserved. According to them, the poet reconciles his fate.
Chapter 2 "The son is not responsible for the father" (Stalin's words).
- Track the meaning of the words “the son is not responsible for the father” in chapter 2, repeating. - What artistic detail helps to convey the son's love for his father? (Chapter 2 each) - What is the connection with the words from the poem "Beyond the distance - distance" (episode No. 1)?Key chapter. Contrasted with the 1st chapter: gross interference of the authorities in the family.
Time: the past, which does not give rest, does not leave.
You can see how the words"A son is not responsible for his father" , repeating, receive a new semantic and emotional content:
unexpected happiness, gracious deliverance from the “indelible mark” (“kulak offspring”, “title” “son of an enemy of the people”);
“entered the law”: the words are inhuman, deeply immoral, prompted the neglect of moral obligations to loved ones, to unlimited permissiveness:
Betray your brother on the way
And a secret best friend.
…………………………….
And the soul with human feelings
Do not burden yourself by sparing yourself.
The poet, with repentant feeling and full understanding, draws the hard-workingfather's hands (this artistic detail helps convey the son's love for his father):
Those that - with a sigh - like strangers,
…………………………………..
There were no separate corns -
Solid…
his naive pride of the "master" costing him dearly.
Tracing the connection of times, the historical past of the country, the poet comes to repentance, liberation from illusions:
And we, boasting of unbelief in God,
In the name of their own shrines
That sacrifice was demanded strictly:
Reject your father and reject your mother.
If the son does not answer for the father, then "the father for the son - with his head." The postulate "son for father" at the end of the chapter is reversed:
But for the universal father
We were all responsible.
There is a connection with epigraph No. 1:
I lived, I was - for everything in the world
I answer with my head.
(A.T. Tvardovsky. “For the distance - the distance”)
Hero A.T. Tvardovsky is not a dispassionate chronicler, but a witness for the prosecution. He is worried about the fate of specific people whom he knew well (his father, in the poem "Beyond the distance - the distance" - a childhood friend, aunt Daria).
Chapter 3 "On memory"
Additional questions and tasks for the group:- Refer to the dictionary (interpretation of the word "memory"). Explain the title of the chapter. - Are, in the author's opinion, his contemporaries capable of answering "for the order in the world"? And how does this characterize them? - Analyze the commentary to the poem by V.A. Zaitsev, which reflects the signs of the times. Did he help to more accurately represent the events depicted in the poem? (It is desirable that the commentary be available to all students in the class in printouts or in electronic form - note for the teacher).- …Sinister once count ...
Column (in the questionnaire) - section, heading, in this case - the question of social origin. …On someone's head in a circle // From their predicted victories
... This refers to the article by I.V. Stalin's "Dizziness from Success" (March 1930), which, in particular, dealt with "excesses" in the conduct of collectivization. And in the crowd of the horse carriage...
An osprey is a large gathering of people. A horse wagon is a freight wagon, a wagon, on which in former times there was an inscription: "Forty people or eight horses." …Again from the kulak bell tower, // Again to the enemy's mill.
Two phraseological units are used here: “Look at something from your own (or from someone else’s) bell tower”, i.e. from its narrow, limited point of view; "Pour water on someone's mill", i.e. argue or act in someone's favour. …After all, the essence is not in a small inflection, // When - the Great fracture
... 1929, when the continuous collectivization of agriculture began, entered Soviet history as the year of a great turning point. And - be kind, Mount Magnitka, // Enroll us // Into the working class
... In 1929. At the foot of Magnitnaya Mountain in the Southern Urals, the construction of the Magnitogorsk Iron and Steel Works began, in which many yesterday's peasants took part, who left their villages in connection with collectivization and rushed to cities and construction sites. …From captivity to captivity under the thunder of victory ...
After the end of the Great Patriotic War, many former prisoners of war and prisoners of the Nazi camps as "traitors to the motherland" found themselves again in prison, in the Gulag system. …Even if you were a Crimean Tatar, // Ingush or a Kalmyk friend of the steppes.
We are talking about forced eviction during the Great Patriotic War on charges of "betrayal" of entire peoples. …For those who have become camp dust ...
The words highlighted by detente belong to one of the main organizers of the Gulag system - L.P. Beria. …This is evidenced now // His Chinese sample ...
This refers to the statesman and politician of China, the "great helmsman" Mao Zedong (1893-1976)
Time for the hero the present, but the past cannot be forgotten.
A passionate, angry monologue about the impossibility of "drowning a living reality in oblivion." The poet denies oblivion, reminiscent of the way of the cross of innocent victims, appeals to spiritual self-determination:
But it was sheer pain
For those whose century was torn off,
For those who have become camp dust,
As someone once said.
………………………………
But all that was, is not forgotten,
Not sewn-covered in the world.
One untruth is at a loss to us,
And only the truth to the court.
The poet makes demands on his contemporaries, they are infantile, dependent, irresponsible. To convey this, the poet uses irony, an apt comparison:“Like children who have played enough, // What adults are waiting for from absence.” Modern man is passive and insolvent, waiting for orders from above:"No, give us a sign of the supreme will, / Give us a revelation of the deity" . This is akin to religious worship, only the Gospel and the Holy Fathers have changed.
An example of completing a task for group 2.
The motif of "dali" in the poem.
- Trace the motive "gave" in the finale of the poem "By the Right of Memory" and compare it with its comprehension in the poem "Beyond the distance - distance". (The task is given to help students at the discretion of the teacher - note for the teacher).
The motif "dali" in the finale of the poem
"By Right of Memory"
We come to the conclusion that everything can be overcome with a truthful outlook on life, without illusions, good will, memory and love for a person. A. Tvardovsky had many distances. All life, all his work is the discovery of new and new distances: the distances of the Motherland, Russia, the distances of Truth and Truth.
An example of completing the task of the 3rd group.
Key words of the poem.
The following words can be considered as the key words of the poem:memory, truth, reality, pain, used in chapter 3.
Memory.
"Do not remember - memory for printing."
"... they think in vain that memory // Does not value itself."
“... why and whose guardianship // She attributed it to the closed article // ... of bad memory of the case.”
"On this sleepless memory // ... Put an end to it."
Is it true.
"One untruth is at a loss to us, / And only the truth to the court."
“So that we don’t be apart from the real truth, // We passed a multilateral test // We passed ...”.
True story.
"In the face of the past(note: past, history) // You have no right to prevaricate…” (foreword).
“They want to drown in oblivion // Living true story…// Forget true story?”
"... all the past omissions / Now it is duty to say."
“…for nothing they think that…// Ryaska time will drag out// Any true story…”(goes into oblivion).
Pain.
"But it was a clear pain // For those whose eyelids were torn off"(the embodiment of the pain of innocent victims who have passed their way of the cross).
“…for nothing they think that…// The cassock of time will drag out// Any pain…”(goes into oblivion).
"...review of a long-standing pain"(any thought).
“Doom the mute pain in words” would be in time, that pain that “pressed ... the hearts.”
true story
These words are intertwined in the poem, leaving an imprint of a terrible tragedy on the fate of the hero. The past resonates with pain, the memory keeps the bitter past, the pain, but the truth does not dull the pain, does not heal the soul, but crashes into the memory as a salvation from human oblivion. The poet appeals both with sadness, and with anger, and with hope for spiritual self-determination.
An example of completing a task for group 4.
The spiritual path of the lyrical hero in the poem.
The evolution of views (based on quotes).
1 chapter
They say Forget... silently…………………………Do not remember - memory for printing.But for a hero …what was not forgotten……………………………omissionsNow duty commands to say.…………………………important to him Do not convert... all...In some forgetful kinship.…………………………time demands …to measure everyone with a reliable measure.…we will … people of those people that peopleWithout hiding your eyesThey look into the eyes.An example of completing the task of the 5th group.
Son and father in the poem. The evolution of relationships.
How does the attitude of the characters change and how is the postulate “a son for a father…” realized?
The phrase “the son is not responsible for the father” is used five times in the chapter, and each time it sounds different and carries a new semantic load.
INearly first stanza:
The son is not responsible for the father -
Five words in a row, exactly five.
But what do they include...
The phrase sounds like an unexpected, biting, hard blow, but at the same time giving freedom, freeing from guilt:
Didn't expect, didn't expect
And suddenly - nothing is to blame.
Son for father? Doesn't answer!
Amen!
The son is not responsible for the father, -
Provide a way for him.
The son is not responsible for the father -
Law, which also means:
Father for son - head.
Statements 4 and 5 sound like a conclusion, like an impetus to action, like the only visible way out.
Son (lyrical hero)
Confusion in the soul of the hero: "that was the father, then suddenly he is an enemy."The hero's painful, terrible choice between his father and a "noble" idea becomes a choice between his father and life.Father's son rejects in the soul out of ignorance, succumbing to the influence of time, being blinded by the substitution of truths and truth. The wound in the soul remains for a long time (“Oh, the years of unsweet youth”).The sincere impulse of the hero to keep up with the times emphasizes his delusions. Having left his father’s house to participate in a new history, the son in the hands of the arbiter of fate becomes a sliver, “the son of an enemy of the people”, “offspring”, “not even a son, but a son”, but love for the father is alive in the heart (lovely describes the father’s hard-working hands ).The son suffers for the father. Through awareness of misunderstanding of filial responsibilitycomes to repentance, liberation from illusions.A son cannot live his life for his father, but not only can he understand him, but he must.
First, "enemy of the people", "fist".But the hero of the father's hand recalls:In knots of veins and tendons,In the knots of crooked fingers -Those that - with a sigh - like strangers,Sitting down at the table, he laid on the table.And like a rake, it happened,clinging, spoon stalk,So slick and smallHe didn't get it right away.
Those hands that by their own will -Neither unbend nor clench into a fist:There were no separate corns -Solid. - Truly a fist!(The double meaning of the word "fist" is played up).
The hard-working father “sprinkled the earth with his free sweat.”
Additional question for students:
- If "... for everything in the world I answer with my head" (the poem "For the distance - the distance"), then why "the son does not answer for the father"? What responsibility are we talking about?
An example of completing the task of the 6th group.
Reflection or refutation of the gospel (biblical) postulates in the poem.
(Note for the teacher: such work with a biblical source can only be started if the students are familiar with it before and it was carried out under the guidance of a teacher in the lesson).
Poem
Biblical, long conceivable as the kindest concepts of father and son, moral principles, the foundations of the family way of life become distorted to the point of grotesque.
The desire to raise Lenin (another father) from the coffin is an inverted, distorted resurrection of Jesus Christ. But he (Lenin), according to the author, was not a god, not a god (false god-father?), therefore, he will not be resurrected.
"…roughdoubling the names // ... are recorded on the tablets, // as if the essence was one,” the author narrates. The impulse “Call Stalin (false god-son?) – // He was a god – // He can get up” is ridiculous. The Holy Spirit cannot exist, since there is no soul itself (the dead are soulless), hence we can draw a parallel with the soullessness of society, which was a consequence of the events that took place. The “Chinese pattern” is a new, then modern incarnation of another false god-father (?) (Mao Zedong).
The biblical trinity Father - Son - Holy Spirit is inverted: the false god-son is the ideological predecessor of the false god-father, created in the image and likeness of the ideological father and son - the "Chinese model" (alien to us, from afar).
An example of completing the task of the 7th group.
Reminiscences in the poem.
Reminiscence - an echo of someone else's work, vague memories (see the dictionary for the lesson).
Exercise : Find reminiscences from the works of poets XIX century in the poem "By the Right of Memory".
Task option : find reminiscences from the works of poets XIX century in the lines of the poem "By the Right of Memory":
He said follow me
Leave your father and mother
Everything fleeting, earthly
Leave - and you will be in paradise.
……………………………
Forget where you came from
And realize, do not argue:
To the detriment of love for the father of nations -
Any other love.
The task is clear, the matter is holy, -
With that - to the highest goal - straight.
Betray your brother on the way
And a secret best friend.
And the soul with human feelings
Do not burden yourself by sparing yourself.
And bear false witness in the name
And atrocity in the name of the leader.
(Reminiscences from M.Yu. Lermontov's poem "The Demon". Lermontov's reminiscences in the poem give the appearance of the "leader of the peoples" a demonic character).
Closing age lessons
The thought comes by itself
To everyone with whom it was on the road,
Treat the living and the dead.
It's not the first time she comes
So that the word has double control:
Where, perhaps, the living will be silent,
So they interrupt me:
- Allow me!
In the face of the past
You have no right to prevaricate, -
After all, these were paid
We pay the biggest ...
And let that outpost be to me,
That strict guard sign
The key to speech is cunning
By right of memory alive.
(Reminiscences from A.S. Pushkin's poem "Monument". Pushkin's reminiscences give the lines of the poem a confessional character, the character of a testament to posterity in the face of the past. For a poet to tell his contemporaries truthfully about the past is a duty of honor, "the right of living memory").
2) The image of the "leader of the peoples" (Stalin)
(in the poems “By the Right of Memory”, “Beyond the Distance - the Distance”, “Country of the Ant”).
"By Right of Memory"
(1966-1969)
1) The one who was for all of us one Destiny arbiter of the earth , whom the peoplesdignified At the celebrationsfather relatives . 2) “The son is not responsible for the father” - the words of Stalin.- chapter)
- chapter)
The poem reflects the demonic nature of the image of the “leader of the peoples” as a source of the tragedy of the lyrical hero and the country.
Roll call with the poem "By the Right of Memory":1) Like a formidable spirit he wasabove us,We did not know the names of others.2)………… a quarter of a centuryA call to fight and work The name sounded humanWith the word Motherland in a row.………………………….. 3) Hasname of the deity . ………………………….. I saw everything in the world myselfANDmanaged everything like a god ... …………………..and peopleDon't they create gods themselves?……………………………But Great Lenin was not god and did not teach to create gods.4) ... these hands extendedBefore all the main things in the world ...……………………………. So on earth he lived and ruled,Holding the reins with a strong hand.A "terrible father" in a "country-family", whose word is the law, whose wrath can be brought down on "whole nations".5) To him……………………….We all owe victory.……………………………One with death - on one ...
Outcome: orphaned by the death of their "father".
1) Hero-savior corresponding to the hero of a fairy tale:Stalin ... on a black horse……………………………2) The hero is a “chronicler”, from whose pen nothing escapes, but the purpose of the “chronicles” is different:
In one edgeIn the other sideLooks, talks to peopleAnd writes in his bookEverything that follows is detailed. (7 chapter)
Outcome: We remember the souls of the departed
What went to the Solovki ...
The third learning situation.
Implementation of homework.
Teacher's word.
Upon completion of the study of both the poem and the work of A.T. Tvardovsky, it is appropriate to find out what are the views of A.T. Tvardovsky on the purpose of art. Supplement the results of your searches with the observations from the lesson. Formulate the life and creative principle of the poet. Compare your materials, answers.
(implementation of homework No. 1). In what lines of poems and poems
A.T. Tvardovsky, you saw the life and creative principle of the poet? (Students read lines from the works and comment on them).
(individual or group task, implementation of homework No. 2).
Based on these excerpts from the poems of A.T. Tvardovsky, formulate the creative principle of the poet.
From his path without yielding in anything,
Don't give up - be yourself.
So deal with your destiny
So that any fate finds itself in it
And someone's soul let go of the pain.
(“To the bitter insults of one’s own person ...”, 1967-1968)
(...) And I, whose daily bread is the word,
The foundation of all my foundations
I am for such a charter severe,
To limit the waste of words;
So that the heart feeds them with blood,
So that their living mind closes;
In order not to squander at random,
From capitals capital;
So as not to interfere with the grain with the floor,
Dust in our own eyes;
To count any word
At the exchange rate of the hard ruble (...)
("Word about words", 1962)
(…) Say that word to no one else
I never could ever
Reassign. Even the fat lion
It is forbidden. He will not say - let him be a god.
And I'm just a mortal. For his answer,
I'm worried about one thing in life:
About what I know best in the world,
I want to say. And the way I want.
(“The whole essence is in one single testament…”, 1958)
(The creative manner and life position of A.T. Tvardovsky is determined by a sense of belonging to national achievements and troubles. Each of his works is an example of the poet’s social and moral integrity, loyalty to the humanistic traditions of Russian literature, loyalty to its general “thought” about life and man, the place of man in history, exacting attitude to the word, uncompromising demand - "responsible for one's own").
Final word from the teacher.
The poem "By the Right of Memory" is in many ways the poet's final comprehension of the experience of his entire life, in which the heavy contradictions of the time were reflected and broken. Let's turn again to the epigraphs to the lesson(expressive reading of epigraphs by the teacher or students).
All the diverse writing activities of A.T. Tvardovsky bears the imprint of his outstanding personality. In depicting “deeds, events, destinies, human sorrows and victories”, in understanding “dates, all terms” that marked fate, A.T. Tvardovsky followed the path of the classical poetic tradition, predetermined by A.S. Pushkin. This is the path of synthesis of the epic and lyrical, literary and colloquial beginnings.
In the era of all sorts of breaks and experiments, he invariably affirmed the naturalness and organic nature of poetic creativity, continuing the best traditions of its predecessors, based on the centuries-old experience of the spiritual culture of mankind. Continuing and updating the achievements of Russian classics, Tvardovsky demonstrated the far from exhausted possibilities of realism in the poetry of our time.
The fourth learning situation.
Creative work. (The work is designed for one lesson).
- Do you understand, "people from another generation"(A. Tvardovsky)
author's thoughts? Or is it already “pages of the distant past” for you? The theme of repentance and personal guilt of a person in the works of A.T. Tvardovsky (on the example of one or two works). The theme of memory and oblivion (on the example of one or two works
Works on Literature: Poem "By the Right of Memory" Closing the age lessons. The thought comes by itself - To all those with whom it was on the road To treat the living and the fallen. A. Tvardovsky The great events that took place in our country were reflected in the work of Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky both in the form of their direct depiction and in the form of individual experiences and reflections associated with it. In this sense, his work is extremely topical. The largest post-war work of Tvardovsky was the poem "For the distance - the distance." In genre and thematic terms, this is a lyrical and philosophical reflection, a "travel diary", with a weakened plot.
The protagonists of the poem are the vast Soviet country, its people, the rapid reversal of their deeds and accomplishments. The text of the poem contains a playful confession of the author - a passenger of the Moscow-Vladivostok train. Three distances the artist sees: the immensity of the geographical expanses of Russia; historical distance as the continuity of generations and awareness of the inseparable connection of times and destinies, and finally, the bottomlessness of the moral storehouses of the soul of the lyrical hero. The poem "By the Right of Memory" was originally conceived by the author as one of the "additional" chapters to the poem "Beyond the distance - the distance", acquired an independent character in the course of work. Although "By Right of Memory" does not have a genre designation in the subtitle, and the poet himself, true to the concepts of literary modesty, sometimes called this work a poetic "cycle", it is quite obvious that this is a lyric poem, the last major work of the author of "Vasily Terkin".
It was completed and prepared for publication by the poet himself two years before his death. In the introduction, Tvardovsky declares that these are frank lines, a confession of the soul: In the face of bygone past You have no right to prevaricate, - After all, we paid for these with the biggest payment ... The poem is compositionally divided into three parts. In the first part, the poet recalls his youthful dreams and plans with a warm feeling, a little ironically.
And where, which of us will have to, In what year, in what region Behind that rooster's hoarseness Hear our youth. These dreams are pure and lofty: to live and work for the good of the Motherland. And if necessary, then give his life for her. Beautiful youthful dreams. The poet with a slight bitterness recalls that naive time and young people who could not even imagine how many difficult and severe trials fate is preparing for them: We were ready for the campaign. .
And if - Then give your life ... Only now we will add from ourselves. Which is easier, yes. But what is more difficult? The second chapter "The son is not responsible for the father" is the most tragic in the poem, and in all creativity.
The illegally dispossessed Tvardovsky family was exiled to Siberia. Only Alexander Trifonovich remained in Russia due to the fact that he lived separately from his family in Smolensk. He could not alleviate the fate of the exiled. In fact, he abandoned his family. This tormented the poet all his life. This unhealed wound of Tvardovsky resulted in the poem "By the Right of Memory". The end of your dashing hardships, Stay cheerful, do not hide your face.
Thank the father of nations. That he forgave you father. A difficult time that philosophers cannot understand for fifty years later. And what can we say about a young man who firmly believes in official propaganda and ideology. The duality of the situation is reflected in the poem. Yes, he knew how without reservations, Suddenly - as soon as it bakes - Transfer any of his miscalculations to someone's account: To someone's enemy's distortion of That which proclaimed the covenant. To someone's dizziness From their predicted victories. The poet seeks to comprehend the course of history.
Understand what was the fault of the repressed peoples. Who allowed such a state of affairs, when one decided the fate of peoples. And everyone was guilty before him already in the fact that they were alive. In the third chapter of the poem, Tvardovsky asserts the human right to memory. We have no right to forget anything. As long as we remember, our ancestors, their deeds and deeds are "alive". Memory is the privilege of man, and he cannot voluntarily give up God's gift to please anyone. The poet claims: He who hides the past jealously, He is unlikely to be in harmony with the future... This poem is a kind of repentance of Tvardovsky for his youthful deeds and mistakes.
We all make mistakes in our youth, sometimes fatal ones, but this does not give rise to poems in us. For a great poet, even grief and tears pour out into brilliant verses. And you, who are now striving To return the former grace, So you call Stalin - He was God - He can stand up.