Ukrainians and Russians are one people. Ukrainians and Russians: which people are more ancient
15 points why Ukrainians and Russians are two separate peoples (ethnic groups, nations).
1. Ukrainians have their own ethnic territory, where they have lived compactly for many centuries. The ethnic territory of the Russians is located to the northeast of it and does not intersect with it. Ukrainians cannot be attributed to the sub-ethnos of Russians (Muscovites), since even the imperial ideologists of the 19th century did not think so, and also because the well-known Russian sub-ethnoses (Kamchadals, Pomors, etc.) are characterized by weak differences in language and culture among themselves, extremely small numbers and dispersion resettlement. A Polish map from 1927 shows the ethnic territory of Ukrainians (the Poles called them Rusyns). Apparently, they inhabited the entire mainland Ukraine, together with the Crimean Tatars - the Crimea, and also lived in neighboring regions of Slovakia, Poland, Belarus and the RSFSR. But during the long Russification carried out by the Soviet authorities in the 20th century, Ukrainians living in the RSFSR were assimilated and turned into Russians. It is important to note that the Ukrainian People's Republic appeared and gained independence in 1917-1918 thanks to the efforts of ordinary Ukrainians - immigrants from the territory of the Russian Empire, and with minimal participation of the Galicians. After all, Galicia was then part of Austria-Hungary and united with the UNR only in 1919 after the collapse of the Austrian empire.
2. Ukrainians and Russians have different ethnic origins. Ukrainians were formed approximately in the 13th century due to the consolidation of certain Slavic ethnic groups (White Croats, Volhynians, Drevlyans, Polyans, Severians, Tivertsy and Ulichi), including Scytho-Sarmatian and slightly Thracian components, and later influenced by Turkic nomads. Russians arose around the same time from the unification of other Slavic tribes (Vyatichi, Ilmen Slovenes, Pskov and Tver Krivichi), absorbing the Finno-Ugric and, to a lesser extent, Baltic components, and then assimilating part of the Belarusians, Veps, Tatars and other peoples. In the 9th-11th centuries, the glades were called Rus - the most important ethnic group of Kievan Rus. Later, in the 12th-15th centuries, the entire East Slavic population belonging to the Orthodox Church was collectively referred to as Rus, Rusyns or Russian people. And after the collapse of the Republic of Ingushetia, the Great Russians (Muscovites) turned the term “Russians” into an ethnonym, monopolizing it, despite the fact that Ukraine is the main successor of Kievan Rus. A similar situation can be traced among the Romanians, whose ethnonym is similar to the name of Roman citizens in Latin, Italian and Romanian. Initially, only Roman citizens were considered Romans, from the 3rd century - the entire free population of the Roman state, even later, residents of the northeastern outskirts of the former empire took the designation of Roman citizenship as an ethnonym, although Italy is the true heir of ancient Rome.
3. Ukrainians have their own language - Ukrainian. No one denied the existence of clear differences between Ukrainian and Great Russian speech in the 19th century. At the same time, some Russian linguists called Ukrainian speech an independent language, while others, fearing the oppression of tsarist despotism, helpfully called it the dialect of the “Russian language” along with Great Russian. Until the second quarter of the 20th century, all Ukrainians spoke Ukrainian. However, as a result of forced education in Russian, practiced in Ukrainian schools and universities by the Soviet authorities, over time, many Ukrainians began to speak Russian. Now in Ukraine there is a linguistic diversity - the inhabitants of the country speak Ukrainian, Russian, both languages or Surzhik. In the course of the centuries-old development of the Ukrainian language, other languages also influenced it, but the influence of Polish was not strong. After all, the Dnieper dialect, which became the basis of literary Ukrainian in the middle of the 19th century, is distributed on both sides of the Dnieper, although the lands to the west of this river were part of Poland for 224 years, and to the east - only 85 years.
4. Ukrainians have a rich and distinctive ethnic culture. Their anthroponymy, oral folklore, music, dance, types of dwellings, fine arts, cuisine, national costume, rituals and customs differ markedly from Russians. For example, Ukrainian settlements are characterized by landscaping with green spaces and huts with a thatched roof, adobe floors, whitewashed inside and out, in which the stove was often painted with flowers. The songs of Ukrainians are distinguished by spontaneity and cheerfulness - they reflect the heroism, optimism and humor of the people. For Russians, poorly maintained yards and black log huts with wooden floors are typical, creating a bleak impression. And folk songs are distinguished by chant, imbued with lyricism and often evoke despondency. And although in the current post-industrial era, elements of ethnic culture are weakly manifested in people's lives and are almost completely replaced by elements of regional culture (in this case, European), their presence is intended to confirm the different ethnic origins of Ukrainians and Russians.
5. Ukrainians are genetically very different from Russians. The diagram shows the genetic distance between different peoples: by autosomal SNP markers (sector A), by Y-DNA (sector B) and by mtDNA (sector C). It turns out that according to the distribution of autosomal markers, which is associated with the spread of anthropological elements, Ukrainians are closer to Poles, Slovaks and Croats than to northern and central Russians. Y-DNA data, better showing late migrants, shows that Ukrainians are close to southern and slightly central Russians, but far from northern ones, and in general Ukrainians are more similar to Slovaks and Slovenes. According to mtDNA data, which better reflects the ancient population, some Russian populations are close to Ukrainians, while others are far from them and are further away than Latvians and Czechs. It should be noted that in all three sectors one can see a very large diversity of Russians, who, according to genetic studies, do not look like a single people. Unlike them, the Ukrainians are a very homogeneous ethnic group, genetically close only to the southern Russians, since they were formed with the participation of Ukrainians.
6. There are significant anthropological differences between Ukrainians and Russians. Anthropologists spoke about this in the Republic of Ingushetia, then in the USSR, as well as foreigners noted a noticeable difference in the physical appearance of the two peoples. For example, the Soviet anthropologist T. Alekseeva attributed the Ukrainians to one group of populations - the Dnieper-Carpathian. This group also includes Czechs and Slovaks. And T. Alekseeva attributed the Russians to two completely different groups of populations - the White Sea-Baltic and Eastern European. These groups also include Veps, Mishari Tatars and Udmurts. From a comprehensive comparison of the anthropological characteristics of Ukrainians and Russians, it becomes known that the latter have a lower height, a narrower head, lighter hair and eyes, a more developed upper eyelid fold, a shorter nose and more often snub-nosed hair growth on the face and body is weaker, the horizontal profiling of the face is weaker by increasing the protrusion of the cheekbones. This is due to the fact that Ukrainians have more southern anthropological elements, and Russians have more northern, Uralic and Mongoloid ones.
7. Ukrainians have a special temperament. Due to a more southern genotype, a relatively warm climate with a predominance of clear or cloudy weather, and other reasons, they are characterized by an increased temperament, an open and cheerful disposition. Ukrainians make decisions quickly, are not afraid to protest against the authorities and defend their interests. Things are different for Russians, because due to the more northern genotype, relatively cold climate with frequent cloudy weather, etc., they are characterized by a low temperament, a secretive and gloomy character. They are slow to make decisions, fearful of their power and superiors - speaking out against the government is seen by them as a feat that few Russians are capable of. However, Russians are capable of acting loud and cheeky, but this usually happens after drinking alcoholic beverages.
8. Ukrainians can rightly be called a Christian people. And no matter how Russians boast of their unknown spirituality, a minority of them are Christians, even taking into account the newfangled obscurantists who have perverted the teachings and turned religion into a heretical militant cult. The CIA claims that in Ukraine, Christians make up more than half of the population, among which Orthodox Christians predominate (2013), while in the Russian Federation there are only 15-20% of Orthodox and 2% of other Christians (2006). Sociological surveys conducted in the Russian Federation and reporting that the majority of residents consider themselves Orthodox are doubtful, because many of the people surveyed are formal believers who do not really know the meaning of Christianity, do not live according to its prescriptions and are ready to laugh at any anecdote on a religious theme. According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine, Easter services in 2009 were attended by 10.4 million people (23% of the population). And according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation, 4.5 million people (3% of the population) took part in Easter services in 2009. It turns out that Ukrainians are more Orthodox than Russians. And this is not surprising, since the Russians were the people who built the most anti-Christian state in history.
9. Ukrainians are less prone to bad habits than Russians. Indeed, in Ukraine there is less alcohol consumption in liters of pure ethanol per capita (aged 15 years and older) per year - 13.9 (2010) against 15.1 in the Russian Federation (2010). Probably, they did not take into account the use of moonshine and a substitute for alcohol, like “Hawthorn” and cologne, which are widespread in the Russian Federation. Otherwise, the difference between the level of alcoholism in Ukraine and Russia would be even more significant. In addition, less cigarettes are consumed per capita in Ukraine (aged 15 years and older) per year - 1854 (2014) versus 2690 in the Russian Federation (2014). And thanks to a greater desire to lead a healthy lifestyle in Ukraine, the percentage of obese people is also lower and life expectancy is higher than in the Russian Federation.
10. Ukrainians are less cruel and bloodthirsty than Russians. Indeed, intentional murders are less common in Ukraine - 4.3 per 100,000 inhabitants (2013) versus 9.2 in the Russian Federation (2013). During the war in the Ukrainian Donbas, inspired by the Russian Federation, several times fewer civilians died than during the first and second Chechen wars. Moreover, the Ukrainians did not turn the settlements of Donbass into ruins. In turn, the Russians cleared and leveled the Chechen villages and cities, especially Grozny. What crimes the Russian military is capable of was once again demonstrated during the war in Syria, when Russian troops killed civilians in batches and managed to turn eastern Aleppo into piles of rubble. In addition, Ukrainians are less prone to spiritual decline than Russians. In Ukraine, the suicide rate is lower - 16.8 per 100,000 inhabitants (2012) versus 19.5 in the Russian Federation (2012).
11. Ukrainians rarely lie, unlike Russians. The latter achieved special mastery in this matter and became "famous" throughout the Western world. The Russian authorities with lured propagandists deceive and manipulate the opinion of the population of the Russian Federation. The Russian president, officials and parliamentarians deceive other countries in official speeches. There were so many Russian lies that people who were not indifferent had to create the Anti-Zombie project and websites that were originally aimed at combating Russian disinformation, and a little later, Western countries also began to take measures to protect themselves from the streams of heresy coming from the Russian Federation.
12. Selling love is worse developed in Ukraine. According to the data of the Ukrainian Institute of Social Research for 2011, 50,000 women in the country were engaged in prostitution (0.1% of the population). According to the Ministry of Internal Affairs for 2012, there were about 1 million prostitutes in the Russian Federation (0.7% of the population) or, according to the Chairman of the Constitutional Court V. Zorkin for 2007, even more - 4.5 million prostitutes (3.2% of the population ). According to this paragraph, as well as paragraphs 8-11, it turns out that the moral character of Ukrainians is higher than that of Russians.
13. Ukrainians choose democracy. And the Russians, on the contrary, want a dictatorship - for them, the tougher the regime, the better, up to totalitarianism. Russians always need a master, a gentleman, a tyrant who will keep them in a tight grip, push around the country's population, solve important issues for them and take responsibility. Unlike them, Ukrainians prefer to live in a free state ruled by the people, where there is equality of citizens, protection of their rights and freedoms, the rule of law, separation of powers, election of the president and parliament. Therefore, it is not surprising that according to the Democracy Index for 2016, Ukraine is at 86th place, while the Russian Federation is at 134th, and according to the Freedom of the Press Index for 2017, Ukraine ranks 102nd, while the Russian Federation is stuck at 148th.
14. Ukrainians are true patriots, they value their homeland and do not seek to seize someone else's. Ukrainians are equipping their country, making it more beautiful and more comfortable for life, over the past 26 years of independence, they have not attacked anyone. For Russians, however, patriotism is ostentatious, directed outward, when instead of real work on themselves, they boast of imaginary achievements, they try to look important and formidable in front of the rest of the world. Russians do not value their homeland and have no desire to make it better - to cleanse it of dirt, overcome devastation, and reduce corruption. As a result, the despondency and hopelessness of life in the Russian Federation, together with a thirst for easy money, push them to seize foreign, not yet neglected, territories, or at least to move abroad forever, where they could “love their homeland” from a distance. Over the past 26 years, the Russians have constantly interfered in the affairs of other countries, made demands, incited hostility, attacked Georgia twice (covertly in 1992 and openly in 2008) and once into Ukraine (covertly in 2014).
15. Ukrainians hold moderate political views and look to the future. They want to see Ukraine as a rich and free European country – an ideal that other reasonable nations aspire to. And Russians constantly rush between extremes - they are thrown into communism, then into monarchism, nationalism or fascism. They really like Ivan IV, Lenin and Dzhugashvili, Russians see the ideal of the country in the past - in the image of the Republic of Ingushetia or the USSR. Therefore, they believe in various historical myths about a prosperous life under emperors and general secretaries. But when Russians glorify the past at the expense of the present, they take on the traits of an aging ethnic group that has little chance of achieving a normal life in the future.
In general, who, what idiot said that Ukrainians and Russians are one people? With what fright and who so decided? Ukrainians are not even brothers to us, they are a different country, a different people with their own mentality and with their own language, which they have always had and which is one of the dialects of Slavic, here the Russian language is unknown what kind of language and where its roots come from. From the point of view of Russian chauvinists, the Ukrainian language is surzhik, but in fact it is the Russian language surzhik from Slavic, and it is the least Slavic.
Often, semi-literate Russian chauvinists puff out their cheeks and ask where the country Ukraine came from and that there has never been such a country or nation, and it was created artificially. And the answer lies on the surface. Ukrainians are Rus . Not Russians, namely Rus .
Kievan Rus. Ukrainians have always lived in Kyiv from time immemorial, otherwise how did they get there, they did not oust the so-called. Russians from their city of Kyiv.
Kievan Rus is Ukraine. Those. Ukrainians used to be called Rus , that's all for a short time. And who are the modern Russians, I don’t know, Muscovites, maybe Muscovites, Finno-Ugric peoples, I don’t know, but Rus is Ukrainians and you don’t need to prove anything.
And so, Ukraine, the chauvinists, again through thoughtlessness, explain the origin of the name of the state from the word outskirts, but this is a clear stupidity of people who have a distant idea of \u200b\u200bthe Slavic language. Krajina in Ukrainian and other Slavic languages it is translated as a country . That's where Ukraine, from Slavic country, not from Russian outskirts.
And so, since Ukraine is another country, why the hell does Russia interfere so categorically in its purely internal affairs? Why is it Russia and Russians from Russia should decide which language should be the state language and how many state languages should be in another country, not Russia?
And why does Russia consider it its duty to defend itself, supposedly the Russian-speaking population of another country? Language does not determine nationality, let alone citizenship. Almost half of the world speaks English, and the other half speaks Spanish, but it never occurs to anyone to consider them English or Spaniards, siblings.
And how Russians insult and call names impudently and unceremoniously to Ukrainians, it’s generally a shame to look at it. The whole country was shamelessly called Bandera and fascists, although Ukraine has nothing to do with fascism, except that during WWII, much more than Russia suffered from real fascists.
In short, dear compatriots - Hands off Ukraine! Do not interfere with the neighboring state to build their lives as they themselves want. Don't mind your own business.
Vyacheslav Kuteinikov
Something again began to observe a surge of Ukroslavian vyalichiya, too often from the lips of dill patriots statements began to sound that they, black-browed, are the mega-Slavic people, but the Russians are only a Bulgarian-speaking chukhna and a mixture of different nations, and the Ukrainians are not an example of them just example of ethnic purity. Since the only witness to ethnic frequency can only be such a science as genetics, let's turn to it and check how large the proportion of Slavic and non-Slavic blood is in our two ethnic groups.
According to Y-DNA (male), the main Slavic marker is the haplogroup R1a1 (mutations M-458 and Z-280), inherited by the Slavs from the Proto-Indo-European ancestors - of all the Indo-European peoples, R1a1 is most often found among the Slavs, and it is among the northern Slavs - the southern Slavs genetically closer to Romanians and Albanians and R1a1 is rare in them. Data on the distribution of R1a1 among the Slavic peoples is given by Europedia:
As we can see, the representation of R1a1 (43%) among Ukrainians is lower than among Poles, Belarusians and Russians (46%), but higher than among Czechs, Slovaks and South Slavs. Thus, "genetically pure" Slavic peoples do not exist at all, and the Ukrainians are slightly inferior to the Russians in terms of the representation of the Slavic fundamental principle.
This is the data that official genetics gives us. But if you do not trust the sampling and the conclusions of official science, then everyone can independently verify their ethnic origin through DNA analysis, for these purposes there is an international project in the field of molecular genealogy and population genetics -
The description of this project says: "Involving specialists from various sciences (historians, geneticists, linguists, archaeologists) for cooperation, genetic genealogists help to confirm or refute this or that hypothesis (ethnogenesis of peoples). Conclusions and assessments are largely comparative in nature, depend on the availability and the completion of statistical data. This project is intended to contribute to this (accumulation of statistical data)." And here are the statistics, that is, the Y-DNA haplogroups, of real people from three Slavic countries that the project has accumulated:
Ukraine Russia Poland
R1a1 101(21.1%) 322(39.4%) 433(41.35%)
total 478 819 1049 members.
Amazing stats! Russia with its large non-Slavic population - once again I remind you that these are data by country, not by ethnic groups - only slightly behind Poland in terms of the representation of the Slavic haplogroup R1a1 and twice overtook Ukraine, in which 97% of the population are Slavs. Almost a mockery is the assertion that Ukrainians, unlike Russians, were able to maintain the purity of the ethnic group - almost all genetic markers found among Russians were also found among Ukrainians, and the most exotic haplogroups are more often found precisely in the territory between the Don and San, and in greater numbers. And the myth about the supposedly Finno-Ugric origin of Russians is completely dispelled upon close examination: the main haplogroup of the Ural-speaking peoples - N1 - was found only in 14.7% of Russians; for comparison, E1b alone - the Western Balkan haplogroup of African origin - was found in 16.5% of Ukrainians.
In general, genetic studies show that the influence of the Balkans on the gene pool of Ukrainians was simply enormous - in the aggregate, the main haplogroups of the Balkans - E1b, I2, T and J2 - make up 37.5% of the Ukrainian gene pool according to official science (see the European table) and 38.7 % according to SEMARGL statistics - two to three times more than the Russians and Poles; however, Ukrainians could also get J2 from the Caucasus, through the Turkic tribes - the subclade J2a4b, characteristic of the Vainakh peoples, is often found in Ukraine.
(The map of representation of haplogroup I2 - Ukraine lies entirely in the distribution area of this haplogroup characteristic of the Balkans.)
(Haplogroup E1b1b and its distribution in Africa, Europe and Asia)
It is even more interesting to study the representation of East Asian (Mongoloid) haplogroups in the gene pool of the Slavs. The myth of the Mongol origin of Russians, although already dilapidated, still remains popular among some unpretentious Ukrainians, but alas, genetics testify otherwise - the Mongoloid haplogroups C, O and especially Q are more often found not in Russia, but in Ukraine; according to Europedia, it is Ukraine that shows the largest number of finds of haplogroup Q in Europe (4%, see table and map):
It should be noted here that in Ukraine there is almost only one subclade of this haplogroup -Q1b1, also found among the Uyghurs, Khazarians and 5% of Ashkenazi Jews - it seems that only one people could award related East Eurasian genes to both Jews and Ukrainians at once - they were Turkic Khazars.
Thus, according to SEMARGL statistics, the East Eurasian (Mongoloid) component of the gene pool (according to Y-DNA) is 5.64% for Ukrainians, 3.17% for Russians, 4% for Ukrainians and 1.5% for Russians. It is also interesting that the typical Negroid haplogroup E1a was also found among the Slavs, and in Ukraine, again, this is found more often. Western and South Asia also left their mark on the genetic history of the Slavs - haplogroups J1, R2 and H; according to SEMARGL, they generally give 12.34% of the Ukrainian and 6.06% of the Russian gene pools - and again, the Asian influence is more clearly manifested in Ukrainians, and not in Russians.
But the Russians, on the other hand, got more West European and North European genes, the R1b and I1 haplogroups together give 11% of the Russian and 7% of the Ukrainian gene pools according to Europedia, and 15.26% and 11.5% - according to SEMARGLE statistics.
(The prevalence of haplogroup R1b in Europe).
Another evidence of the Northern European influence on the Russian gene pool is the N1 haplogroup - this is a generic marker of the Finno-Ugric peoples, but its presence in the gene pool of the Baltic peoples is also great (they also inherited it from the Finno-Ugric peoples), it was also found among the Scandinavians - the study of the DNA of Russian nobles from the tribe of Rurik showed that the legendary Varangian was also a carrier of the haplogroup N1c1. The distribution of haplogroup N1 among Russians is uneven - it is most densely represented in the Russian North, on the lands of the former Novgorod and Pskov republics, in Central Russia it is already much less common, and in Southern Russia it is even less common than in Ukraine. According to Europedia, N1 in total gives 23% of the Russian gene pool (two times less than the Slavic haplogroup R1a1), according to SEMARGL - 14.7% (2.5 times less than R1a1). According to mtDNA (female), the Finno-Ugric influence is slightly more noticeable, but nothing more:
Boris Malyarchuk's table: Russian regional populations by mtDNA (upper table) and Y-DNA (lower) - as we can see, according to Y-DNA, only Russians of the Pskov region are close to the Finno-Ugric peoples and Balts, and the rest of the groups of Russians are closer to each other and others Slavic peoples; according to mtDNA, the genetic distance of Russian populations from each other is wider. The East Eurasian (Mongoloid) influence on the Russian mtDNA gene pool is also insignificant and is associated not with the Tatar or Mongolian, but with the Finno-Ugric influence:
Even in the Russian North, the East Eurasian mtDNA haplogroups in total give only 4-5%, and the Russians of the Center and the South have even slightly less Mongoloid mtDNA haplogroups than the Western Slavs. In total, according to a study by Malyarchuk and K "the East Eurasian component of mtDNA Russians is 1.9% , Ukrainians - 2.3% (gentis.ru/info/ mtdna-tutorial/freq). In general, the mtDNA gene pool of Russians and Ukrainians is quite close and is characterized by the predominance of haplogroups H, U, V, and J, typically European.
So, the representation of the Slavic haplogroup R1a1 among Russians is higher than among Ukrainians, and the representation of non-Slavic ones is lower. Of the extraneous influences in Russians, the genetic influence of the Finno-Ugric peoples, as well as Western and Northern Europe, is most noticeable, while the influence of the Balkans and Western and East Asia is more noticeable among Ukrainians - most likely the Asian genes went to the Ukrainians from the Turkic peoples, since the Turks of the Black Sea The Caspian steppes themselves have a genetic mixture of East and West Asia, the Caucasus and Europe. So make a conclusion which of the two Slavic peoples is more Slavic. In conclusion, I place one more table - the "average" faces of athletes from different European countries; don't you think that the faces of Russian, Belarusian and Ukrainian athletes are surprisingly similar?
He will not unite, secret offshore accounts are dearer to him, Comrade Burkhalter showed this well in 2014.
The last time the Swiss came to Moscow on May 7, 2014, when he was still president of Switzerland and chairman of the OSCE, where he discussed the situation in Ukraine with Putin. As you all remember, for the Donbass, Burkhalter's last visit to Moscow ended in a shameful leak.
It was then that Putin turned to the militia with a pitiful request to cancel the independence referendum. And this was four days before it was held and in the conditions of Ukrainian aggression against Donbass. It was also after his visit that Putin recognized the Kyiv junta, which came to power in Ukraine on the wave of a coup d'état in February of that year. And it was then that Putin was cowardly afraid to send troops to the Donbass, and a month and a half later he completely canceled the permission of the Federation Council on the use of the RF Armed Forces on the territory of Ukraine. Which in turn led to tens of thousands of dead and hundreds of thousands of wounded civilians in the Donbass, and the region itself turned into ruins.
In this regard, many are still wondering what Burkhalter said to Putin, that he turned back at full speed. How did he frighten him then, that he was very scared and twitchy at the famous press conference? I still distinctly remember that day. On May 7, 2014, I helped my uncle on a visit and in the evening after work, I decided to watch TV with him. And when I saw Putin's reddened face, as well as appeals to the militia and statements that the elections in Ukraine are a step in the right direction, my jaw almost dropped. I immediately wondered what they were saying among themselves, that Putin looked so pale that day.
There are a lot of opinions on this. The most common of them is compromising evidence that Burkhalter brought with him to Moscow and showed Putin in a personal conversation. For example, he presented bank accounts where Putin's friends keep their "honestly earned capital." And then he promised to arrest all their billions, along with real estate. If Putin does not merge the Donbass. There is also an opinion that Burkhalter showed Putin a criminal dossier on his inner circle, consisting of politicians and oligarchs. Perhaps there was even a dossier on him.
All this of course is my and not only my assumptions. So it might not be true. But how then to explain Putin's famous U-turn on May 7, 2014? After all, it was originally planned to send troops, first to South-Eastern Ukraine, and then to the Donbass. For example, my neighbor served in one of the military units stationed in Moscow and the region. And some of them were also transferred in March-April 2014 to the border with Ukraine. And they were constantly kept in combat readiness. Even several times at first ordered. and then canceled the order to send troops. Moreover, on many units of armored vehicles, the symbols of the MC (peacekeeping forces) were written with white paint. And then there was a bummer. And they were all ordered to return to the PPD. And all this happened exactly after the visit of the Swiss. I know all this from talking to him. Which in May 2014 was demobilized. So it makes no sense for him to lie in this planet.
https://eduard-456.livejournal.com/665388.html
Vladimir Vladimirovich once said that Russians and Ukrainians are one people. And made a mistake.
The fact is that Russians are people, but Ukrainians are not. They ceased to be a people almost 30 years ago. How did such a hitch come about?
The history of the Ukrainian people is really very short. It officially appeared only with the advent of the Bolsheviks. And before that, there were no Ukrainians, there were Little Russians and a handful of Ukrainians. If you don't believe me, take a look at the 1897 census of the Russian Empire.
And the Ukrainian people also ended with the Bolsheviks - in 1991, when Ukraine became independent. No, no one died out at once, just the ethnic name passed to the newly created political (civil) nation, and it is not a people (ethnos).
In every independent state, the totality of all citizens is considered a political nation, which, as a rule, has its own name. In Russia, for example, the totality of citizens is called Russians, and the ethnicity of each is designated by the usual terms “Russian”, “Jew”, “Tatar”, “Yakut”, etc. Everything is logical and understandable.
In some countries where the notorious political correctness has won, this clarity is not there. In France, for example, a Negro with a French passport is considered French. For some reason, this does not even jar on the native inhabitants of France. In the USA, too, all Americans, but this is again the name of a political nation, many still remember their roots.
In Kazakhstan, for example, they were able to come up with separate names: no one will confuse a Kazakh with a Kazakhstani. And in some places there are no problems at all, for example, in Armenia. All Armenians are there, both politically and ethnically. Strangers there practically do not take root. However, there are many such mono-ethnic countries. In Africa, in Asia. But not in Latin America - the situation there is complicated, not everyone has yet mixed up to a state of indistinguishability.
But back to Ukraine. Before the revolution, the forelocked inhabitants of the southern Russian provinces did not really even know what to call themselves. Either Cossacks, or Cherkasy (as under B. Khmelnitsky), or Little Russians. Ethnic self-consciousness was undeveloped. Here is an example from the magazine "Kyiv Starina" for October 1902:
Under Soviet rule, for a little over 70 years they bore a name invented on a geographical basis, from the word "outskirts". Type "provincials". Ukrainians were those who were associated with lard and vodka, with bloomers and hopak, with whitewashed huts and dumplings. However, in 1991, with the acquisition of “independence”, all citizens of the country began to be called Ukrainians: the Russians of Donbass, and the Jews, and the Greeks with the Bulgarians, and the proud descendants of either the Ukrainians or the Sumerians. The main Ukrainians were, of course, Valtsman, Groysman, Kapitelman and other Zelensky and Kolomoisky. Where do without them.
But the problem is that the indigenous inhabitants of the Black Sea region, who can be attributed to the southern branch of the Eastern Slavs, after 1991 did not have their own name at all. They stole their name! Independence from the rest of Rus' was given, but the name given by the Bolsheviks was taken away. By the way, such a trick did not work with the Russians, it is not so easy to select an ancient name.
However, the Black Sea Eastern Slavs did not even notice the theft. It seems that it never occurs to them that they now live without their own name (ethnonym).
The notorious "ukry" are not considered, except for a smirk, this does not cause anything. “Cossacks” is no good, it was a military estate, among the Cossacks there were also a lot of Tatars, Turks and “Valtsmans”. Well, they were not lucky with history, Russians or Rusyns “crawl out” everywhere! Everything repeats itself, as if on a broken record: “we are not Russians, but we don’t know who.”
I wanted to, out of the kindness of my soul, come up with an adequate ethnonym for them, but nothing comes to mind. Is that the Scythians, who were lost for centuries, and now miraculously found. Then under their claims to the South Russian lands one could bring at least some basis, refer to Herodotus.
In the meantime, we read the statement of the mayor of Lviv. Symptomatic.
Let's summarize what has been said. The question "Russians and Ukrainians are one people?" incorrect, it has no meaning since the creation of Ukrainian statehood. Until 1991, it was still possible to argue on this topic, but now it is not.
The two political nations - Russians and Ukrainians - are, of course, two different political nations. And the citizens of Ukraine, who do not consider themselves ethnic Russians, Jews, Greeks, etc., again, "no way to call." Is that "former Ukrainians."