Vasily Terkin (Chapters from the poem) - Hypermarket of knowledge. In the chapter “At a Rest,” the poet talks about Sabantuy
Methodological development on the topic:
Poem by A.T. Tvardovsky
"Vasily Terkin" and Russian
folk tale
Russian language teacher and
literature
MAOU "Lyceum No. 36"
annotation
Introduction
conclusions
Literature
Appendix 2
annotation
At the end of the poem “Vasily Terkin” there are two dates: 1941-1945. “The Book about a Soldier” was created throughout the Great Patriotic War. However, we, people of the 21st century, who are going to celebrate this year the 70th anniversary of the Victory of our people in the Great Patriotic War and the 105th anniversary of the birth of A.T. Tvardovsky, the image of the folk hero Vasily Terkin created by Tvardovsky, who personifies the unbending character of our soldier, his courage and fortitude, humor and resourcefulness, is still close. Terkin embodies the ideals and ideas about a soldier that have developed for centuries among the Russian people. While drawing a completely realistic image, the author at the same time gives it features similar to fairy-tale characters. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to reveal the deep and organic connection between the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin” and a Russian folk tale. The main technique used in the work is a comparison of individual episodes, images, expressions found in the poem “Vasily Terkin” and in fairy tales.
The conclusions we came to at the end of the work are as follows:
- poem by A.T. Tvardovsky’s “Vasily Terkin” is closely connected with magical and social Russian fairy tales;
- both in the poem and in fairy tales the magical number “three” is often used;
- some fairy-tale images (water, bathhouse, hat, overcoat, etc.) are also found in the poem, but their role there is rethought and supplemented in accordance with the surrounding situation;
- individual situations and expressions in the poem are similar to those found in fairy tales;
- the main character of the poem, personifying the entire Russian people, like a fairy-tale character, goes through difficult trials and emerges victorious.
Introduction
On May 9, 2015, our country will celebrate the 70th anniversary of the victory of our people over fascism in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945. This same year, June 21, will mark the 105th anniversary of the birth of the outstanding Russian poet Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky. From the first days until the end of the war, Tvardovsky was at the front. The poem “Vasily Terkin” he created became a work that was both a truthful chronicle of the war, and an inspiring propaganda word, and a moral, philosophical, socio-historical understanding of the heroic feat of the people. Therefore, the choice of topic is relevant.
In the poem, Tvardovsky masterfully uses the traditions of Russian folk poetry. Many critics note that he widely uses proverbs, sayings, jokes, and individual folk expressions. The connection between the image of the main character and the epic hero is also emphasized.
However, few places say that the poem is closely related to Russian folk tales. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to reveal the deep and organic connection between the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky
"Vasily Terkin" and Russian folk tale.
Based on the goal, we set ourselves the following tasks:
- get acquainted with critical literature on this issue;
- select the necessary literary material from the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin” and Russian folk tales;
- compare individual passages from the poem “Vasily Terkin” with episodes from Russian folk tales;
- show the similarities and differences between them at the level of images, situations, names, expressions.
13 fairy tales (Appendix 1) and 14 chapters from the poem “Vasily Terkin” (Appendix 2) were analyzed
The study contains elements of novelty, since it attempts an independent comparative analysis of the poem “Vasily Terkin” and Russian folk tales. The results of the work have practical application: they can be used in literature lessons.
About magical and social fairy tales
In his poem “Vasily Terkin,” Tvardovsky primarily relied on a magical and social fairy tale. Let's remember what kind of fairy tales these are, what are their main features.
The action in a fairy tale takes place in two worlds: the human and the magical.
The main task of a fairy tale is to test the hero, to check how he can cope with difficult tasks. The main character needs to prove whether he is really smart, strong, and brave. The entire fairy tale is a task, the culmination of which is a happy ending.
In an everyday fairy tale, there is only one world – the human one. Everything is ordinary here, everything happens in everyday life.
The main task of this tale is to tell about an incident, incident, adventure. Unlike a fairy tale, an everyday fairy tale is more ironic and mocking. In it, people condemn human vices. At the same time, it also shows the best that is characteristic of a working person: a brilliant practical mind, extraordinary ingenuity, the ability to do any job well.
Let's consider how certain fairy-tale images, situations, names, and expressions are reflected in the poem “Vasily Terkin”.
Fairy-tale images, situations, names, expressions in the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin"
In the poem, Tvardovsky repeatedly mentions that his “book about a fighter” is like a fairy tale. Already at the beginning, in the chapter “At a halt,” after meeting Vasily Terkin, he says:
This is a saying for now
The fairy tale will be ahead.
And in the chapter “From the Author”, which comes after the chapter “Duel”, the author mentions both the “long”, terrible, boring fairy tale “about war”, and that he dreams during the war of a “peaceful fairy tale”, which will only begin then when, “having made retribution for everything,” the soldier returns “to his native home.”
The poet knew well how popular among the people were the images of savvy heroes who did not lose heart in the most difficult circumstances created in fairy tales, epics and legends. These are the images of the Russian soldier, Ivan the Fool, and Petrushka.
The most favorite hero of an everyday fairy tale is a soldier. Dexterous and resourceful both in word and in deed, brave, knowing everything, able to do everything, cheerful, cheerful. And it was precisely such a soldier - Vasily Terkin - that Tvardovsky made the main character of his poem.
In the chapter “Two Soldiers,” Terkin ends up in the house of two old men and helps them with the housework.
Surprised. And the guy
Still not averse to serving:
Maybe the lard should be fried?
So again I can help.
Then the old woman groaned:
Salo, salo! Where is the lard...
Terkin: Grandma, the lard is here.
Wasn't a German - that means he is!
Looking at your feet:
If you want, grandma, I’ll guess
Where is it in the hut?
This situation simultaneously resembles both the fairy tale “Mush from an Ax” and the fairy tale “Petukhan Kurikhanych”. In the first tale, a soldier tricks a greedy woman into giving him “a small amount of cereal” and oil, which he throws into a pot where an ax is being boiled. And she has no idea what the porridge is actually made from.
In the second tale, two soldiers, in response to their request to feed them, were refused by the old woman. She had a rooster boiling, and she told the servants: “I don’t have anything hot.” For deception, they took the rooster from her and put a bast shoe in the pot.
In Tvardovsky’s poem, Vasily Terkin resembles the servicemen from these fairy tales with his ingenuity and resourcefulness. But unlike the soldiers in fairy tales who simply walked into someone else’s house and asked for food, he quite rightly hopes that the owners will be grateful for setting up the saw and fixing the clock.
Tvardovsky’s grandmother, as in fairy tales, is tight-fisted, in no hurry to open her supplies, but in the end she gives in and treats Terkin.
Unlike the fairy tale, where the soldier simply guesses that the grandmother has a stash, in the poem Terkin directly says that if the Germans have not managed here yet, then there will definitely be something edible. This is already a sign of that time. The Nazis really robbed our people on foreign soil. After lunch, Terkin
Cleanly shook off his hands
And, as duty dictates in the house,
He bowed to the old woman,
And the soldier himself.
In fairy tales, heroes always thank their helpers. For example, in the fairy tale “Ivan Tsarevich and the Gray Wolf” “Ivan Tsarevich got off his horse and bowed to the ground three times, respectfully thanking the gray wolf.” A bow is an expression of respect to those who helped you in difficult times. Vasily Terkin thanks his grandmother and grandfather, who gave him a warm welcome in their home.
In many Russian folk tales the words “man” and “master” are found: “How a man divided the geese”, “A man and a master”, etc. And this is not accidental. A man and a gentleman - these two images are opposed to each other. The master in the fairy tale is greedy, cruel, often rude and helpless. The man is patient, sharp-witted, hardworking, resourceful. Tvardovsky transferred these character traits to the German master and the Russian peasant Terkin (chapter “Terkin is wounded”):
And our good guy wished:
Let the German gentleman freeze,
The German master is not used to it,
The Russian will endure - he is a man.
It is noteworthy that here the weather also tests their endurance. Having started the war against us, the Nazis thought to end it very quickly and did not plan to fight in Russia in the winter. But they had to... The severe cold played a cruel joke on them, as it did against the French in 1812.
In the chapter “Before the Battle” Tvardovsky writes:
The clear falcon perked up,
I stopped thinking and started singing.
There's a long way ahead
Got lost - can't keep up.
The author calls “Clear Falcon” the commander who, with his detachment where Terkin serves, catching up with the “war”, stopped for a short time in his native village, which “maybe now. . . the Germans will come in with guns.” This definition directly echoes the title of the Russian folk tale “Finist - the clear falcon.”
The soldiers have difficult trials ahead, and it is not known when the commander will have a chance to visit his home. In the meantime, like a fairy-tale heroine, the commander’s wife behaves, warmly and cordially welcoming not only her husband, but also his entire “team”:
She fed me, gave her something to drink,
Put her to rest.
Usually in fairy tales this is what Baba Yaga, the warrior and kidnapper, does. But the fairy tale also knows her in the form of a giver, an assistant to the hero. Her hut stands on the border of two worlds: the real and the afterlife. The commander's house also stands on the border between peace and war. Our people are forced to retreat, and the Germans will not enter the village today or tomorrow. The commander and his squad stay in their home for only one night.
In the same chapter, Vasily Terkin settles down for the night on the porch so as not to disturb the owners:
I took the overcoat and, according to the proverb,
I made my own bed,
What's underneath and at the head,
And up - and that's it - an overcoat.
There is an analogy here with the Russian folk tale “The Soldier’s Overcoat,” where the soldier says: “It’s so good to sleep in an overcoat after a campaign!” In Tvardovsky’s “cloth, official”, “burnt”, “excellent”, “famous”, “punched”, “sewn up with one’s own hand” overcoat also performs other functions in dangerous times of war: it will “take you to the sanbat” if you are wounded , well, if they “kill”, then “the dead body” “will be covered with that worn out overcoat.”
In the chapter “Duel” we read the following lines:
A fight is a fight, not a toy!
Even though your face is on fire,
But the German also has a red mouth
Decorated like an egg.
……………………………
Two people trample in a circle
Like a couple in a circle
And they look into each other's eyes:
To the beast - the beast and the enemy - to the enemy.
This episode clearly echoes the fairy tale “Ivan the Peasant’s Son and the Miracle Yudo,” if only in that the opponents fight each other one on one in hand-to-hand combat.
In the fairy tale, the enemy’s power is represented in the form of a six-headed, nine-headed and twelve-headed miracle. Ivan fights three times, and each new battle is harder and harder for him: “... the miracle Yudo stuns him with a whistle, burns him with fire, showers him with sparks, drives him knee-deep into the damp earth.
The forces, at first glance, are not equal. But Ivan wins, because the truth is on his side, because the vile “miracle Yudo” was going to attack their land, destroy all the people, burn all the towns and villages with fire.”
Isn’t this what the fascists wanted to do to our country?
This chapter symbolically presents the Russian soldier’s battle with fascism. The fascist was taller, physically stronger, and gave off a feeling of satiety and well-being:
The German was strong and dexterous,
Well tailored, tightly sewn.
Terkin was “weaker: the grub is not the same.” But Terkin still won! Moreover, at first he fights, observing the unwritten rules of folk fist fighting. And only when the German is the first to break these rules and hits Terkin on the head with his helmet, the Russian soldier also allows himself to fight by any means.
But why does Terkin win? Because he, like all Russian soldiers, had a clear consciousness of the justice of the war, of his own rightness in a mortal battle with the invaders.
One of the Russian folk tales is called “The Soldier and Death.” In it, a soldier tries to cheat death. Saving his loved ones, he forces her to gnaw oak trees, puts her in a sack, then in a snuffbox, and even buries her in a cemetery. At the end of the fairy tale, death goes around the world to feed itself, but no longer bothers the soldier.
In the poem, Terkin also meets Death. In the chapter "Death and the Warrior", the wounded hero lies on the ground and freezes. It seems to him that Death has come to him. And it became difficult for him to argue with her, because he was bleeding and wanted peace. And why, it seems, is there any need to hold on to this life, where all the joy is either freezing, or digging trenches, or being afraid that you will be killed? But Vasily Terkin is not the type to easily give in to the “oblique”:
I will cry, howl in pain,
Die in the field without a trace,
But of your own free will
I will never give up -
He whispers. And the warrior conquers death.
Here, not only the names of the fairy tale and the chapters from the poem are similar, but also the peculiar dispute that the main characters wage with death. “Bone” wants to get her victims at any cost, but they desperately resist her. And their endurance, resourcefulness, perseverance and passionate desire to live help them in this. In the poem, the wounded Terkin is also saved by people who remove corpses from the battlefield.
The heroes both in the fairy tale and in Tvardovsky’s poem remain alive. Even Death retreats before their love of life,
Since ancient times, man has compared the elements of his body with the elements of the cosmos: flesh - earth, blood - water, hair - plants, bones, teeth - stones, vision, eyes - the sun, breath - the wind.
The ancients considered water to be the fundamental principle of life, its beginning. No living creature can live without water. Any ritual cleansing with water (for example, washing) is like a new birth.
In “The Tale of Rejuvenating Apples and Living Water” it is said that “if an old man eats this apple, he will become younger, and if he washes the eyes of a blind man with this water, he will see.”
Tvardovsky repeatedly emphasizes the life-giving power of water in his poem, which even begins with a kind of hymn to water:
There's no better cold water,
Only water would be water.
In the fairy tale “Go there - I don’t know where, bring that - I don’t know what” the image of a bathhouse appears, which is closely related to the image of water. The main character Andrei responds to Baba Yaga’s threat to eat him: “Why are you old, Baba Yaga, will you eat a dear person? A dear man is bony and black, you heat the bathhouse first, wash me, steam me, then eat.” Of course, Andrei is disingenuous, he is not going to give up so easily, but the opportunity to wash in the bathhouse will give him new strength, refresh his thoughts and body.
In Tvardovsky’s poem in the chapter “In the Bathhouse” we see that the bathhouse for a Russian person is something immeasurably more than an ordinary hygienic procedure. She not only washes the body, she heals the soul. The image of the bathhouse as a great purgatory is rooted in the Russian cultural and everyday tradition.
Soviet soldiers, having defeated the enemy, strip off all the hardships, dirt, sweat, blood - wash them off with clean, burning bath water, dashingly steam with birch brooms in order to enter a peaceful life renewed, reborn:
In a life of peace or war,
At any milestone
Grateful for the caress of the bathhouse
Our body and soul.
For many peoples, the head was considered a particularly sacred part of the body. It contains reason, hidden knowledge, wisdom. According to some ideas, the soul is also located here.
In fairy tales, the head is protected by an invisibility cap. Worn on the head, it makes the entire body invisible, and therefore invulnerable.
This is how it is told about it in the fairy tale “Prophetic Dream”: “The prince went to bed, and Ivan the merchant’s son put on an invisible hat and walking boots - and marched to the palace to Helen the Beautiful; went straight into the bedroom and listened.” This magical item helped the main character not only complete the difficult tasks of Helen the Beautiful, but also save the life of the prince.
The poem in the chapter “On Loss” also talks about the hat. Terkin says that when he was wounded, he lost his earflaps and flatly refused to go to the hospital without it:
Hat, hat for me, otherwise
I will not go! - That's it.
I scream so much, I almost cry,
The wound was difficult.
Without a hat, Terkin feels unprotected and vulnerable. Then the nurse who was bandaging his wounds gave him her hat. And now Terkin hopes to meet the one to whom he would like to “hand the headdress back.”
The number “three” has had a special magical meaning since ancient times. In fairy tales, the law of trinity always applies: there are three brothers, three sisters in a family, the hero strikes the enemy three times, the Serpent has three heads (or a multiple of three). All important events take place three times, the hero receives three tasks. And every time the difficulties and dangers increase. This can be clearly seen in the poem in the chapter “At a Rest,” when Terkin talks about three Sabantui. Small Sabantui is the ability to withstand the first bombing at the front. Medium Sabantuy - escape during a mortar attack. The main sabantuy is to survive a tank attack.
In the chapters “Before the Battle” and “Battle in the Swamp” the words sound three times as a refrain:
What is it, where is it, Russia?
What is your line?
The fact is that during this period our troops retreated and fought defensive battles, defending every piece of their native land. Then our army went on the offensive, so we will not find these lines in the further text of the poem.
Three times in the chapter “On the Offensive” the order-call is heard: “Platoon! For the Motherland! Forward!..". First, these words are spoken twice by the commander of the platoon where Terkin serves, and for the third time after his death, Vasily himself leads his comrades into the attack, inspiring them with these words.
Three chapters “Crossing”, “About the reward”, “Duel” end with the lines:
A terrible battle is going on, bloody,
Mortal combat is not for glory
For the sake of life on earth.
These words are very important, since they express the main goal of our people in this war: to defend life on earth at any cost.
The device of trinity not only increases tension, but also gives both the fairy tale and the poem compositional harmony and rigor.
In the chapter “About the Orphan Soldier,” Tvardovsky writes that after the retreat, ours went on the offensive and began to liberate the lands captured by the Nazis:
And to a small village
That side from captivity
Not at the behest of the pike
Fully returned again.
The title of the fairy tale “At the Order of the Pike,” where the main character Emelya succeeds and gets everything easily with the help of a magic pike, takes on the opposite meaning in the context of the poem. Our people themselves achieved liberation at the cost of enormous sacrifices and losses.
conclusions
So, to summarize, we can say that there is a lot in common between A. T. Tvardovsky’s poem “Vasily Terkin” and the Russian folk tale.
1. Poem by A.T. Tvardovsky's "Vasily Terkin" is based on oral folk art and, in particular, on magical and social Russian folk tales.
2. In the poem, as in the fairy tale, the device of trinity is often used.
H. Certain fairy-tale images (water, bathhouse, hat, overcoat, etc.) are embodied in the poem, but their role there is rethought and supplemented in accordance with the surrounding situation.
4. Some situations and expressions in the poem are similar to those found in fairy tales.
5. The main character of the poem, personifying the entire Russian people, like a fairy-tale character, goes through difficult trials and emerges victorious.
Literature
1. V.N. Morokhin. Prose genres of Russian folklore. Reader. Moscow. "Graduate School". 1983
2. N.S. Volovnik. At the origins of Russian folklore. Moscow. RIO
Mosobluprpoligrafizdat. 1994
3. Russian literature. Soviet literature. Reference materials. Compiled by L.A. Smirnova. Moscow. "Education".
4. Encyclopedia for children. Russian literature. Part 1. From epics and chronicles to the classics of the 19th century. Chief editor MD. Aksenova. - Moscow. Avanta+, 1999.
5. Alexander Tvardovsky. Vasily Terkin. Terkin in the next world. Moscow. Publisher: Komsomolskaya Pravda Publishing House. 2010.
6.Russian folk tales. Moscow. "CHILDREN'S LITERATURE" 1986.
Annex 1
Fairy tales used in the work
1. Gruel from an ax (social and household)
2. Petukhan Kurikhanych (social and household)
Z. Ivan Tsarevich and the gray wolf (magic)
4. How a man divided the geese (social and everyday life)
5. Man and master (social and everyday life)
6. Finist - clear falcon (magic)
7. Soldier's overcoat (social and household)
8. Ivan - peasant son and miracle Yudo (magical)
9. Soldier and death (social and everyday life)
10. The Tale of Rejuvenating Apples (magical)
11. Go there - I don’t know where, bring that - I don’t know what (magic)
12. Prophetic dream (magical)
13. At the behest of the pike (magic)
Appendix 2
Chapters from the poem by A.T. Tvardovsky, used in the work
1. At a rest stop
Z. Two soldiers
4. Terkin is wounded
5. Before the fight
6. Duel
7. Death and the warrior
8. In the bath
9. About loss
10. Before the fight
11. On the offensive
12. Crossing
13. About the reward
14. About an orphan soldier
- Efficient, needless to say, There was the same old man who came up with the idea of cooking soup On wheels right. Soup first. Secondly, Porridge is normally strong. No, he was an old man, a sensitive one - that’s for sure. Listen, throw another spoon like this, I’m fighting a second war, brother, forever. Rate it, add a little something. The cook looked sideways: “Wow, this guy is new.” He puts in an extra spoon and says unkindly: “You should join the navy, you know, with your appetite.” That one: - Thank you. I just haven't been to the navy. It would be better for me, like you, to be a cook in the infantry. - And, sitting down under a pine tree, he eats porridge, slouching. "Mine?" - fighters among themselves, - “Ours!” - they looked at each other. And already, having warmed up, the tired regiment slept soundly. In the first platoon, sleep disappeared, contrary to the regulations. Leaning against the trunk of a pine tree, not sparing shag, Terkin was talking about the war during the war. - You guys should start from the middle. And I’ll say: I’m not the first one I wear here without repairs. Now you have arrived at the place, guns in your hands - and fight. How many of you know what Sabantuy is? - Is Sabantuy some kind of holiday? Or what is it - Sabantuy? - Sabantuy can be different, but if you don’t know, don’t interpret it. Here under the first bombing You lie down from hunting, If you remain alive, don’t worry: This is a small Sabantuy. Take a breather, eat a hearty meal, light a cigarette and don’t blow your nose. It's worse, brother, like a mortar. Suddenly the Sabantuy begins. He will penetrate you deeper, - kiss Mother Earth. But keep in mind, my dear, This is an average Sabantuy. Sabantuy is science for you, The enemy is fierce - be fierce yourself. But a completely different thing. This is the main Sabantuy. The guy fell silent for a minute, To clean the mouthpiece, As if he was stealthily winking at someone: hang in there, my friend... - So you came out early, I looked at you, sweating and trembling: The rod of a thousand German tanks... - A thousand tanks? Well, brother, you're lying. - Why should I lie, buddy? Think about it - what is the calculation? - But why immediately - a thousand? - Fine. Let it be five hundred. - Well, five hundred. Tell me honestly, don’t scare me like old women. - OK. What are three hundred, two hundred - Meet one at least... - Well, the slogan in the newspaper is accurate: Don’t run into the bushes and into the bread. A tank - it looks very formidable, but in reality it is deaf and blind. - He's blind. You’re lying in a ditch, And there’s a pendulum in your heart: Suddenly, as if blindly, it’ll crush you, - After all, you can’t see a damn thing. I agree to repeat again: What you don’t know, don’t interpret. Sabantuy - just one word - Sabantuy!.. But Sabantuy Can hit you in the head, Or simply, in the head. Here we had one guy... Give me some tobacco. They look into the joker's mouth, They catch the word greedily. It's good when someone lies Fun and smoothly. To the side of the forest, deaf, In bad weather, It’s good that there is such a guy on a hike. And timidly they ask him: - Come on, for the night, tell me something else, Vasily Ivanovich... The night is deaf, the earth is damp. The fire is smoking a little. - No, guys, it's time to go to bed, start creeping. With his face pressed to his sleeve, on a warm hillock Vasily Terkin lay down between fellow fighters. The overcoat is heavy and wet, The rain was pouring down. The roof is the sky, the hut is a spruce, The roots press under the ribs. But it is not clear that he was depressed by this, so that sleep would not be a dream for him Somewhere in the world. So he pulled up the floors, Covering his back, He remembered someone’s mother-in-law, The stove and the feather bed. And he sank to the damp ground, overcome by languor, and he, my hero, lies asleep, as if at home. He sleeps - at least hungry, at least full, at least alone, at least in a heap. To sleep for the previous lack of sleep, to sleep in reserve is learned. And the hero hardly dreams every night of a heavy dream: How from the western border he retreated to the east; How he, Vasya Terkin, walked from the reserves of a private, in a salted tunic, hundreds of miles of his native land. How big the land is, the greatest land. And she would be someone else’s, someone else’s, otherwise she would be her own. The hero sleeps, snores - that's it. Accepts everything as it is. Well, my own - that’s for sure. Well, it's war - so I'm here. He sleeps, forgetting about the difficult summer. Sleep, care, don't rebel. Maybe tomorrow at dawn there will be a new Sabantuy. The soldiers are sleeping, as if caught in a dream, Under the pine tree O cat. The sentries at their posts get wet and lonely. Zgi is not visible. Night all around. And the fighter will feel sad. Just suddenly he remembers something, he remembers, he smiles. And as if the dream had disappeared, Laughter drove away the yawning. - It’s good that he ended up in our company, Terkin. * * * Terkin - who is he? Let's be honest: He's just a guy himself. He's ordinary. However, the guy is good. There is always a guy like that in every company, and in every platoon. And so that they know why he is strong, Let's say frankly: He was endowed with beauty. He was not excellent. Not tall, not that small, But a hero is a hero. He fought in Karelian - Beyond the Sestra River. And we don’t know why, - They didn’t ask, - Why then they didn’t give him a medal. Let's turn from this topic, Let's say for the sake of order: Maybe there was a typo in the award list. Don't look at what's on your chest, but look at what's ahead! In service since June, in battle since July, Terkin is at war again. - Apparently, a bomb or a bullet has not yet been found for me. Was hit by a shrapnel in battle, It healed - and so much use. Three times I was surrounded, Three times - here he is! - he came out. And even though it was restless, I remained unharmed Under oblique, three-layer fire, Under overhead and direct fire. And more than once on the usual path, Along the roads, in the dust of columns, I was partially scattered, And partially exterminated... But, however, the warrior lives, To the kitchen - from the place, from the place - into battle. Smokes, eats and drinks with gusto. Any position. No matter how difficult, no matter how bad - Don’t give up, look forward, This is a saying for now, The fairy tale will be ahead.
>>A. T. Tvardovsky. Vasily Terkin (Chapters from the poem)
8. Try to build, based on the chapters of the poem you have read, the path of the hero in war: this includes everyday life, and battle, and Sabantuy, and the most difficult crossing, etc. By showing the war, the life of the hero, the poet acquaints the reader with the everyday life of war. What are they?
9. Read the chapters that are not included in the textbook and think about the following questions: how does the author in the chapter “Harmony” show the difficult path of a soldier and the few joys that befall him during everyday life in war? What features of a Russian soldier are revealed as he overcomes the front road?
10. Which episodes of the chapter “Two Soldiers” have something in common with folklore works?
11. Can it be said that in the chapter “Who Shot” the writer strives to show all the hardships of war and the highest stress that a soldier experiences at the front? Support your answer with lines from this chapter.
12. It is known that many soldiers considered Vasily Terkin their fellow soldier and never parted with the book. How can this be explained?
13. Prepare an oral or written (your choice) story characterizing Vasily Terkin.
14. Terkin’s character is special. What brings him closer to the heroes of the people fairy tales, Russian heroes Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich and others?
Literary critic writes: “Terkin is simple, but not at all simple-minded, not spiritually poor. He was given by nature the finest spiritual sensitivity and delicacy, “the highest intelligence of the heart.” His love of life, enchanting talent, breadth, kindness, generosity of giving and ability to be a “jack of all trades out of boredom” are qualities that are irresistible to everyone in the most difficult combat situations.” What could you add to these words of the researcher about the character of the hero? What episodes can confirm these words?
15. "Encyclopedia of War". Tvardovsky’s book, for all its apparent simplicity, is a work of high semantic capacity. Like any significant phenomenon of art, it truthfully reflects reality and makes the reader return again and again to its hero, reflect on both war and life.
There is not a single line in the book that I would like to skip or correct, although many years have passed since the war and after the creation of the book.
It is no coincidence that at the very beginning of the “Book about a Fighter” there is a poetic declaration of the vital necessity of “real truth” - this main principle of Tvardovsky.... What glories, episodes, actions and words of the heroes confirm Tvardovsky’s thought about “real truth”?
Improve your speech
1. In the poem, besides Terkin, there is another hero who runs through the entire text - this is the author. The image of the author is a mediator between the hero and the reader. The book is written with deep respect for the “friend-reader” (chapters “about myself”, “From the author”, etc.). How do you see the author, his attitude towards the war, towards the soldiers? Prepare an oral report on this topic.
2. Find episodes in the poem - the author’s reasoning - humorous and sad. Read aloud or recite this text by heart.
3. Extraordinary readers. Readers and listeners of the poem, inexperienced in literature, believed that the hero was copied by Tvardovsky from a real person, although the poet himself repeatedly wrote: “Terkin is not a person copied from life, but a face, as they say, generalized.” How do you understand these words of the poet? Prepare a detailed oral answer to this question.
4. Prepare an expressive reading by heart of one of the chapters of “Vasily Terkin”, reading by role, commented reading (optional).
Literature, 8th grade. Textbook for general education institutions. At 2 o'clock/automatic state. V. Ya. Korovin, 8th ed. - M.: Education, 2009. - 399 p. + 399 pp.: ill.
Lesson topic: A.T. Tvardovsky. A word about the poet. Poem "Vasily Terkin". (pictures of life at the front)
Lesson objectives:
Educational: Analyze the chapters “From the author” and “At a halt”; help students identify the theme of the work, reveal the character of the main character, stylistic features, and ideological originality.
Educating: awaken interest in the history of the war, contribute to the education of patriotic feelings.
Developmental: develop in students the ability to evaluate characters, formulate their own point of view, express and argue for it.
Equipment: slide presentation, text of the work.
During the classes.
Organizational moment. Greetings. The topic of today's lesson is formulated in a few sentences. Let's analyze it by keywords.
Goal setting: What words can be highlighted in the topic of the lesson? We can say that Tvardovsky is a poet, he wrote the poem “Vasily Terkin”. What do you think we should work on in class? (learn more about the poem, get to know the main character, speculate about why this work is interesting)
Conversation: - Look at the portrait of the writer. What can you tell about this person's character based on his appearance? (simple, courageous face, attentive look, serious expression). Listen to the sound of the surname (firmness, masculinity).
But a portrait cannot tell us everything about a person. The guys have prepared a short message about the writer, let's listen.Student message.
Tvardovsky was a war correspondent and saw the war with his own eyes. And war is blood, death, the death of comrades, destruction, suffering, pain. The poet not only saw the war, but also wrote about it.
The writer Simonov spoke about the poet Tvardovsky:
Reading the epigraph: “Vasily Terkin” is the best of everything written about the war in the war. And none of us is given the ability to write the way this is written.”
K. Simonov
How do you understand the words of the poet Konstantin Simonov? I would like to draw your attention to the fact that the poet Simonov gives a very high assessment to the poet Tvardovsky.
To better understand the intent of the poem, let's try to imagine ourselvesco-authors Tvardovsky. Imagine that during your lesson you, like the characters in the film “We are from the Future,” were transported to the years of the Second World War. What would you write about? (About war)
What would you write about the war?
What did Tvardovsky write about in the poem? Let's determine the theme of the poem and write it down in the table that everyone has.
Let's turn to the textbook and expressively read chapter 1, “From the author.”
– What can't you live without during war? (sampling method). Students look for the answer in the text and read it out.
- Conclusion: A person always remains a person, whether he lives in peacetime, or whether he is caught in the bloody meat grinder of war. A person has needs. And we saw that they are not only physiological, but a fighter also needs a joke in order to maintain his fighting spirit and the spirit of his comrades.
We read the first chapter, and at the end the author tells us: “This book is about a fighter without beginning or end.” Tell me, is it finished in meaning? (everything the author wanted to say was said in this chapter, he showed a picture of the everyday life of soldiers at the front)
Conclusion: Each chapter is finished so that you can read it at any time, because... the poem was published in separate issues of front-line newspapers.) It is interesting to note that the format of the poem was such that one could easily put a piece of paper behind the lapel of a cap or the top of a boot.
Physical exercise.
Tell me, what unites everything in this chapter of the poem? (image of the main character) What do you think the hero of a book about the Second World War should be like?
We met the main character already in the first chapter. What have we learned about him? Let's try to put together a short questionnaire and look at the table again.
Look at the hero's portrait. What character traits do you think he should have?
Let's turn to the chapter "At a halt." Expressive reading of the chapter up to the words “What is Sabantui?” What character traits does the author note in Vasily Terkin? Let's write it in the table.
By what artistic means does he reveal the character traits of Vasily Terkin? (colloquial speech, apt expressions).
Continue reading the chapter on your own and complete the portrait of the hero.
In the chapter “At a Rest” the word sabantuy appears several times. What it is? Dictionary:
SABANTUI, -ya, m. 1. Traditional Tatar and Bashkir spring holiday. 2. transfer Noisy fun (colloquial joke).
In what sense is this word used in the poem? How does Tvardovsky use it? (unusually to show that he was saved, remained alive, and this is joy).
Vasily Terkin is a collective image. There were many like this guy, this fighter, during the war.
Tell me, how does the author move from a private person to a generalized image? Find evidence in the text.
One line was left blank in our table - the language of the poem. To work on this issue, tell me who the book “Vasily Terkin” was intended for? (for soldiers)
What task did the author set for himself when he wrote the poem for the soldiers? (encourage the soldiers, support their morale).
In what language is the poem written, so that any person, any soldier can understand it? (simple, popular, understandable). Find examples of lively, folk speech.
Lesson summary: - How did the author reveal the theme of war in the poem? (especially with optimism, with faith in victory)
- What is interesting about the composition of the poem?
What is the character of the main character?
What is the language of the poem?
Homework, commenting on grades.
Work on literature. A.T. Tvardovsky “Vasily Terkin”.
1.What does the poem “Vasily Terkin” tell the reader?
A.T. During the Great Patriotic War, Tvardovsky became an exponent of the spirit of soldiers and ordinary people. His poem “Vasily Terkin” helps people survive a terrible time, believe in themselves, because the poem was created during the war, chapter by chapter. "Vasily Terkin" - "a book about a fighter." The poem was written about the war, but the main thing for Alexander Tvardovsky was to show the reader how to live during the years of difficult trials. Therefore, the main character, Vasya Terkin, dances, plays a musical instrument, cooks dinner, and jokes. The hero lives in war, and for the writer this is very important, since in order to survive, any person needs to love life very much.
2.What is the main idea of the chapter “Crossing”?
The chapter “Crossing” describes how Terkin accomplished a feat when, having found himself on the right bank, he returned by swimming to the left to ask for support. The crossing is dangerous both for Vasily Terkin’s comrades and for himself:
People are warm and alive
We went to the bottom, to the bottom, to the bottom...
Vasily Terkin bravely agrees to swim across the icy river, and when he finds himself on the opposite bank, frozen and tired, he immediately begins to report, showing his responsibility and sense of duty:
Allow me to report...
The platoon on the right bank is alive and well
to spite the enemy!
The title of the chapter “About the Reward” reflects the event described.
The poet speaks about Tyorkin’s modesty in this chapter:
- No, guys, I'm not proud.
Without looking into the distance,
So I’ll say: why do I need an order?
I agree to a medal.
In the chapter “On the Reward”, Tyorkin comically talks about how he would behave if he returned from the war to his native village; says that for representativeness he absolutely needs a medal. Terkin’s dream of a reward (“I agree to a medal”) is not a vain desire to become famous or stand out. In fact, this is the desire to see our native lands and native people free.
4. In the chapter “At a Rest,” the poet talks about Sabantuy. What it is?
Terkin himself answers this question:
And how many of you know
What is Sabantui?
- Is Sabantuy some kind of holiday?
Or what is it - Sabantuy?
- Sabantuy can be different,
If you don’t know, don’t interpret
Here under the first bombing
You'll lie down from hunting,
You're still alive - don't worry:
- This is a small Sabantuy.
Take a breather, eat a hearty meal,
Light a cigarette and don't blow your nose.
It's worse, brother, like a mortar
Suddenly Sabantuy will begin.
He will penetrate you deeper, -
Kiss Mother Earth.
But keep in mind, my dear,
This is an average Sabantui.
Sabantuy is science for you,
The enemy is fierce - he himself is fierce.
But it's a completely different thing
This is the main Sabantui.
5. It is known that many soldiers considered Vasily Terkin their fellow soldier and never parted with the book. How can this be explained?
The poem "Vasily Terkin" was written by Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky during the Great Patriotic War and was published in various newspapers in chapters. This work supported the morale of the soldiers, gave them hope, inspired them and, most importantly, it could be read from any chapter. This is due to the fact that each chapter in the poem is a separate story, which is full of deep patriotism, optimism, and faith in the future.
The image of the Soviet soldier Vasily Terkin was conceived as a feuilleton image designed to make soldiers at the front laugh and raise their morale.
Throughout the Great Patriotic War, the image of Vasya Terkin remained the most beloved among fighters. This phenomenon can be explained by the fact that this hero captivated the hearts of readers with his reality and authenticity.
6. Characteristics of Vasily Terkin.
The image of the main character Vasily Terkin, a simple Russian soldier, is an example of human dignity, courage, love for the Motherland, honesty and selflessness. All these qualities of the hero are revealed in each chapter of the work.
Since the work was written during the war, it goes without saying that the main qualities of the hero, which the author focuses on, are selfless courage, heroism, a sense of duty and responsibility.
He is a symbolic image, a people-man, a collective Russian type. It is no coincidence that nothing is said about his personal biography. He is “a great hunter of living until he is ninety years old,” a peaceful, civilian man, a soldier by necessity. His usual life on the collective farm was interrupted by the war. War for him is a natural disaster, hard work. The entire poem is permeated with a dream of a peaceful life.
Already at the first mention, the surname Terkin outlines the boundaries of character: Terkin means an experienced, seasoned man, “a seasoned kalach,” or, as the poem says, “a seasoned man.”
The world heard through the menacing thunder,
Vasily Terkin repeated:
- We'll endure it. Let's grind...
Terkin - who is he?
Let's be honest:
Just a guy himself
He's ordinary.
Terkin’s image is a generalized image, for all its realism and ordinariness. Tvardovsky gives his hero an “all-Russian” appearance and avoids portrait marks.
("Endowed with beauty / He was not excellent. / Not tall, not that small, / But a hero-hero.") Terkin is both a bright, unique personality, and at the same time he includes the features of many people, he is like would be repeated many times in others.
It is important that Terkin belongs to the most massive branch of the military - the infantry. The hero is an infantryman. “It contains the pathos of the infantry, the army closest to the earth, to the cold, to fire and death,” Tvardovsky wrote at the very beginning of his plan. Terkin is one of the unskilled workers of the war, on whom the country rests, who bore the burden of the war on their shoulders.
7. What brings Vasily Terkin closer to the heroes of folk tales, Russian heroes Ilya Muromets, Alyosha Popovich and others?
The image of Terkin has folklore roots, it is “a hero, a fathom in the shoulders”, “a merry fellow”, “an experienced man”. Behind the illusion of simplicity, buffoonery, and mischief lie moral sensitivity and an organically inherent sense of filial duty to the Motherland, the ability to accomplish a feat at any moment without phrases or poses.
In the image of Terkin, Tvardovsky portrays the best qualities of the Russian character - courage, perseverance, resourcefulness, optimism and great devotion to his native land.
Your dear mother earth,
In days of trouble and in days of victory
There is no one brighter and more beautiful than you,
And there is nothing more desirable to the heart...
It is in the defense of the Motherland, life on earth that the justice of the people's Patriotic War lies (“The battle is going on, holy and right, a mortal battle is not for the sake of glory, for the sake of life on earth...”).
Terkin lives, as it were, in two dimensions: on the one hand, he is a very real soldier, a staunch fighter of the Soviet Army. On the other hand, this is a Russian fairy-tale soldier-hero who does not burn in fire and does not drown in water.
The hero is not the same as in the fairy tale -
Carefree giant
And in a traveling belt.
A simple man...
Firm in torment and proud in grief
Terkin is alive and cheerful, damn it!
Terkin enters into single combat with a strong, physically superior opponent. On the one hand, the author enlarges this episode:
Like on an ancient battlefield, Chest to chest, like shield to shield, - Instead of thousands, two fight, As if the fight would solve everything.Tvardovsky writes at the intersection of pathos and irony, epic scope and sober reality.
Terkin in the book is not only an epic, national type, but also a personality. Folklore heroes in epics remain the same from the beginning to the end of the story. The image of Terkin is given in evolution: the closer to the end of the work, the more sad reflections appear in the poem. In the first chapters, the hero is a joker, cheerful, but not careless, not lost in any circumstances, and this was very important in the difficult days of the war. At the end of the chapter “On the Dnieper,” Terkin smokes silently away from his rejoicing comrades, and the last lines of the chapter show him from an unexpected side:
- What about you, brother, Vasily Terkin, Are you crying?.. - Guilty...The problems raised by the writer in this work also help to reveal the military theme of the poem: attitude towards death, the ability to stand up for oneself and others, a sense of responsibility and duty to the homeland, the relationship between people at critical moments in life. Tvardovsky talks with the reader about painful issues, using a special artistic character - the image of the author. Chapters “About Myself” appear in the poem. This is how the writer brings his main character closer to his own worldview. Together with his character, the author empathizes, sympathizes, feels satisfied or indignant:
From the first days of the bitter year,
In the difficult hour of our native land,
Not joking, Vasily Terkin,
You and I have become friends...
The war is depicted by Tvardovsky in blood, labor and hardship. Endless night, frost. But a bit of a soldier’s sleep, not even a dream, but a heavy oblivion, bizarrely mixed with reality. In the minds of those who remained on this left bank, pictures of the death of their comrades arise. Their possible death is depicted in mundane - but even more terrible - details. The poet ends his thoughts about the soldiers who died at the crossing, and not only about these soldiers, with pathetic lines.
The dead are immortal, and the land where “their traces are frozen forever” becomes a monument to soldier’s glory.
The war described by Alexander Trifonovich Tvardovsky in the poem does not seem to the reader a universal catastrophe, an unspeakable horror. Since the main character of the work - Vasya Terkin - is always able to survive in difficult conditions, laugh at himself, support a friend, and this is especially important for the reader - it means that there will be a different life, people will start laughing heartily, singing songs loudly, joking - a time of peace will come . The poem “Vasily Terkin” is full of optimism, faith in a better future.