Valery Tsys: “How the Reds started the war in Siberia. Valery Tsys: “How the Reds rocked the war in Siberia The news of the revolution and the reaction of the population of Siberia
Plan
Revolutionary 1917 in Siberia.
Civil war in Siberia (1918 - 1922).
Siberia during the New Economic Policy (1921 - 1927).
Siberia in the era of accelerated construction of "state socialism" (1928 - 1941).
Siberia during the Great Patriotic War (1941 - 1945).
Siberia during the Soviet-Japanese War of 1945.
Administrative-territorial structure of Siberia.
Cultural life of Siberia after the end of the civil war.
Tasks for independent work
Message topics
Control questions
February Revolution of 1917 in Siberia.
Siberia from February to October 1917
The establishment of Soviet power in Siberia and the first steps of socialist measures.
Reds and Whites in Siberia, the Kolchak regime and its defeat.
Partisan movement in Siberia.
Far Eastern Republic (1920 - 1922).
The collapse of the policy of "war communism".
The transition to a new economic policy and the restoration of the national economy.
Changes in the administrative-territorial division of Siberia.
Industrialization of Siberia.
Continuous collectivization of agriculture and mass dispossession of peasants.
Implementation of the Cultural Revolution in the 1920s. Cultural construction during the first five-year plans.
Political repression in the 1930s.
Continued political repression during the war years.
The camp system and forced labor in Siberia (autumn 1929-1945).
Siberians in the battles for the Motherland.
The economy of Siberia during the Great Patriotic War, the reception of evacuated enterprises and institutions.
Science, culture, education during the Great Patriotic War.
Siberian rear - to the front.
The defeat of the armed forces of Japan. End of World War II in the Far East.
How did the events of the February Revolution of 1917 develop in Siberia?
How was the formation of Soviet power in Siberia?
What are the main features of the domestic policy of the government of A.V. Kolchak in Siberia?
What are the main reasons for the defeat of the Whites in Siberia can you name?
What contributed to the rapid recovery of the Siberian economy during the NEP period?
What industries received priority development in Siberia during the first five-year plans?
How has life in the Siberian village changed as a result of collectivization and dispossession?
What peoples were deported to Siberia during the war years?
What role did the forced labor of prisoners play in the economy of Siberia?
What is the role of Siberia in mobilizing the country's resources to repel Nazi aggression?
Name the Siberians - Heroes of the Soviet Union. What feats did they accomplish?
Tests
Terminology
Nationalization:
a policy aimed at developing the sphere of circulation and achieving the predominance of the export of goods abroad over their import into the country;
the transfer of private enterprises and sectors of the economy to state ownership;
the policy of encouraging foreign investment in the manufacturing sector of any country.
Plenum:
a full meeting of the members of the elected governing body of any organization;
grassroots party group, party organization;
collegium under the party control committee, which deals with the consideration of personal affairs of the communists.
Prodrazvyorstka (food apportionment):
one of the types of distribution of food products on food cards;
a set of measures aimed at raising agriculture;
the method of state procurement of agricultural products in 1919-1921, which consisted in the seizure from the peasants at fixed prices of all surplus grain and fodder in excess of the established norms.
Workday:
a unit of accounting for the labor of workers and employees at industrial enterprises during the years of the first five-year plans;
a unit of accounting for labor in collective farms, which determines the share of a collective farmer in income (used in 1930-1966);
unit of labor accounting in youth groups that worked somewhere during the holidays in the late 1920s - early 1930s
Dates and facts
The administrative center of the Siberian Territory in 1925 - 1930:
Tobolsk;
Novosibirsk.
Krasnoyarsk Territory was formed in:
Which of the Siberians became three times Hero of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War:
S.I. Kretov;
P.A. Plotnikov;
A.I. Pokryshkin.
The Siberian Territory was formed in:
Abstracts
Mass dispossession in Siberia (early 1930s).
THE REVOLUTIONARY PROCESS OF 1917. In Siberia and the Far East, after receiving news of the overthrow of the autocracy, the creation of differences began. kinds of societies. committees, as well as councils of workers and soldiers. and cross. deputies. As a rule, committees were formed with the asset. participation city councils and at their meetings they were formally approved, because due to the lack of mountains in the region. self-government was unity. legitimate (albeit qualified) body of the state. exercise. The driving force in the org-tion of these associations were military industrial committees, department All-Russian Union of Cities, polit. exiles. The committees were in the core. non-partisans. From the representatives of the political parties were dominated by the Mensheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries, the people. Socialists, in a smaller number they included the Cadets and the Bolsheviks. Committees of Public Safety (CSC) acted as authorities in the cities. Grassroots structure of administration in the village instead of the former villages. and ox. boards began to be numerous. committees of "security", "public order and tranquility", "people's power", etc., which received the name of temporary committees.
Simultaneous and in parallel with the COB, councils of workers and soldiers were created. deputies. In total, in March 1917, approx. 70, and at the end of June - 116. They arose either on their own initiative, or under the influence of polit. exiles and Social Democrats who came out of the underground. Social the composition of the councils, as well as BP. committees, was extremely colorful, although they lacked qualified elements. Places councils recognized the leading role of the temp. committees in the org-tion of state bodies. exercise, practical. activity in March-April. They limited 1917 to the struggle for the establishment of an 8-hour slave. day. In Siberia and the Far East in 1917, it would be more appropriate to speak not of dual power, but of multiple powers. formally state. and do-it-yourselfers. structures and organizations (commissars of the Provisional Prospect, COB, councils, trade unions, factory committees, city dumas, party and national committees, cooperatives, etc.), to-rye acted in concrete-east. conditions of this or that locality and possessed power here. The formation of the bodies of the new government ended with the appointment of the county. and lips. (region) commissars of the Provisional Prospect from among the intellectuals, officials, former. polit. exiles.
Initial in his everyday In practice, the commissars actively interacted with the COBs that “gave birth” to them. As their positions strengthened, they began to act, regardless of the opinion of the BP. committees. By the summer of 1917, under the leadership of governments. Commissars resumed the work of the lips. (region) boards, treasury. and control chambers, excise. and migrant. exercises, fate. structures and bodies of the prosecutor. supervision. throughout the region, excluding Krasnoyarsk, the commissars subjugated the "people's militia".
Feb. The revolution gave a powerful impetus to the party. building In tech. only 1917 there was a creation of the primary. org-tions, their ext. separation and integration. In about 120 cities, towns and villages, political leaders played a prominent role in this process. exiles. Accel. org. structures in the parties of the radical socialist. orientation (RSDLP, Socialist Revolutionary Parties(PSR)). March-April 30 units were formed in Siberia. social democrat. org-tions (workers, railroad workers, miners, soldiers, employees) and 60 formations of the AKP at various levels (intellectuals, junior officers, employees, cooperators, peasants). Slower was the creation of structures in the moderates and the liberals. parties. In tech. summer in Omsk, Tomsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Tobolsk, Tyumen, Barnaul orgs formed Labor People's Socialist Party(TNSP). Total number of associations People's Freedom Parties(PNS, or Cadets) was 16 in July, by November. reached 23. In the program. and tactical. regarding the sib. and far east. the Cadets evolved from constitutionalists to republicans. Initial they claimed a leading role in polit. process, putting forward the slogan: "Workers - to the machines, soldiers - to the trenches, teachers - to the people!". In March-May in Omsk, Tomsk, Novonikolaevsk, Achinsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Verkhneudinsk, Kabansk, Chita organizations of the Bund arose in Irkutsk, Tomsk, Cheremkhovo, Chita - several. amorphous formations anarchists.
Primary part. org-tion begin to hold their meetings, conf. and congresses on a scale counties, provinces (regions) and region, then create resp. party committees. The formation of provincial committees is different. polit. parties contributed to the campaign to nominate candidates for the Constituent. assembly, since it was held on the scale of provinces and regions. To deploy practical political activity. formations among the masses, their publishing was of great importance. base - time-based publications (newspapers, magazines) and leaflets. The number of newspapers increased in Siberia from 72 in March to 95 in July and 100 in November.
Apart from the parties. org-tions, in watered. the process in the spring of 1917 actively involved differences. societies. formations and national groupings. The most massive of them - the trade unions - took upon themselves the protection of the economy. the interests of employees. At the level of military units, company and regimental committees were created that were in charge of internal issues. life. As the influence of the Bolsheviks increased, the soldiers. the soviets established their monopoly on the hands of subunits and garrisons. Simultaneous criminogen developed. the situation in military camps. The hostile attitude of the soldiers towards the officers increased. Rev. events involved officers, especially young ones, in their whirlpool. The military sympathized not only with the Bolsheviks, but also with the Mensheviks, the Cadets, and especially the Social Revolutionaries. intelligentsia. The revolution split the Cossacks Siberian, Transbaikal, Amur And Ussuri Cossack troops on the conservatives who advocated the preservation of the Cossacks and their estates. isolation, democrats, who advocated the elimination of the estate, and liberals, who were close to the harmonious combination of Cossack and state. interests. Sib. and far east. the village implicitly liquidated the institute peasant chiefs, banished the forest. guards, seized the forest and arbitrarily cut it down, refused to pay taxes, pay debts on loans, demanded that the allotments of old-timers, new settlers and Cossacks be equalized.
For polit. processes of 1917 in the east of Russia is characterized by the escalation of nat. movement. Already in March, many rallies and meetings of representatives of national minorities adopt resolutions in support of the Provisional Provision and formulate wishes that do not go beyond the establishment of complete autonomy for all the peoples of the former. empire and the introduction of the mother tongue in schools, meetings and institutions. Simultaneous the creation of a national formations. Activity is shown primarily by the exterritory. (dispersed in a foreign-speaking environment) minorities zap. origin (Jews, Germans, Balts, Poles, Ukrainians). Muslims follow them. (Tatar) Bureau, Buryats. and Yakut. org-tion. Later, the extraterritorials consistently spoke in favor of transforming Russia into a federal-democrat. republic with the provision of cultures.-nat. autonomy for ethnic groups that do not have a common territory. National aboriginal associations. ethnic groups demanded nat.-territory. autonomy, and the Altaians at the congress in Biysk elected at the beginning of July Altai Mining Duma headed by G.I. Gurkin. Feb. the revolution revived the slogans of the Sib. regionalists about the autonomy of Siberia within the framework of a single democrat. Ros. state-va, about convocation Siberian Regional Duma endowed by the legislator. rights, etc. In a number of cities in the region (Tomsk, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk, Irkutsk, Verneudinsk, Chita, Blagoveshchensk etc.) are issued regional. associations located on the right flank of the petty-bourgeois. democracy.
Active in politics. process included pravosl. believers and clergy Sib. and far east. dioceses. At the diocesan congresses of the clergy and laity, statements were made in support of the Provisional Provision and the possibility of the participation of the clergy in polit. the life of the country. At the same time, the authorities in Russia, where the majority of the population are Orthodox, adhere to confessions. pluralism, was obliged to meet the needs of the Orthodox. Christian. churches - to provide salaries to the clergy, to help in religious morals. enlightenment of the people, the legal protection of the Orthodox. churches from unbelievers.
In the first days of the revolution, almost all watered. associations of the region supported the Provisional Provision, for the continuation of the war in the spirit of the roar. defense, for the speedy convocation of the Establish. assembly. Gradually there is a delimitation of approaches. From Apr. in places. org-tions of the RSDLP is drawn up by the Bolshevik. a direction that supports a special Lenin. course towards socialism. revolution. At the same time, polit. parties openly enter into a struggle for the hands of the power structures and control over them. The municipal elections held in the summer. bodies on the principles of universal suffrage. rights led to the predominance of vowel socialists, especially the Bolsheviks, Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks.
2nd floor 1917 in Siberia and the Far East is characterized by the struggle of different peoples. parties for power in order to subordinate their influence to the councils, trade unions, mountains. Dumas and created zemstvo bodies. The region is being held. (region) congresses of councils, the process of the party continues. building In particular, the number of Bolshevik orgs increased in October compared to July. from 2 to 29. But even then they did not dominate the polit. life of the region. On the 1st obschesib. At the Congress of Soviets in Irkutsk (October), out of 184 Bolshevik delegates, there were 64. The power of the Soviets was established by them in coalition with representatives of other socialists. parties and non-partisans. After the July events, the disengagement in the AKP began. By autumn, differences between their right and left groups appeared almost everywhere, but org. the registration of the left occurred only in the con. 1917 - early. 1918. Among their leaders V.P. Burenin, N.E. Ishmaev, P.P. Petrov, D.G. Sulima, B.P. clark, S.G. Lazo, A.P. Lebedev, R.P. Eideman. The activities of the organizations of the right-wing parties - TNSP and PNS are terminated. In the autumn of 1917 in the region, among the watered. associations naib. Bolsheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries enjoyed influence, but the latter clearly dominated in terms of numbers, number of org-tions and structures controlled by them. Yielding in these parameters, the Bolsheviks outperformed their competitors in terms of the level of organization and subordination to the decisions of the Central Committee.
acc. with part. addictions in the east continued to operate alternatives. authorities - councils and local authorities. self-management in the face of the mountains. dumas and zemstvo institutions. If the councils were predominantly class associations and were formed by elected representatives from labor. collectives (workers and lower categories of employees), military units (soldiers) and a cross. population, then the municipality. formations formed their governing structures through elections on the basis. general electorate. rights from the entire population of the city, volosts, counties, provinces (regions), i.e., functioned on more democratic. basis. From Aug. in the region, a campaign begins to create organs of zemstvo self-government. The campaign took place in conditions of acute polit. struggle against the backdrop of low voter turnout. In the party-polit. The Zemstvos were dominated by the Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries, who sharply condemned the seizure of power in Petrograd by the Bolsheviks.
From con. Aug. The election campaign begins in the Const. meeting. In all sib. and far east. provinces and regions declared dep. lists of Cadets, Mensheviks and Socialist-Revolutionaries. By elect. constituencies were nominated from 4 lists of candidates ( Yakutsk region) to 44 ( Akmola region). Members of the Founding collections from Siberia became ca. 50 people, including those elected in the army and on Chinese-Eastern Railway d.(CER). Except 2 Bolsheviks from Yenisei province. (A.I. Okulov and A.G. Rogov), 3 representatives of nat. organizations (M.N. Bogdanov, B.V. Vampilon, G.V. Ksenofontov), Menshevik N.A. Strelkov (CER), cadet S.A. Taskina ( Transbaikal region), all the rest represented the RPS ( B.D. Markov, P.Ya. Mikhailov, M.Ya. Lindberg, V.G. Arkhangelsk, EAT. Timofeev, M.A. Crawl, N.V. Fomin, HER. Kolosov, A.A. Devisorov and others). Convince. The victory of the Socialist-Revolutionaries is explained by the support of the peasants, who were impressed by the agrarians. PSR program.
An alternative to the Provisional Prospect, its places. bodies, and then establish. The councils of workers and soldiers spoke to the assembly. deputies, to con. years have significantly strengthened their positions. The influence of the Bolsheviks constantly increased in them. The deterioration of economics contributed to the radicalization of the mood of the masses. situation in the region and, accordingly, mat. position of the vast majority of the population. Despite the rich harvest of 1917, the increase in purchases. prices in Aug. for bread 2 times and bread. monopoly, the situation on the consumer. the market deteriorated catastrophically. Answer. the reaction was massive demands for the introduction card system, establishing control over bargaining. firms and fixed prices. Anarcho-rebellious moods began to clearly manifest themselves, resulting in prod. and alcohol. riots that swept from Omsk to Vladivostok in Oct.-November.
1st obschesib. congress of soviets of workers and soldiers. and cross. deputies (Irkutsk, Oct.) and the 3rd regional congress of councils of workers. and soldier. deputies of the Far East ( Khabarovsk, Dec.) adopt resolutions on the transfer of power to the councils and form acc. Central Executive Committee of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies of Siberia(Centrosibir) and Far East. regional committee of councils of workers, soldiers. and cross. deputies and self-management. Under their influence, the position of grassroots councils changed towards radicalization. Creatures. local soldiers influenced the sovietization process in the region. garrisons, which became the strike force of the Bolsheviks. Began demobilization and liquidation officer. corps predetermined the transition to antisov. positions defined part of the officers who found themselves out of work. Another powerful factor in the consolidation of petty bourgeoisie. (Socialist) groups against anti-Bolsheviks. basis becomes Siberian regionalism. In the autumn of 1917 under the regional. slogans have been the consolidation of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, the people. socialists, part of the Mensheviks, co-operators, Zemstvo, part of the regionalists and nationalists under the hands. the role of the SRs.
On the public conf. societies. org-tsy (Aug., Tomsk) and region. congress (Oct., Tomsk) discusses and approves the "Regional structure of Siberia", which represents a set of standards. provisions that determine the status of Siberia and the Far East as part of Ros. state-va in the capacity of autonomy from the region. will present. organ - Sib. region thought. The boundaries of autonomy were determined along the watershed to the east of the Urals, with the inclusion of the entire Kirghiz region, with the free expression of the will of the population occupying these limits. Standard. the act combined both approaches to federalism - nat. and territory. In addition, he guaranteed the preservation of ethnic. national identity. minorities in districts of mixed residence and for extraterritorial areas. The document laid down the possibility of further improvement of the national-state. structures within the region through their gradual transformation into a union of regions and nationalities.
From the 2nd floor. Nov. anti-Bolshevik. groups in Siberia go on the offensive, using the regional. slogans. Emergency sib. region congress (December, Tomsk) decides that before the Establish. assembly of Siberia controlling and legislator. the body must consist exclusively of representatives of democracy without the participation of qualified elements (bourgeoisie), as for the executive power, it must be socialist, and the body will execute. power can enter all the socialist. parties - from the people. socialists up to and including the Bolsheviks, with the representation of nationalities, if the parties accept the present platform. congress, i.e., the unconditional struggle for the chosen by universal, equal and secret suffrage All-Russia. Establish. assembly and for the region. government of Siberia, since only this platform can prevent a complete state. collapse. At the last meeting on 15 Dec. The congress decided to create a community society in the name of saving Siberia. socialist, from the people. socialists to the Bolsheviks incl., with the representation of nationalities, power in the person of Sib. region Duma and Region. Council responsible to the Regional Duma. On 8 Jan. 1918 appointed opening of the 1st session of the Duma in Tomsk. In Wr. Siberian region council without separation of portfolios are elected G.N. Potanin, P.Ya. Derber, A.E. Novoselov, M.B. Shatilov, G.B. Patushinsky.
In this situation, the power in the department. the cities of Siberia and the Far East began to take the councils of the slave into their own hands. and soldier. deputies. This was expressed in the adoption by the councils acc. declarations, and sometimes in the creation of military.-rev. and just roar. committees.
The first steps of the owls. authorities (Nov. 1917 - 1st half. Jan. 1918) were expressed in the introduction of the slave. control over the production and distribution of goods, the creation revolutionary tribunals, demobilization of military personnel places. garrisons. In parallel with the Soviets, the anti-Bolsheviks are activated. forces under the leadership of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, the focus of which is Vr. Siberian region advice. Dispersal by the Bolsheviks Establish. assembly finally destroyed the possibility of a peaceful resolution of the issue of power by creating a coalition of socialists, including the region. level. Under the leadership of the Social Revolutionaries, the formation of anti-Bolsheviks begins. armed underground. Armed. the fight was first started by the Cossack detachments of the Yesauls B.V. Annenkov, G.M. Semenov, A.A. Sotnikova, I.N. Krasilnikov. The country and region were sliding into a state civil war.
Lit.: Story Russian Far East . The Far East of Russia during the Revolutions of 1917 and the Civil War. Vladivostok, 2003. Vol. 3, book. 1; Shilovsky M.V. Political processes in Siberia during the social cataclysms of 1917–1920. Novosibirsk, 2003; Kuzmin V.L., Tsipkin Yu.N. Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks in the Far East during the Civil War of 1917-1922. Khabarovsk, 2005.
M.V. Shilovsky
February Revolution of 1917 and the further assertion of Soviet power in Russia is one of the main events of the 20th century, which radically changed the development of world history. The content of the great changes, party and Soviet building, the strategy and tactics of the Bolsheviks, who ensured the ideological and organizational unity of the peoples, are revealed in the study of concrete historical material.
1. Introduction
The news of the revolution in the reaction of the population in Siberia:
2. The beginning of the revolution in Siberia
3. Siberia on the eve of the revolution
4. The news of the revolution in the reaction of the population in Siberia
5. Struggle for power in Siberia
6. The relationship of the new government with society
7.Conclusion
8. List of references.
The work contains 1 file
Essay
On the subject: "Revolution in Siberia"
Tyurina A. 11 "A"
1. Introduction
The news of the revolution in the reaction of the population in Siberia:
2. The beginning of the revolution in Siberia
3. Siberia on the eve of the revolution
4. The news of the revolution in the reaction of the population in Siberia
5. Struggle for power in Siberia
6. The relationship of the new government with society
7.Conclusion
8. List of references.
Introduction:
February Revolution of 1917 and the further assertion of Soviet power in Russia is one of the main events of the 20th century, which radically changed the development of world history. The content of the great changes, party and Soviet building, the strategy and tactics of the Bolsheviks, who ensured the ideological and organizational unity of the peoples, are revealed in the study of concrete historical material. At the same time, the study of the development of the revolutionary process in Western Siberia is of considerable interest. And this is understandable. The results of the class struggle unfolding here were of paramount importance for the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat in the east of the country and had a significant impact on the political, military and food situation in the revolutionary center. This explains the relevance of studying the events associated with the beginning of the 1917 revolution in Siberia and studying the course of revolutionary transformations in Siberia.
The beginning of the revolution.
It was the third year of the World War. At the end of February 1917 News came to Siberia about the revolutionary events in Petrograd, where the workers, together with the soldiers who had joined them, took to the streets. S.S. Khabalov turned out to be powerless before the revolutionary onslaught of the people. The ministers of the tsarist government were arrested and treated in
Peter and Paul Fortress. The proletariat of Petrograd set about creating Soviets.
March 2, 1917 Nicholas II abdicated the throne. The Provisional Government headed by Prince G.E. Lvov was formed.
Siberia on the eve of the revolution.
The news of the revolution stirred up the population of Siberia, caused crowded meetings, rallies, and processions that took place in many cities. The majority of Siberians welcomed the overthrow of the autocracy.Supporters of the autocracy had small forces, which led to the seizure of power by the revolutionaries. Self-government bodies were created in provincial centers and large cities. Power quickly passed to new revolutionary bodies operating under various names: committees of public order and security, committees of public safety, committees of public organizations, etc. They were created in all provincial centers and large cities of Siberia and played a significant role in the liquidation of the tsarist government. This included not only representatives of the bourgeoisie, but also leaders of the social parties - Socialist-Revolutionaries, Bolsheviks, Mensheviks.
The provisional government began to form new state bodies.
The news of the revolution in the reaction of the population in Siberia
The provisional government formed new state authorities. Commissars were placed at the head of the provinces, and elders ruled in the countryside. To maintain order, the police were replaced by militia, which were subordinate to the organs of the Provisional Government.
The ministers of the interim government tried to preserve the established apparatus of government. District courts, state boards, state property administrations, and other institutions continued their work. There were elected city dumas and councils. The change of power took place without any external excesses.
Councils of workers', peasants' and soldiers' deputies were created. There were state structures created by the Provisional Government, and soviets as organs of people's self-government. The soviets, where there were many representatives of the socialist parties, did not put forward political demands as their first rights, but concentrated on protecting the economic rights of the working people. The Soviets actively cooperated with the Provisional Government.
The main task of the Provisional Government was to convene the Constituent Assembly. Electoral commissions have formed throughout the country.
Struggle for power in Siberia.
In the spring of this year, revolutionary and even extremist sentiments were spreading among the people, which were especially deeply perceived by the workers. There were very few highly qualified, cultured workers capable of competent perception. Unskilled soldiers predominated. They demanded an immediate and radical change in living conditions. The Bolshevik Party tried to rely on these sections of the village.
The situation of the Siberians worsened. The war continued, prices rose, people were starving. Inflation ate almost all wages.
The frustration of the townspeople with the economic policy of the Provisional Government grew rapidly. In July 1917, several strikes were organized, in September the number of strikes exceeded 25. In some large-scale strikes, more than 75 thousand people took part. The workers advocated better working and living conditions.
One of the manifestations of the rapid growth of revolutionary sentiment among the workers was the creation of Red Guard detachments, but in most cities of the region, the creation of the Red Guard was not relevant. For the most part, the population of Siberia was not inclined to revolutionary radicalism and remained calm.
Radicalism only appeared on the question of the war. It was a just demand for an immediate peace without annexations or indemnities. The demand for war was manifested in speeches and rallies.
A peculiar situation developed in the countryside.The peasants of Siberia in material terms lived better than the workers, and much more prosperous than the rural workers. Siberia did not know serfdom, there were no landlord estates, and there was quite enough land. There were many wealthy peasants and Cossack households in the region, who needed socio-economic stability. Therefore, these sections of the population did not advocate the liquidation of the Provisional Government. The provisional government for quite a long time enjoyed the confidence of the peasants, who made up the majority of the population of Siberia.
The Siberian peasants, who managed in conditions of large land, were most worried about the issue of regulating the tax system and state duties, as well as the fate of state, office and church lands. The peasants sought the alienation in their favor of state-owned forests and lands, the abolition of quitrents and natural duties.
The provisional government and its local bodies delayed the solution of the agrarian issue, which contributed to the rapid growth of discontent among the peasants, who showed signs of impatience. Rural residents more often arbitrarily disposed of forests and lands, refused to pay rent for hayfields, and disarmed the forest guards. Siberian peasants almost stopped paying taxes and debts on previously taken loans.
The aspirations of the Siberian peasants were most fully reflected by the Social Revolutionary Party of the AKP (SRs), which was the most popular political party in Siberia. The Social Revolutionaries were followed not only by the bulk of the agricultural population, but also by a significant part of the rural intelligentsia, many workers, and there was also popularity in the soldier garrisons.
The activities of the Communist Bolsheviks in Siberia intensified only after the return of Lenin to Russia, who proclaimed a course for revolution. A group of the Central Committee was sent to Siberia to help the local Bolsheviks. In September 1917, the Bolsheviks dissociated themselves from the Mensheviks and created the All-Siberian Bureau.
Guided by Lenin's instructions, the Bolsheviks entered into a struggle with the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks for influence in the Soviets. By July, the Bolsheviks were entrenched in the Soviets of Eastern Siberia.
The relationship of the new government with society
The Petrograd events received a wide response among the radical left elements of the urban population. Demonstrations were held under the slogans: "Down with the capitalist ministers!", "All power to the Soviets!", "Down with the war!", "Democratic control over production!", "Down with the sabotage of the capitalists!". A huge number of people took part. Most of the Siberian Soviets did not follow the Bolsheviks. They condemned the Petrograd Bolsheviks and supported the Provisional Government.
The political situation in Siberia did not change radically. They also supported the Bolshevik resolutions on the transfer of power into the hands of the Soviets, and the radical left slogan "All power to the Soviets!". The influence of the Bolsheviks grew.
But the Siberian communists never managed to solve the strategic problem - to achieve the irrevocable Bolshevization of the Soviets and establish complete control over them. The majority opposed the radical communist slogans and remained neutral.
The Bolsheviks were popular in rural Soviets as well. The dominant position was occupied by the Socialist-Revolutionaries.
The first Congress of Soviets of Siberia took place on October 16, 1917 (according to the old calendar) in Irkutsk. At the congress, a governing body was formed - Centrosibir. At the head of the body were the Bolsheviks, who achieved the transfer of power to the Soviets.
Conclusion:
The news of the overthrow of the autocracy in Petrograd was positively received in Siberia. The tsarist state apparatus was quickly implemented, new authorities were formulated. Siberia reacted most calmly. This largely secured the position of the prosperous Siberian peasantry.
The most influential party in Siberia was the Socialist-Revolutionaries. The Bolshevik Party for a long time could not find support in the cities and countryside of the region. The Bolsheviks still managed to establish Soviet power in Siberia.
The economic transformations of the Bolsheviks, the introduction of workers' control, the nationalization of industrial enterprises, railways and banks, the establishment of a grain monopoly led to the collapse of the economy and caused a sharp increase in the discontent of the majority of Siberians. In the spring of 1918 Siberia was on the brink of civil war.
Used Books:
History of Siberia. Isupov V.L., Kuznetsov I.S. Part two
History of Siberia. L., 1968. T. Z, second section, chapter 10.
Shornikov M.M. Year seventeen. Novosibirsk, 1967.
Batalov A.N. The struggle of the Bolsheviks for the army in Siberia 1916-February 1918 Novosibirsk, "Nauka" 1978.
In the battles for the power of the Soviets. Collection of memories. Omsk 1957.
In this situation, the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies began to take power in individual cities of Siberia and the Far East. This was expressed in the adoption of appropriate declarations by the councils, and sometimes in the creation of military revolutionary and simply revolutionary committees.
The first steps of the Soviet government (November 1917 - the first half of January 1918) were expressed in the introduction of workers' control over the production and distribution of goods, the creation revolutionary tribunals , demobilization of military personnel of local garrisons. In parallel with the soviets, anti-Bolshevik forces are activated under the leadership of the Socialist-Revolutionaries, the center of which is the Provisional Siberian Regional Council. The dispersal of the Constituent Assembly by the Bolsheviks finally destroyed the possibility of a peaceful resolution of the issue of power by creating a coalition of socialists, including at the regional level. Under the leadership of the Social Revolutionaries, the formation of an anti-Bolshevik armed underground begins. The Cossack detachments of Yesauls were the first to start the armed struggle B.V. Annenkov , G.M. Semenov , A.A. Sotnikova, I.N. Krasilnikov. The country and region were sliding into a state .
Lit.: History of the Far East of Russia. The Far East of Russia during the Revolutions of 1917 and the Civil War. Vladivostok, 2003. Vol. 3, book. 1; Shilovsky M.V. Political processes in Siberia during the social cataclysms of 1917-1920. Novosibirsk, 2003; Kuzmin V.L., Tsipkin Yu.N. Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks in the Far East during the Civil War of 1917-1922. Khabarovsk, 2005.