Did you know that only peasant women used to be tanned? Sunburn has always been a mark of the lower strata of society, and even now among rich people you will not find "chocolates" - this is bad manners and an unacceptable neglect of one's health.

But there are cases when the sun can not only “peasant” and “cheapen” your appearance, but also cause significant harm to health.

Please, carefully study the list of these very cases.

Contraindications to tanning (in the sun and in a solarium):

— All cancers

— Pregnancy(on the sea, theoretically, you can, but sit in the shade)

— It is forbidden children up to 5 years old!!! In the solarium until 18!!

- Phlebeurysm

— All precancerous diseases

- Some female diseases . They, in fact, also belong to precancerous ones, but I specifically put them in a separate paragraph. These are vulvar leukoplakia, kraurosis, cervical polyps, fibroids, cervical leukoplakia, cervical erosion, endometrial glandular hyperplasia, ovarian cystomas.

— Polycystic ovaries and mastopathy.

- Tuberculosis in acute form

— Birthmarks and moles , especially if they are large (by the way, it is they, or rather dysplastic nevi, that most often degenerate into cancer), age spots, purulent rashes, fresh scars and other skin lesions.

— eye diseases associated with damage to the retina, for example, cataracts and operations to remove it in the past.

— Some forms of psoriasis

— Autoimmune diseases : insulin-dependent diabetes, Crohn's disease, multiple sclerosis, lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Graves' disease (hyperthyroidism), Hashimoto's thyroiditis, thyroid insufficiency, autoimmune glomerulonephritis, myasthenia gravis, scleroderma, periarteritis nodosa, gastrointestinal polyposis, nonspecific ulcerative colitis, ankylosing spondylitis , Reiter's disease, some forms of allergies, Addison's disease, chronically active hepatitis.

— Acne. The condition of patients with a mild form of this disease, the sun can improve for a while, in other cases sunbathing is not recommended.

Temporary contraindications to tanning:

They are most often associated with taking drugs - photosensitizers that increase the risk of sunburn. After 1-6 months after the end of their use, you can sunbathe again. Here is a partial list:

— Preparations, containing retinoic acid , tretinoin and retinol. Most often, these are acne treatments and anti-wrinkle creams.

— Antipsoriatic cosmetic preparations, including tar, petroleum products, psoralin.

— Antidepressants , tranquilizers And anticonvulsants drugs: amitriptyline, haloperidol, desipramine, doxipine, imipramine, chlorprothixene, thiothixene, trimethadone, carbamazepine.

— Antimicrobial, antifungal preparations: triclosan (including in soap), chlorhexidine, griseofulvin.

— Antihistamines And antiemetics: promethazine, triprolidine, chlorpheniramine.

— Antibiotics: tetracycline and all its derivatives.

— Antidiabetic drugs that lower blood sugar.

— Diuretic based on chlorthalidone and furosemide.

— Estrogen and progesterone preparations . As you understand, birth control pills also belong to them.

— Phenobarbital: corvalol, valocordin, pyraminal, diafein, theodinal and all barbiturates.

Dyes from decorative cosmetics and medicines: acridine, eosin, erythrosin, methyl violet, methylene blue, red, bengal rose, fluoriscin.

The development of photosensitivity is facilitated by cosmetic preparations containing mercury, phenol, salicylic and boric acids, as well as fragrances and essential oils of bergamot, cedar oil, lavender, lemon, lime, rosemary and sandalwood. They should not be used the day before sun exposure.

Ultraviolet is contraindicated up to 7 days after peeling, and 2 days "before" and "after" epilation.

People with skin of the first phototype should not sunbathe categorically. But they don't suspect it.

Let me remind you that this type includes people with dazzling white, transparent skin, most often fair-haired or redheaded with freckles and blue eyes. The skin of such people practically does not produce melanin, which means that it does not tan, but blushes in the sun. But they don’t give up so easily, but are fried in the sun all the way, until they burn. As a result, it is among them that the number of patients with skin cancer rolls over.

Once again, for those who did not read carefully. Dear girls, if you have erosion, mastopathy, endometriosis, polycystosis, polyps in the uterus or you are pregnant, you can’t sunbathe, which means going on vacation to hot countries. The sun can just kill you!

And about what will happen if you sunbathe in the presence of contraindications, I will tell you very soon.

Chronic fatigue and painful pallor do not always indicate only overwork. If a feeling of chilliness, increased drowsiness, weakness and periodic dizziness are added to these signs, it is imperative to check the hemoglobin level in the blood. The disappointing conclusions of the WHO indicate that almost half of the women on the planet lack iron in the body, often without realizing it because of the erased clinical picture. What to do when iron deficiency is detected, why are females at risk, and is it possible to avoid dangerous changes in blood composition? Let's try to find out with the help of leading experts.

"Female" pathology

In a huge group of various blood diseases, the state of iron deficiency anemia occupies a significant place. It is characterized by a decrease in the permissible level of hemoglobin, which is responsible for transporting oxygen to the tissues. The process of its production is disturbed, as a result of which the body begins to gradually "suffocate", and oxygen deficiency is manifested by the above signs. There are only three reasons for the onset of the disease: insufficient intake of iron in the body, its poor absorption, and blood loss.

It would be a mistake to say that only women suffer from anemia, as anemia is often called - iron deficiency can be found in adults and children of any gender. However, it is women of childbearing age who are at risk due to the characteristics of their body. Iron deficiency can occur during pregnancy, breastfeeding, heavy menstruation and childbirth, accompanied by blood loss. Fans of all kinds of diets, vegetarians, donors are also at risk.

Iron can only be ingested with food, the required daily dose varies in the range of 15–30 mg. However, its digestibility from different products is not the same. The leaders in supplying the body with an important trace element are the liver, meat, and seafood. The predominance of dairy products in the menu can play a cruel joke: the calcium contained in them is categorically against the active intake of iron into the body. Long-term lactic acid and vegetable diets simply exclude a sufficient supply of the element necessary for the production of hemoglobin.

Approximately 80-90% of people suffering from anemia, a decrease in hemoglobin levels signals the presence of diseases - oncological, gastrointestinal, bronchopulmonary, renal. Therefore, persistent changes in blood composition, confirmed by laboratory tests, should alert. The discovery of anemia is a good reason to start treating the culprit disease that caused this condition and its unpleasant symptoms.

Iron deficiency -signs and diagnosis

For a long time, the body adapts to the gradually increasing lack of iron and tries to cope with the problem on its own. However, the emerging symptoms indicate that his strength is running out. As the disease develops, its symptoms worsen:

• constant fatigue for no apparent reason;
• the appearance of painful sores in the corners of the mouth;
• fragility of nails and lifelessness of hair;
• chilliness of the limbs;
• dizziness, increased heart rate, shortness of breath, conspicuous pallor;
• inexplicable pleasure from inhaling the smell of gasoline or paint.

Even the presence of all these signs should not prompt you to urgently run to the pharmacy: only laboratory blood tests can confirm or refute the diagnosis. You will need to pass biochemical and general tests, a hemoglobin level below 115-120 g / l may indicate a problem. However, often the analysis does not reveal changes in the composition of the blood, and unpleasant symptoms still persist. This is usually characteristic of the initial stage of the disease, and the detection of a reduced level of proteins responsible for the delivery of iron inside the body, ferritin, transferrin, helps to confirm its presence. It is also important to accurately determine the concentration of iron in plasma or serum. If anemia is detected, an additional examination is necessary to identify the causes of its occurrence.

Can anemia be cured?

If the diagnosis is confirmed by laboratory tests, it will no longer be possible to cope with the problem using a special menu. Even the most "ferrous" products are not able to provide the dose of 100 mg necessary for treatment, and sometimes even higher. After the examination, the doctor recommends effective drugs that, for better absorption of the microelement, are recommended to be taken in combination with ascorbic acid in the form of apple or orange juice. If you are taking any medications, be sure to inform your doctor: some of them may be incompatible with iron preparations.

Within a month and a half after the start of treatment, the symptoms gradually disappear. But this does not mean that the body has coped with the problem, the course of treatment is usually from 3 to 6 months. Regular blood tests help to monitor its course and, in the absence of positive changes, adjust therapy. If after a month the hemoglobin level has not increased, an additional examination may be required. It is possible that the body simply does not absorb iron, and it is necessary to find out the cause of the anomaly.

How effective is prevention?

Buckwheat, meat, apples, sesame are real pantries of iron, and a balanced diet can reduce the risk of anemia to a minimum. But only if folic acid and vitamin C are present in the body in sufficient quantities, which contribute to the full absorption of iron. For lovers of coffee and tea, the process becomes more complicated: these drinks significantly interfere with the absorption of the microelement. Dairy products are also unfavorable to iron, so buckwheat porridge with milk will not saturate the body with iron.

WHO experts advise not to rely on the action of a well-thought-out diet, but to conduct an annual prophylactic course of taking iron supplements for 3 months. For women of childbearing age (15–49 years), the daily dose should be at least 30–60 mg. If you choose mineral-vitamin complexes on your own, carefully study and follow the instructions for their use, sometimes the regimen and dose may change in the first days of admission.

Not only iron deficiency can cause anemia

Different types of anemia are usually classified according to their causes. In addition to the iron deficiency form, there are often:

• hemolytic - abnormally accelerated destruction of red blood cells by the body, an imbalance in their formation and destruction;
• aplastic - a decrease in the number of red blood cells under the influence of toxins;
• sideroblastic - acquired or hereditary pathology, which is characterized by a decrease in the concentration of iron in red blood cells;
• B 12 -deficient - occurs against the background of a chronic lack of this important vitamin for the body. Often accompanies diseases of the gastrointestinal tract;
• posthemorrhagic - an acute or chronic condition associated with bleeding. The first type occurs after a one-time blood loss and a significant decrease in blood volume during uterine bleeding, childbirth, ectopic pregnancy, damage to the walls of large blood vessels. As a result of the development of a sharp oxygen starvation due to a decrease in the number of red blood cells, blood loss is manifested by darkening in the eyes, loss of consciousness, and severe pallor. In severe cases, urgent blood transfusion is indicated. The chronic form is typical for diseases with not too abundant, but fairly frequent blood loss. This type of anemia develops with hemorrhoids, cancer, stomach ulcers and some other ailments.

Many chronic diseases can be accompanied by the presence of anemia and most of its symptoms. Infections and inflammatory processes occurring in various organs invariably lead to a decrease in the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The number of blood cells depends on the stage of the chronic disease, its severity and duration. It is almost impossible to influence this form of anemia, iron preparations are powerless here, and prevention against the background of the underlying disease does not bring the desired result. To get rid of anemia, one should act on the cause of its appearance, therefore, one cannot do without successful treatment of a chronic illness.

Maria Soboleva

What diseases can the sun cause?

Light and heat are priceless gifts of the sun, the source of all life. There is even a special treatment, called heliotherapy.But everything useful has reasonable limits, and the sun, as a medicine, must be used in doses. Some sunbathing is completely dangerous. Who shouldn't sunbathe? What diseases can cause a heavenly body, how to avoid them - find out more from our article.

About the benefits of sunlight

Warm gentle rays strengthen our immunity, help the body resist all sorts of ailments, increase vitality, improve metabolism. The sun is also an excellent antidepressant.

What about vitamin D, which is indispensable in the body? It is produced precisely under the influence of the luminary, it is needed for a full-fledged phosphorus-calcium metabolism. Vitamin is responsible for strengthening our muscles, makes strong bone tissue and tooth enamel, affects blood circulation (normalizes blood pressure), fights fatigue.

Other benefits of solar exposure:

• lowers cholesterol;

• treats skin diseases (acne, eczema, psoriasis);

• promotes the synthesis of protein, hormones, enzymes;

• kills viruses and bacteria;

• hardens the body;

• helps in the treatment of diseases of the musculoskeletal system;

• gives a nice glow!

So, let's go sunbathing together, shall we? Are we basking in plenty under the gentle rays, are we actively treating our diseases? But it's not so simple.

To whom the sun is not a friend

There are many who should be wary of the open sun. The list of contraindications is not small. Perhaps you did not imagine that some diseases would deprive you of the opportunity to sunbathe in plenty.

Sunbathing is contraindicated in:

• tuberculosis;

• oncological diseases;

• benign neoplasms;

• hypertension II and III degrees;

• endocrine diseases (adrenal glands, thyroid gland);

• pregnancy (sunbathing only in the shade!);

• a number of women's problems (polyps and erosion of the cervix, fibroids, ovarian cystoma, polycystic ovaries, mastopathy);

• systemic lupus erythematosus;

• insulin dependent diabetes;

• predisposition to melanoma;

• vitiligo;

• neuropsychiatric diseases.

The sun provokes an exacerbation of these diseases, causes a deterioration in well-being, in some cases (oncology, lupus, tuberculosis) there is a high risk of further development of diseases with serious consequences.

Do not sunbathe children under 3 years. For the time being, sunbathing in the shade is quite enough for the little ones, where the exposure to sunlight is quite gentle.

The owners of light skin that does not produce melanin often behave carelessly - blondes and redheads. They will never achieve a bronze tan, but getting burned and getting bad diseases is easy. Melanoma, for example, is 10 times more common in them than in blacks.

It turns out that many drugs increase the risk of sunburn, they make the skin hypersensitive. These include:

• antibiotics;

• antihistamines;

• antidepressants;

• antifungal drugs;

• medicines for diabetes;

• diuretics;

• antihypertensive drugs (lowering blood pressure);

• non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs;

• cosmetics containing phenol, mercury, boric acid, retinoids;

• essential oils.

There may be reactions in the form of pigmentation, itching, redness, rash, blisters, possibly exacerbation of herpes, acne, psoriasis. Avoid prolonged exposure to the sun while you are taking these medications.

What else should be feared, staying under the warm rays?

Sunburn

Perhaps the most common consequence that a person faces while in the sun.

It's amazing how cruel we are sometimes to our skin, trying to make it change color from pale to bronze in a couple of days.

Active ultraviolet radiation burns the top layer of the skin, which initially causes a feeling of tightness, redness, blisters. It is painful to touch the affected area, the person is shivering, the body temperature rises.

There are also stronger manifestations - a drop in blood pressure, weakness, loss of orientation in space.

Help with sunburn

Feeling that your skin gives an SOS signal, hide from direct sunlight. Better indoors, if this is not possible, wear clothing that transmits ultraviolet to a minimum. You can cover yourself with a towel soaked in cold water.

Cools the skin and relieves the feeling of pain in a cool shower or bath. But try not to damage the already affected covers with a strong jet of water.

In the case of mild burns, folk remedies do well: kefir, sour cream, sour milk, aloe juice, cucumber and watermelon juice lotion, grated raw potatoes, decoctions of chamomile, calendula or St. John's wort.


Of the drugs in the treatment of sunburn, panthenol and solcoseryl have proven themselves well.

To endure the pain of a burn is hardly appropriate. It is better to take paracetamol, tempalgin, ibuprofen, aspirin. Edema will be removed by antihistamines (diazolin, claritin).

In no case should alcohol-containing products, fatty creams be applied to burned skin. This will only increase the damage.

Sunstroke

You should be wary of being in the active sun for too long without a hat. Under the strong rays of the sun, the blood vessels dilate, the blood rushes to the head, and then the consequences are extremely unpleasant.


A person feels a sharp weakness, headache, pupils dilate, darkens in the eyes (possible nosebleed). The pulse quickens, the temperature rises (even up to 40 degrees), convulsions, nausea, vomiting and loss of consciousness are possible.

Young children, the elderly, those who suffer from hypertension, ischemia, overweight, and also those who abuse alcohol are more at risk of getting sunstroke.

The help of a doctor in such cases is required!

Usually, treatment for sunstroke will require several days of bed rest, the necessary procedures will be prescribed by the doctor. And the preventive measures are:

• if possible, try not to be in the sun at the peak of its activity;

• wear a hat, use an umbrella;

• choose clothes made from natural breathable fabrics in light colors;

• drink plenty of fluids (at least 2 liters) - water, kvass, fruit drink, tea;

• do not overeat, refrain from alcohol;

• do not sunbathe between 11 am and 4 pm.

Photodermatosis

Simply put, it is an allergy to the sun. The cause of the disease is the increased sensitivity of the skin to the rays of the sun. And this is not at all uncommon, about 20% of people in the world know about it firsthand.


Sunlight itself does not cause allergies. It simply provokes the accumulation of allergens in the body. Ultraviolet rays interact with substances on the skin (we are talking about exogenous photodermatosis) or contained in the skin (endogenous photodermatitis).

If a person has excellent health (a rarity, of course!), He does not have any allergies to the sun. But endocrine disorders, beriberi, diseases of the kidneys, liver should alert you. Sun allergies also occur in pregnant women.

Photodermatosis is manifested by extremely unpleasant symptoms:

• redness, inflammation, peeling of the skin;

• severe itching, burning;

• skin rashes;

• swelling of mucous membranes.

A few hours after exposure to the sun, these symptoms begin to appear, there is a more delayed reaction: from 18 to 72 hours. People who are particularly sensitive may also face such problems: bronchospasm, low blood pressure, loss of consciousness.

Who should be more afraid of the risk of developing an allergy to the sun? There are many of them: fair-skinned people, pregnant women, suffering from dermatitis, having relatives prone to solar allergies, lovers of solariums, tattooing, chemical peeling.

Prevention of photodermatosis

Active sun (from 11 am to 4 pm) is contraindicated for you.

Take sunbathing in the saving shade of trees, an umbrella or an awning.

Protect your skin from direct rays - be sure to wear a hat, and clothes should be light and light, made of natural fabrics, with long sleeves.

Sunscreens choose well-known, trusted brands with a high degree of photoprotection. Apply them to your skin every two hours. The cream should contain protection against UVB rays and UVA rays (provoking photodermatosis).

Do not use deodorants, perfumes, aromatic oils.

Best of all, knowing your predisposition to sun allergies, consult a doctor. He will help assess the risks, give you individual recommendations and help you establish the right relationship with the heavenly body. After all, whatever one may say, there is no life without the sun. Taking precautions, you can also sunbathe.

What other diseases should be feared, being in the sun for a long time?

Skin Cancer Risk

Too much ultraviolet light and previous sunburn can lead to various types of skin cancer. According to statistics, 50-90% of these diseases are the result of the harmful effects of the sun.

In recent years, cases of melanoma, a very aggressive cancer that threatens the life of the patient, have become more frequent. Melanoma is one of the most dangerous tumors. If we count all cases of death from various types of skin cancer, then melanoma accounts for 80%.

But this malignant neoplasm is easier to prevent, its primary manifestations can be seen visually: changes in the shape and color of moles, the appearance of scaly spots, any neoplasms.

Carefully monitor your skin, follow the rules of safe exposure to the sun and then the risk of getting melanoma will be minimized.

Who should be especially careful:

• those who have freckles;

• having light skin;

• spending a lot of time outdoors;

• who received severe sunburn in childhood;

• people with family history of skin cancer.

Danger of eye diseases

Being in the sun, you should be wary of dry eye syndrome. Our "mirrors of the soul" begin to hurt, dryness, burning sensation, fatigue occurs. And yet - the feeling of a foreign body. In addition to discomfort, there is a threat of vision loss.


UV rays can cause cataracts - a clouding of the lens that threatens a person with blindness. If flies flash before your eyes, objects double or appear yellow, urgently see an ophthalmologist.

You should also be wary of photokeratitis - a severe sunburn that damages the cornea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe eye. You can earn it in just 20 minutes of being in the sun. And not only from direct sunlight, but also from reflected ones - from water, snow, the surface of the earth.

Ultraviolet light can also cause conjunctivitis - inflammation of the conjunctiva. It is also accompanied by pain and negatively affects our vision.

Photokeratitis and conjunctivitis can be prevented by wearing sunglasses with a high UV-A and UV-B protection of at least 400 units. A wide-brimmed hat will partially protect your eyes.

But for the purpose of maximum effect, some experts advise wearing lenses with an ultraviolet filter.

Photoaging

All excesses are fraught with negative consequences. So the skin suffers from excessive exposure to the sun - its upper layer is damaged, changes occur that are characteristic of old age.

In fairly young women, dry skin, its thinning, wrinkles, vascular changes, and redness are observed. Freckles, various spots (chloasma, lentigo) appear.

Everyone is aging, but why do you need to speed up this process by 10-15 years with your own hands? Take care of your skin, use special sunscreens (preferably with a protection factor (SPF) of 30+ or ​​more).

Let's use the healing power of the sun wisely. After all, sunburn is not an end in itself, more important is the benefit of sunlight for the whole organism. Experts say that spending 15 minutes in the sun several times a week without using a protective cream is an excellent way to improve health. Use the life-giving power of our luminary for your own benefit.

Take it, tell your friends!

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What is dangerous anemia and what are its consequences? This question is asked by many people who are faced with pale skin and weakness. is a common disease that, at first glance, does not pose a danger. In fact, with anemia, a fatal outcome is also possible. Therefore, it is necessary to pay attention to the symptoms of the disease in a timely manner and identify the cause of the occurrence.

Why is anemia dangerous?

In the blood fluid of the human body there are platelets, leukocytes and erythrocytes that perform certain functions. Anemia is characterized by pathological disorders in the blood cells (erythrocyte cells), which in turn consist of an important substance - hemoglobin. It gives not only a red color, but is also responsible for gas exchange (saturates the internal organs with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide). With a lack of hemoglobin, anemia develops. Hemoglobin contains iron-containing and protein parts, with a deficiency of which the substance is not produced in sufficient quantities. Thus, the whole danger lies in a decrease in the level of red blood cells, which leads to the development of diseases of many body systems.

Anemia is more related to a female disease, since in men it manifests itself only in 10 cases out of 100. Based on statistics, every fourth inhabitant of the globe suffers from anemia. This is especially true for pregnant women.

The Living Healthy program takes a detailed look at the causes of low hemoglobin levels and offers 3 interesting tests. You can see it in the presented video.

With untimely detection and treatment of anemia, irreversible processes occur, leading to serious pathological diseases. This is facilitated by a decrease in the level of hemoglobin, which weakens the immune system, that is, the protective functions of the body are lost. And this leads to frequent infection with viruses, bacteria and other harmful microorganisms.

At the same time, the body starts compensatory functions, which enhances the work of the heart and circulatory system. Frequent contractions of the heart muscle lead to tissue wear, which causes heart failure. Against the background of a weakened body, the patient becomes overly irritable, an imbalance of the psycho-emotional background is detected, and pathologies of a neurological nature develop. In addition, concentration of attention, memory are disturbed, smell and taste change, the structure of the skin and all mucous membranes is deformed.

Possible Complications:

• decreased immunity and, as a result, frequent morbidity;
• heart palpitations lead to strong loads, as a result of which diseases of the cardiovascular system develop;
• during pregnancy there is a risk of miscarriage, and the fetus stops developing;
• growth and mental development stops in childhood;
• pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract, visual apparatus, and respiratory system develop;
• hypoxic coma occurs, which is dangerous for death. More details about anemic coma - this is one of the types of hypoxic coma.

Consequences of anemia 3 degrees

Anemia has three main degrees of severity. The 3rd is considered the most difficult. In a healthy person, the hemoglobin level should be equal to 120-180 g / l, with the 3rd degree - only 70 g / l. And this condition is already life-threatening for the patient, as the functionality of almost all body systems is impaired. The most severe consequences for anemia of the 3rd degree:

• cardiogenic shock;
• acute renal failure;
• blood loss;
• heart failure and subsequent stroke, heart attack and so on.

With advanced 3rd degree of anemia, there is a high percentage of the risk of death, so it is important to contact the clinic for an examination and detection of pathology at the slightest suspicion of anemia.

The consequences of anemia for women

The consequences of anemia in women are associated with organs that are considered sensitive to oxygen starvation. So, the following comes up:

• Violation of digestion and damage to the mucous organs of the gastrointestinal tract.
• Deterioration of the excretory and detoxifying properties of the renal system and liver.
• Pathological changes in the central nervous system, heart, blood vessels.
• The reproductive system of a woman and the genitourinary system are affected against the background of frequent infection.
• The condition of the hair follicles, the nail plate worsens.
• The structure of the mucous membranes and teeth changes.
• Skin diseases appear.

Causes of anemia

In medicine, there are only 3 main reasons for the development of anemia - the loss of a large amount of blood, the rapid breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis) and a decrease in the production of blood cells. However, there are factors that influence the causes of occurrence:

1. Genetic abnormalities:

• violations of the production of erythrocytes of congenital form;
• abnormal structure of cells (erythrocytes);
• spherocytosis;
• Bassen-Kronzweig syndrome;
• enzymatic abnormalities.

2. Disturbed nutrition:

• frequent strict diets;
• lack of a balanced diet, which leads to a deficiency of vitamin C, B, trace elements (iron, folic acid, etc.).

3. Impact of chronic diseases:

• pathology of the renal and cardiovascular systems;
• liver disease;
• disorders in the autoimmune apparatus;
• benign and malignant neoplasms.

4. The presence of infectious pathologies:

• hepatitis virus;
• malaria pathogens;
• cytomegalovirus;
• toxoplasmosis;
• obstructive bronchitis;
• tuberculosis bacillus.

Another important factor leading to the development of anemia is intoxication of the body (through pesticides and medications) and injury (burns, frostbite, fractures).

General symptoms of anemia for any age and gender:

• pallor of the skin and lips, further cyanosis;
• weakness and fatigue;
• shortness of breath with little physical activity;
• cramps and numbness in the limbs;
• fragility and delamination of nails, hair loss;
• plaque and cracks in the corners of the lips;
• trembling of the limbs and a change in taste, smell;
• pain in the digestive tract;
• dryness and cracking of the skin (in particular on the shins and hands).

In adults and in old age:

• dizziness, fainting, loss of consciousness;
• sensations of tinnitus, headache and insomnia;
• violation or cessation of the menstrual cycle in women;
• weakening of potency in men;
• aversion to food, as a result of which anorexia develops;
• increased angina pectoris, dementia.

IN childhood the following is attached:

• loss of interest in learning, as concentration decreases and memory deteriorates;
• lethargy in games;
• increased bleeding in the gums;
• lagging behind in physical and mental development;
• disproportionate appearance.

Anemia in newborns and adolescents

Newborns are also anemic. This is due primarily to the presence of anemia in the mother. This often happens with a careless attitude to one's own health during pregnancy. Usually the disease is diagnosed immediately after birth. With untimely treatment, the disease turns into severe childhood anemia. There are features of childhood anemia. The child begins to intensively chew on paper (most often printed), chalk, sand and even earth. In addition, children prefer specific smells. For example, paints, acetone, glue and the like.

For childhood and adolescence, oppression of the heart and vascular system is characteristic, which is manifested by irregular breathing, rapid heartbeat, and changes in blood pressure. Metabolism is disturbed in all tissues and cells, the child suffers from jaundice and frequent catarrhal pathologies.

Learn about the features of anemia in childhood from this video in Dr. Komarovsky's program.

Anemia in pregnancy

During pregnancy, a woman's body requires more vitamins and minerals, since useful substances enter not only into her internal systems, but also to the fetus. Therefore, almost all pregnant women suffer from. If this is the 1st degree (light), then it will be enough to follow a certain diet, which includes a number of necessary substances. But in more severe forms, drug therapy will be required, which can negatively affect the development of the unborn child. Read more about anemia during pregnancy -.

Feature - with a mild form of anemia, only the mother's body suffers, since all the nutrients in the required amount are supplied to the child.

During pregnancy, the following unpleasant consequences can join:

• varicose veins and thrombosis;
• the threat of miscarriage and bleeding;
• harm to the unborn child: anemia, mental and physical underdevelopment, lack of immunity, frequent morbidity after birth.

A huge number of people suffer from anemia, but not every person knows about it, which leads to the development of many pathological abnormalities. Therefore, it is extremely important to visit doctors periodically and take appropriate blood tests to determine the level of red blood cells. In the early stages of the disease, getting rid of anemia is much easier than with a severe course of the disease.

I do not want to scare, but at the present stage, medical science can not always cope with anemia and its complications.

The most familiar form of the disease is posthemorrhagic anemia, which occurs with bleeding. Loss of circulating blood volume of 1 liter or more can lead to shock with reflex spasm and thrombosis of small arterial branches. The condition can cause a violation of the blood supply to the brain, heart, renal arterioles.

Consider the degree of danger, based on the pathological processes in the human body caused by anemia in different periods of life.

How to deal with hypoxia?

All forms of anemia have one thing in common - they can lead to a condition called tissue hypoxia or oxygen starvation. In this case, the vital organs, which normally consume the maximum amount of energy for their work, will suffer the most. Because cells need oxygen to get calories.

Oxygen deficiency in the absence of treatment leads first to a reversible suspension of the functioning of all metabolic processes, and in the final stage to irreversible consequences.

A person with hypoxia constantly needs additional oxygen, but with anemia it is not absorbed

Hypoxia threatens the heart, blocks the work of liver cells and kidney filtration, accumulates under-oxidized products, toxins and components in muscles and tissues that poison the brain.

Hypoxic coma in a severe stage causes encephalopathy with loss of neuronal function. The consequences are irreversible and lead to death. In the development of anemia, an important role is played not only by the lack of oxygen, but also by deficient conditions.

Can you live without iron?

The proportion of iron deficiency anemia in the total incidence of anemia reaches 90%. About 2/3 of all iron supplied with food is spent on the synthesis of heme, part of the protein-mineral compound of hemoglobin. Another third goes to the formation of enzymes necessary for the liver. The reserves of the body are small.

The iron deficiency state at first disrupts a person's ability to work, reduces attention, and in a severe stage leads to an anemic coma.

What does a lack of vitamin B 12 and folic acid lead to?

Deficiency in the body of vitamin B 12 and folic acid lead to impaired DNA synthesis in blood cells, difficulty in their division, destruction of the myelin sheath of nerve fibers. Patients experience the following serious consequences:

• change in the psyche;
• hallucinations and delusions;
• decreased motor activity;
• liver dysfunction.

Anemia is complicated by bleeding, memory impairment, decreased skin sensitivity.

How do hereditary anemias behave?

Aplastic, or sickle cell, anemia is inherited. Associated with improper synthesis of the protein part of hemoglobin. Accompanied by severe hemolytic crises that occur with a clinic of thrombosis of the vessels of the brain and heart, a sharp violation of liver function, and acute trophic ulcers.

Diseases are caused by altered DNA structure of genes

In most cases of aplastic anemia, the causes are still unknown. Genetic changes are very difficult to diagnose, and the disease is difficult, because it is associated with the destruction of hematopoiesis. The disease is dangerous if inherited by offspring. Therefore, before conception, future parents should consult with geneticists.

For patients, any infection is a significant danger. Against the background of anemia, it quickly leads to sepsis and death.

Dangers for the expectant mother

For women of childbearing age who want to have healthy offspring, it is necessary to take into account the likelihood of complications during pregnancy against the background of anemia and the degree of threat to the health of the expectant mother.

Anemia is expected in the second and third trimester. It is associated with the physiological development of the placental circulation. If abnormal blood counts are detected, a correction is made with a diet, drugs that are safe for the mother and fetus.

Complications of untreated anemia can include:

• miscarriage or premature birth;
• severe toxicosis;
• placental abruption and bleeding;
• weakening of labor activity.

In the postpartum period, the mother is threatened by the lack of milk or its lack.

What threatens anemia to the fetus?

Maternal anemia transmits a mandatory threat to the fetus. The hypoxic state contributes to the disruption of the intrauterine formation of internal organs. Thus subsequently there are children with congenital defects.

Premature birth contributes to the birth of a baby with developmental delay, unprepared for self-feeding and breathing

Nursing premature babies requires complete isolation, sterility. The most terrible complication is the birth of a stillborn child.

How is the child's development affected?

Hereditary anemia is detected in a child at an early age, often accompanied by congenital developmental anomalies. The life of a child depends entirely on the possibilities of bone marrow transplantation, protection from infection.

For children of early school age, anemia is associated with:

• reduced academic performance;
• lack of proper attention in the classroom;
• drowsiness.

Should an adult be afraid of anemia?

Anemia, with all its problems, is among the risk factors for many diseases. A constant lack of oxygen, blocking the necessary enzymes enhance the process of ischemia of the tissues of the heart and brain. This means a greater likelihood of developing myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke by the age of 50. Anemia not only does not interfere, but also stimulates the atherosclerotic process with all the consequences in the form of:

• thrombosis of vessels with atherosclerotic plaques;
• embolism in arteries and veins;
• development of infarcts of internal organs.

At an older age, a patient with anemia practically already has diffuse foci of cardiosclerosis, complicated by heart rhythm disturbance, interruption of conduction.

Treatment and rehabilitation of a patient with acute coronary pathology and stroke is significantly more difficult if he has chronic anemia. Cells in ischemic tissue die faster, collateral vessels do not have the necessary capacity for additional blood circulation. The general insufficiency of blood circulation is quickly formed.

The decrease in the functional activity of liver cells is actively included in the chain of pathology of the gastrointestinal organs. Disruption of food processing, absorption of drugs. It is difficult for such a patient to choose the optimal dose of the desired medication, signs of an overdose often appear.

Lack of oxygen in the neurons of the brain leads to early signs of old age, reduced memory and mental abilities. Anemia without treatment is terrible with consequences, a tendency to other chronic diseases.

How can you be an optimist

It is reassuring that severe complications develop only in the absence of timely treatment or anemia of unknown origin. A timely serious attitude to the identified changes in the blood test allows you to treat and eliminate the cause with the help of a diet, giving up bad habits, and removing intoxication.

The danger of anemic manifestations should be prevented in the early stages. Then you can count on the "postponement" of old age, frequent respiratory diseases, which makes it possible to enjoy life.

I have anemia - hemoglobin constantly reaches 30, only my hemoglobin will be raised to the norm of 130 hemoglobin, and after two or three months it drops again to such an extent that I fall out of the blue, that I break my arm, and my mother simply does not believe it .

You need to see a hematologist. Aplastic anemia is possible.

Hello! My hemoglobin was 130, and it dropped to 90, I'm 42 years old, the doctors approved the diagnosis for women, that is, gynecology, so I'm trying to restore with the help of ferumlek chewable tablets, but also nutrition, I pierced vitamin B6, and I want to constantly eat chalk, just strength no resist and fight! Tell me advice, how else can I strengthen the iron?

Good afternoon I want chalk, because when taking iron, calcium is poorly absorbed, and so when I treat acute anemia with iron, osteochondrosis begins to appear after 2-3 weeks.

Hello. I have iron deficiency anemia, blood iron is 0.0, hemoglobin is 60. What should I do?

Good afternoon With such hemoglobin, I inject myself with ferrumlek in ampoules of 5 ml, hemoglobin grows faster and there are fewer side effects.

I’m bleeding from the back of my body, well, not in large quantities, I had dizziness and nausea, but I haven’t fainted yet, what should I do?

Is iron deficiency anemia dangerous and how can it be cured

Iron deficiency anemia is a condition in which a deficiency of red blood cells is created in the blood, carrying oxygen to all organs and tissues.

As the name suggests, iron deficiency anemia occurs when there is a deficiency of iron in the blood. And since, without a sufficient amount of iron, our body cannot reproduce an adequate number of red blood cells, a person feels, in these conditions, tired and sick.

At the initial stage, the manifestations of iron deficiency anemia can be so insignificant that the patient does not pay any attention to them, attributing malaise, fatigue. However, over time, iron deficiency becomes more pronounced, the manifestations are stronger, and the patient's condition is getting worse.

Symptoms

1. Dyspnea.
2. Chest pain.
3. Frequent infections.
4. Headache.
5. Constantly cold hands and feet.
6. Inflammation or soreness of the tongue.
7. Weakness.
8. Brittle nails.
9. Extreme fatigue.
10. Palpitation.
11. Craving to eat something inedible (ice, mud, starch, etc.).
12. Poor appetite, especially in infants and children.
13. Pale skin.
14. Dizziness.
15. Unpleasant tingling and feeling "as if something is crawling" in the legs.

Causes

Everyone knows that hemoglobin is nothing more than a certain part of the red blood cells, because of which they just have a red color, and it is hemoglobin that allows red blood cells to nourish the body with oxygen.

Iron deficiency anemia develops when the body, for some reason, does not get or cannot store enough iron to produce hemoglobin.

The main causes of low hemoglobin and iron deficiency in the blood:

Bleeding. It is clear that if iron is contained in the blood, then the loss of a certain amount of blood will lead to the loss of iron, and as a result of this, to a decrease in hemoglobin. For example, women with heavy periods may be at risk of developing iron deficiency anemia. People who suffer from mild but chronic bleeding due to peptic ulcers, hiatal hernia, colon polyps, or colorectal cancer are also at a similar risk. Some medications (such as aspirin) can lead to gastrointestinal bleeding, with all the ensuing consequences.

Lack of iron in the diet. The body regularly receives iron from food. If a person consumes too little iron-containing foods, they will develop iron deficiency anemia over time.

The inability of the body to absorb iron. In the small intestine, iron is separated from food and absorbed into the blood. Some intestinal disorders, and especially celiac disease, affect the ability of the intestine to absorb nutrients from digested food, which clearly leads to iron deficiency. In addition to diseases, some surgical interventions, especially surgery to remove part of the small intestine, can cause this effect.

Pregnancy. Since during pregnancy, a woman becomes a source of hemoglobin for a growing fetus, her body, without certain iron supplements, can weaken, resulting in iron deficiency anemia.

Risk factors

Groups of people prone to such a painful condition as low hemoglobin and iron deficiency anemia:

Mild cases of iron deficiency anemia are successfully treated and do not cause complications. But if you do not pay attention and do not treat even the most, at first glance, harmless and not causing any particular inconvenience, anemia, then you can earn serious complications, for example:

Heart problems. Due to low hemoglobin, the patient's blood is poorly supplied with oxygen and this causes oxygen starvation of all body systems. The heart, in order to compensate for this deficiency, begins to pump more blood, as a result of which it is overloaded and increases in size. And this is a sure way to vascular heart failure, cardiomyopathy, hypotension and even aneurysm.

premature birth. If a pregnant woman develops iron deficiency anemia, she is more likely to have a premature birth. However, such a nuisance can be prevented by prescribing iron preparations to the expectant mother.

Growing pains. In infants and children, iron deficiency in the blood leads to growth and developmental delay. They also become more susceptible to infections, which means they often get sick.

Diagnostics

To diagnose iron deficiency anemia, the following blood tests are performed:

• Determination of the size of red blood cells and their color. With a lack of iron, red blood cells are small and paler than usual.
• Measurement of hematocrit. The percentage of red blood cells in the total blood volume is set. Good indicators for women are 34.9 to 44.5, for men - 38.8 to 50. Depending on age and occupation, indicators may vary.
• Hemoglobin. If the hemoglobin is below normal, then iron deficiency anemia is diagnosed. The norm for men is 13.5 - 17.5 g / l, for women 12.0, - 15.5 g / l. For children, the hemoglobin rate is determined by the age and gender of the child.
• ferritin level. The protein ferritin stores iron in the blood. A low ferritin level means that there is not enough iron in the body.

Additional diagnostic tests

If blood tests have shown that a person suffers from iron deficiency anemia, the doctor will definitely prescribe an additional examination in order to find out the cause of the ailment.

Typically, procedures such as:

1. Endoscopy. The procedure is carried out as follows - a thin tube equipped with a video camera is inserted through the mouth into the stomach. During the introduction, the doctor determines whether there are sources of bleeding in the examined organs (ulcers, tears, cracks, etc.)
2. Rectoscopy. To be sure that the patient does not lose blood through the intestines, a rectoscopy is recommended. A thin, flexible tube equipped with a video camera is inserted into the rectum and guided towards the large intestine. Most often, this examination is performed under light anesthesia. Rectoscopy is a very good way to examine the colon and rectum, giving an exhaustive answer - whether there is internal bleeding or not.
3. Ultrasound. Women suffering from heavy periods are prescribed an ultrasound of the pelvic organs, this is done in order to determine the cause of abnormal menstruation.

Treatment

After determining the cause that caused iron deficiency anemia, measures are prescribed to eliminate it, and in parallel with this, iron deficiency anemia itself is treated.

1. These drugs should not be taken after medications that relieve the feeling of heartburn.
2. It is better to drink iron-containing medicines on an empty stomach, but if this causes discomfort in the epigastrium, then they can be taken immediately after a meal.
3. Iron preparations, which include vitamin C, are absorbed better.

1. These drugs cause dark stools and constipation.
2. Iron deficiency anemia cannot be cured overnight. Most often, in order to fully restore the "reserves" of iron in the blood, you will have to be treated for several months, or even more than a year. Usually, the first signs of improvement in the condition occur a week after the start of therapeutic measures.

Prevention of anemia

In order to prevent the development of iron deficiency anemia, you should eat foods rich in iron.

List of foods high in iron

1. Offal.
2. Pork.
3. Chicken, turkey meat.
4. Seafood.
5. Beans.
6. Dark green leafy vegetables such as spinach.
7. Dried fruits such as raisins and apricots.
8. Vitaminized cereals, bread and pasta.
9. Peas.

If you add foods rich in vitamin C to the diet, then the treatment will go faster.

Products with a high content of ascorbic acid:

Note. To treat iron deficiency anemia in infants, only a doctor can.

Consequences of anemia

Why is anemia dangerous?

In the blood fluid of the human body there are platelets, leukocytes and erythrocytes that perform certain functions. Anemia is characterized by pathological disorders in the blood cells (erythrocyte cells), which in turn consist of an important substance - hemoglobin. It gives not only a red color, but is also responsible for gas exchange (saturates the internal organs with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide). With a lack of hemoglobin, anemia develops. Hemoglobin contains iron-containing and protein parts, with a deficiency of which the substance is not produced in sufficient quantities. Thus, the whole danger lies in a decrease in the level of red blood cells, which leads to the development of diseases of many body systems.

The Living Healthy program takes a detailed look at the causes of low hemoglobin levels and offers 3 interesting tests. You can see it in the presented video.

Consequences of anemia

With untimely detection and treatment of anemia, irreversible processes occur, leading to serious pathological diseases. This is facilitated by a decrease in the level of hemoglobin, which weakens the immune system, that is, the protective functions of the body are lost. And this leads to frequent infection with viruses, bacteria and other harmful microorganisms.

• decreased immunity and, as a result, frequent morbidity;

Consequences of anemia 3 degrees

Anemia has three main degrees of severity. The 3rd is considered the most difficult. In a healthy person, the hemoglobin level should be equal to / l, with the 3rd degree - only 70 g / l. And this condition is already life-threatening for the patient, as the functionality of almost all body systems is impaired. The most severe consequences for anemia of the 3rd degree:

• cardiogenic shock;

The consequences of anemia for women

The consequences of anemia in women are associated with organs that are considered sensitive to oxygen starvation. So, the following comes up:

• Violation of digestion and damage to the mucous organs of the gastrointestinal tract.

Causes of anemia

In medicine, there are only 3 main reasons for the development of anemia - the loss of a large amount of blood, the rapid breakdown of red blood cells (hemolysis) and a decrease in the production of blood cells. However, there are factors that influence the causes of occurrence:

• violations of the production of erythrocytes of congenital form;

2. Disturbed nutrition:

• frequent strict diets;

3. Impact of chronic diseases:

• pathology of the renal and cardiovascular systems;

4. The presence of infectious pathologies:

• hepatitis virus;

Signs of anemia

Common symptoms of anemia for any age and gender:

• pallor of the skin and lips, further cyanosis;

In adults and the elderly:

• dizziness, fainting, loss of consciousness;

In childhood, the following joins:

• loss of interest in learning, as concentration decreases and memory deteriorates;

Anemia in newborns and adolescents

Newborns are also anemic. This is due primarily to the presence of anemia in the mother. This often happens with a careless attitude to one's own health during pregnancy. Usually the disease is diagnosed immediately after birth. With untimely treatment, the disease turns into severe childhood anemia. There are features of childhood anemia. The child begins to intensively chew on paper (most often printed), chalk, sand and even earth. In addition, children prefer specific smells. For example, paints, acetone, glue and the like.

Anemia in pregnancy

During pregnancy, a woman's body requires more vitamins and minerals, since useful substances enter not only into her internal systems, but also to the fetus. Therefore, almost all pregnant women suffer from iron deficiency anemia. If this is the 1st degree (light), then it will be enough to follow a certain diet, which includes a number of necessary substances. But in more severe forms, drug therapy will be required, which can negatively affect the development of the unborn child. Read more about anemia during pregnancy here.

• varicose veins and thrombosis;

A huge number of people suffer from anemia, but not every person knows about it, which leads to the development of many pathological abnormalities. Therefore, it is extremely important to visit doctors periodically and take appropriate blood tests to determine the level of red blood cells. In the early stages of the disease, getting rid of anemia is much easier than with a severe course of the disease.

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can you die from anemia

Dying from anemia

In the Beauty and Health section, to the question of what can not be done with anemia, is it possible to die from it? given by the author, the best answer is Long live pomegranates, liver and red wine. may turn into leukemia.

and drink pomegranate juice.

There are no red blood cells in the blood, the blood is thick, viscous, someone feeds on it. Be sure to add water to the diet at a rate of 2.5 liters per day, greens, alfalfa, spirulina, omega 3/60, algae, chlorodophilus, antioxidants.

Do not be treated with chemistry, you will ruin your immunity, although it is not there, red blood cells are eaten by an alien microcosm. Urgently for vegetative-resonance diagnostics, to determine the pathogen. The body is acidified, slagged. Every 7 years, all the cells of the body change. Blood 127 days, new, liver 5 years.. .

Disease is the result of a malfunction of the body as a whole. And disturbances in the body occur from the poisoning of the body with toxins coming from outside and from the outside from the waste products of microorganisms.

The products are high quality, strong, 100% natural.

Ant tree bark, black walnut leaf, Silvers max-colloidal silver, microhydrin antioxidant.

Alka-mine is a mineral water additive.

Eat anemia with cherries and boiled veal

The disease can be suspected if weakness, dizziness appear, hair becomes dull, and nails become brittle, says Svetlana Kireeva, a leading researcher at the Institute of Hematology of the Ministry of Health of Ukraine.

Where does anemia come from?

“In some cases, the cause of anemia can be a diet poor in vitamins, iron and other trace elements, in others, nutrition has nothing to do with it,” says Svetlana Kireeva. - It can develop due to a violation of the absorption of iron in gastroenterological diseases, heavy and prolonged menstruation, worms.

Inhalation of aerosols used to fight cockroaches, as well as varnishes and paints, can also provoke anemia. In babies of the first year of life, this happens if the mother suffered from anemia during pregnancy.

Too much iron is worse than too little

Complaints of depression, weakness, dizziness, as well as symptoms such as brittle nails, dull hair, and impaired taste sensations give the doctor reason to suspect anemia and send for a blood test, which checks the hemoglobin content. Other studies are being done to recognize the type of anemia and determine treatment. Sometimes iron supplements are prescribed. Sometimes without good reason. Overaccumulation of this trace element can be more harmful than its deficiency. But you can’t do without medicinal foods.

1. All vegetables and fruits are rich in iron, vitamins and other trace elements.

2. Useful boiled veal and beef. And you should not get carried away with such a generally recognized source of iron as the liver. The liver is an organ that filters the blood and stores toxins. It is best to boil it in thin pieces, changing the water several times.

3. Stock up on dried fruits well. At night they are poured with boiling water in a thermos, and the next morning the extract is ready. Especially good are dried apples and cherries, which are rich in iron.

I wanted to ask, can anemia die?

Iron deficiency anemia is usually seen as a symptom of another disease or as a condition, rather than as a separate disease, and usually occurs when there is not enough iron in the body. Young children or adults on a strict diet may not get enough iron from food, which can lead to anemia. The ability of the digestive system to absorb enough iron may be impaired, which often occurs when part of the stomach has been removed. Anemia can occur due to excessive blood loss. This applies to women who have heavy periods, as well as people suffering from stomach and duodenal ulcers, hemorrhoids, or cancer of the stomach or colon.

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The other two forms of anemia are hemolytic anemia, in which red blood cells are destroyed too quickly, and sickle cell anemia, in which the body produces abnormal hemoglobin.

If you suspect that you have anemia, it is very important to see a doctor quickly. Anemia can reduce the body's resistance to disease, cause a breakdown, and limit performance. Anemia can also be a sign of more serious medical problems. The diagnosis of anemia is based on a blood test. Treatment of anemia is based on restoring the amount of iron in the body with the help of various drugs (both oral and injections).

The main cause of anemia is a lack of iron, vitamin B12 or folic acid. Anemia can also be caused by blood loss due to gastrointestinal bleeding, which can be associated with certain drugs, such as acetylsalicylic acid (aspirin) or ibuprofen, or with cancers.

If you notice pallor, increased fatigue and weakness, fainting, shortness of breath, heart palpitations, then you should consult a doctor. With anemia caused by a lack of folic acid in food, stomatitis (inflammation of the oral mucosa), inflammation of the tongue, yellowness of the skin, tingling in the hands and feet can occur.

death from anemia

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Questions and answers on: death from anemia

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An incredible drama broke out in a family of residents of the English city of Leicester. Shortly after the birth of their daughter, doctors diagnosed her with a rare blood disease that threatened the child with imminent death a few years later. Salvation could only be given by transplantation of an ideally suitable bone marrow. Doctors advised the mother and father of the girl to give birth to another baby, the so-called "child-savior", from whom it would be possible to take the bone marrow for transplantation. However, the second girl who was born was found to have exactly the same disease - the chances that the second child would also be born with a congenital blood disease were no more than 1 in 10 million.

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