Read Aeneid in Latin. Kulakovsky Yu.A.: History of Roman Literature

I sing battles and my husband, who was the first to Italy from Troy - the driven fugitive by Rock - sailed to the shores of Lavinia. For a long time he was thrown across the seas and distant lands by the Will of the gods, the vindictive anger of the cruel Juno. 5 He waged wars for a long time - before, having built the city, He transferred the gods to Latium, where the tribe of the Latins arose, The cities of Alba, the fathers and the walls of high Rome. glorious, 10 By her will, I endured so many bitter vicissitudes, So many labors. Is the anger of the celestials really so stubborn? The ancient city stood - people from Tyre lived in it, It was called Carthage - far from the mouth of the Tiber, Against Italy; he was rich and fearless in battles. 15 More than all countries, they say, Juno loved him, Even forgetting Samos; here her chariot stood, and here her armor. And the goddess dreamed for a long time, If fate allows, among the peoples to raise that kingdom. She only heard that it would arise from the blood of the Trojan 20 A race that will overthrow the Tyrians of the stronghold to dust. This royal people, victorious and proud of the war, bringing death to Libya, will come: thus the Parks were judged. 25 Her evil hatred fed on a long-standing resentment, Hidden deep in her soul: Saturn's daughter did not forget the Judgment of Paris, offended by contempt for her beauty, And Ganymede's honor, and the royal family hated. Her anger did not weaken; across the seas of thrown Tevkrov, 30 That they escaped from the Danaans and from the fury of the formidable Achilles, For a long time she did not let her into Latium, and for many years, driven by Fate, they wandered along the salty waves. 35 They foamed with copper, and joyfully raised the sail, Immediately Juno, hiding the eternal wound in her soul, So said to herself: “Shall I retreat, defeated? Pallas 40 Burn the fleet of the Argives, and sink them themselves in the abyss. All for the guilt of one Oileev son of Ajax? The quick fire of the Thunderer herself threw out of the cloud And, scattering the ships, stirred up the waves with winds. Ajax himself, exhaling fire from his pierced chest, 45 I was taken out by a whirlwind and nailed to a rock with a pointed top. But I, the queen of the gods, the sister and wife of the Thunderer, have been fighting for so many years with only one people! 50 So thinking in the soul, embraced by the fire of resentment, The goddess hurries to the land, fraught with a hurricane and a storm: There, on Aeolia, King Eol in a vast cave Noisy winds closed the hostile whirlwinds to each other, - Having humbled them with his power, curbing them with prison and chains. 55 They grumble angrily, and the mountains answer them with a menacing rumble around. He sits on a rocky peak, the scepter-bearer Eol himself and the anger of their souls tames, - Or else the sea with the earth and the vaults of the high sky In a stormy impulse, the winds will sweep away and scatter in the air. 60 But the almighty Father imprisoned them in gloomy caves, He piled mountains on top and, fearing their evil rampage, Gave them a lord-king, who, faithful to the condition, is able to restrain them and loosen the bridle on command. Eola began to pray to Juno with these words: 65 "The parent of the gods and people, the lord, has given you the power to subdue the sea storms or raise them again over the abyss. Now the clan hostile to me is sailing along the Tyrrhenian waves, by the Sea to Italy, rushing Ilion and the slain penates. Give great power to the wind and bring down on their stern, 70 Scatter the ships apart, scatter the bodies over the abyss! Twice seven nymphs, shining with the beauty of the body, I have, but the beauty of all is higher than Deiopeia. 75 So that you become a happy parent to beautiful children. "Eol answers her:" Your concern, queen, To know what you want, and I must obey the commands. feasts at the Almighty, 80 Having made me the lord of storms and rain-bearing clouds. Having said this, he strikes the side of the hollow mountain with the opposite end of the spear, and the winds in a confident formation Rush through the open door and rush over the land in a whirlwind. 85 The waters of Eurus, and Noth, and plentiful storms bearing Africa, blowing up the shafts and rushing furiously to the shore. The cries of the Trojans merged with the creak of the ship's gear. 90 The firmament echoes the thunders, and the ether blazes with fires, Close certain death threatens men from everywhere. The body of Aeneas was shackled by a sudden cold. With a groan, Raising his hands to the luminaries, he says in a loud voice: "Three times, four times, blessed is he who is under the walls of Troy 95 Before the eyes of my fathers, I met death in battle! O Diomedes, O Tidides, the bravest of the Danaans! 100 Sarpedon fell, where Simoent carried so much the current of Shells, helmets, shields and bodies of the brave Trojans! "Thus he spoke. 105 Own board; a steep mountain of water rushes after. Here the ships are on the crest of a wave, and there the Waters parted, exposing the bottom and throwing up sand in clubs. 110 A ridge hidden in the abyss), and three carries the ferocious Eurus from the depths to a sandy shoal (it’s scary to look at them), There it breaks on the bottom and surrounds it with a shaft of sand. force 115 Directly into the stern and headlong carries the helmsman into the sea. Nearby, another ship turned three times on the spot, We drive with a shaft, and disappeared in the funnel of the whirlpool. Occasionally, swimmers are seen among the wide roaring abyss, Boards float on the waves, shields, the treasures of Troy. 120 The ship of Ilionea and Akhat a strong ship, The one on which Abant, and the one where Alet is aged, - The weather has already overcome everything: in the cracks of the bottom, The weakened seams let in hostile moisture. 125 He feels that the will is given to bad weather, that suddenly the Waters are stirred up to the very depths - and in a heavy anxiety, wanting to survey his Kingdom, he raised his head above the waves. 130 Immediately the sisters of angry intrigues were revealed to him. He calls Evra to himself and Zephyr and says to them: “This is what you have come to, being proud of your high family, Winds! How dare you, without asking my will, Mix heaven with earth and raise such bulks? 135 Here I am you! And now let the foamy waves subside, - You will be severely punished for these deeds! Rush quickly and say so to your master: By lot I have been given power over the seas and a trident, To me - not to him! And his possessions are heavy rocks, 140 Yours, Eurus, at home. So let him take care of them And over the dungeon of the winds, Eol dominates strong. "So he says, and instantly pacifies the troubled sea, The cloud disperses the crowd and brings the sun to the sky. From the sharp peak of the rock, Triton and Kimotoya were pushed 145 With a powerful force of judgment, and with a trident, God raises them, Opening the way for them through the vast shallows and calming the abyss, He himself flies along the crests of the ramparts on light wheels. So sometimes a riot suddenly begins in a crowded crowd, and the rootless mob, blinded by anger, rages. 150 Torches, stones fly, turned into a weapon by violence, But as soon as they see that a husband, glorious in piety and valor, is Approaching, everyone surrounds him and silently listens to the Word that instantly softens hearts and rules souls. parent, 155 Having surveyed its smooth surface, they cleared the sky before them, turning the horses, flew in an obedient chariot. Meantime, the enneads, tired to the land, rule their way - If only it were closer! - and sail to the coast of Libya. There is a secluded place where he created a quiet harbor, 160 Covering the shore with itself, an island: running from the sea, Here the swell breaks and diverges with a slight wave. On either side there are cliffs; up to the sky Two rocks rose; under a sheer wall is silent, eternally calm expanse. Between the trembling leaves - a clearing, 165 A dark grove overshadows it with a frightening shadow. In the opposite slope, among the overhanging rocks, a cave lurks, In it there is a freshwater spring and benches made of wild stone. The nymphs dwell here. Vessels without a leash can stand here at rest, not digging into the bottom with anchors. 170 Having collected seven ships from all their multitude, Aeneas enters this Bay; longing for land, the Trojans rush to the shore quickly, lie down on the desired sand, Freely spreading their bodies moistened with sea salt. Immediately Akhat strikes a bright spark from flint, 175 The dry leaves picked up the fire, plentiful food They gave branches to it - a flame flared up from the flint. Having taken out the soaked bread and the good Ceres of the guns, People, forgetting fatigue, carry the saved grains, So that, after drying on the fire, grind them between two stones. 180 Meanwhile, Aeneas himself, having climbed a high cliff, Looks around the space: are Kapis or Antaeus driven by the wind sailing, can you see the Phrygian ships And if the shields from the stern of Kaikos high shine. There are no ships in the window! But over the sea, - he noticed, - they roam 185 Three large deer; in a long line behind them. The whole herd follows them and grazes through the green valleys. Aeneas stood still, and Ahat carried by the faithful. 190 Proud dress of branched horns; then he scattered a herd of arrows through the green groves. Aeneas ended no earlier than seven huge deer. 195 The wine that the good Akest brought, filling the jugs, As a gift to the Trojan guests who left the coast of Trinacria. Having dressed all the grieving hearts with wine, he encourages the grieving hearts: “O friends! 200 God will put a limit; you recognized Scylla's ferocity, Sailed between the roaring rocks; the cliffs of the Cyclopes are known to you; so cast aside fear and perk up! Perhaps we will continue to remember this sweetly. Through all the vicissitudes, through all trials we strive 205 In Latium, where rock opens up peaceful shelters for us: There it is destined to rise again to the Trojan kingdom. Now be strong, friends, and take care of yourself for happiness! 210 The companions here took up the prey, taking care of the feast: The meat is torn from the bones, the womb is cut open, and the carcasses are chopped into pieces, and the trembling flesh is pierced with skewers, Cauldrons are placed on the sand, and fires are made by the sea. All, lying on the grass, renew strength with food, 215 Satisfying themselves with old wine and fat game. Having quenched their hunger with food and cleared the tables after the feast, They again commemorate their comrades-in-arms, lost in the sea, And, vacillating their souls between hope and fear, wondering whether friends are alive or died long ago and do not hear the callers. 220 The pious Aeneas yearns for the brave Oronte, Weeps secretly for the cruel fate of Amik and Lik, Also mourns for the brave Geass and the brave Cloant. The feast is over; at this moment from the height of the ether Jupiter, sailing seas plain, stretched lands 225 And having surveyed the tribes widely settled in the world, He stood on the top of heaven and kept his gaze on Libya. Here to the Father, who was full of such worries in his soul, Sad, tears in his brilliant eyes, Venus comes up, Says these words: "We are deeds immortal and mortal 230 Eternal power has been handed over to you and lightning arrows, - What is my Aeneas guilty of before you, O Parent? TrojansWhat is to blame, tell me? Why is it that for them, who have suffered so many losses, the whole world is inaccessible, except for the Italian countries? I know: the years will pass, and from the blood of ancient Teucer 235 There, in Italy, the race of victorious Romans will rise, They will rule with sovereignty by sea and land, - You promised. Why did your decision change? Seeing Troy's sunset and ruin, I consoled myself with the thought that another fate would outweigh the fate of the Tevkrov. 240 But even now the husbands who have experienced so much suffering are oppressed by the same fate. Where is the limit to their troubles, lord? Could the hero Antenor, having slipped out of the hands of the Achaeans, penetrate into the bays of Illyria, into the depths of the Liburnian kingdom, And cross the turbulent Source of Timava without harm 245 Where, breaking through the nine throats from the depths of the mountain, He tramples the fields, he is like a noisy sea. There Antenor founded Patavius ​​- the shelter of the Teucres, He gave the name of the tribe and hung the weapons of Troy; In a sweet world now he lives without knowing anxiety. 250 We are your offspring, you promised us the chamber of heaven, We, having lost the ships, because of the wrath of the goddess alone (It's terrible to say) again found ourselves far from Italy. Here is honor to piety! Are you reviving our power like that?" The creator of immortals and mortals smiled at her in response. 255 With his bright smile that drives away bad weather from heaven, The father touched his daughter's lips with a kiss and said: "Fear, Kythera, leave: the fate of the Trojans is unshakable. Promised ones - believe - you will see Lavinius walls, And you will exalt Aeneas high to the heavenly bodies 260 You are magnanimous. My invariable decision. Now I will predict to you, - after all, this care torments your Heart, - and I will unfold the secrets of fate before you: He will fight for a long time in Italy, and will break many brave tribes, and will erect laws and walls, 265 The third summer until he sees how he rules Latium, Three times winter will not pass from the day when the rutul reconciles. Ascanius, your grandson (he will be called Yul from now on, he was Il while the Ilion kingdom stood), - He will rule as long as the conversion the moon will not measure 270 Thirty great circles; having transferred the Kingdom from the places of Lavinia, with power he will exalt the Long Alba. In it, the Hector family, having reigned, will remain in power for a full three hundred years, until the princess and priestess Elijah gives birth to two twins, conceived from Mars. 275 After that, proudly wearing the skin of a gray-haired she-wolf-nurse, Romulus will create his own family, and He will erect the strong walls of Mars, and he will call his name the Romans. But I do not put any limit or term on their power, I will give them eternal power. And stubborn even Juno, 280 The fear of which oppresses the sea, and the earth, and the sky, Thoughts will turn everything for their good, with me cherishing the Romans, the rulers of the world, the tribe dressed in that tribe. So I decided. Years will fly by, and the time will come: The clan of Assarak then glorious Mycenae, Phthia 285 Will own and keep in captivity the defeated Argives. Caesar will also be born from the high blood of the Trojans, Power will limit his Ocean, stars - glory, Julius - he will take the name from the great name of Yul, In the sky you will accept him, burdened with glorious prey 290 Eastern countries; Prayers will be sent to him. Then the cruel age, forgetting about battles, will soften, With brother Rem Quirin, gray-haired Loyalty and Vesta Will give laws to people; damned doors of war Strong iron closes; inside unholy rage, 295 Tied by a hundred knots, sitting on a pile of weapons, It will begin to murmur terribly, ferocious, with a bloody mouth. "So he said and sends from heaven born of Maya, So that Carthage is the land and a new fortress for the Tevkrov The door opens its door, so that Dido before the guests, 300 Against the will of fate, inadvertently, she did not close the borders. A messenger rushes, floating on wings, through the air to Libya, There she executes an order: at the behest of God, the Punians immediately forgot their cruelty; the first queen, Bowing her heart to the world, was filled with friendliness towards the Teucres. 305 The pious Aeneas, from worries and thoughts, did not close his eyes all night, in the morning, only the blessed dawn dawned, He decided to find out everything: where they were thrown by the wind, Who owns the country (the coast was uncultivated) - People or animals alone - and immediately tell the companions. 310 Sheltering the fleet under the vault of forests in a rocky depression, Where the trees around hang with a frightening shadow, Aeneas set off on his way, taking only Akhat with him; He walked, clutching two lances with an iron sting in his hand. 315 Taking on the guise of a virgin, putting on the weapon of a virgin - Or a Spartan woman, or that Thracian Harpalica that rushes Jump, driving horses, overtaking a winged Evra. 320 Gathered in a knot, opening bare legs to the knees. First she says: "Hey, young men, you tell me, Maybe you saw my sisters? Here they roam, Each wears a quiver and is dressed in the skin of a spotted Lynx; they drive a ferocious boar with a cry" . 325 So Venus, born of Venus, said in response: “No, I didn’t see or hear your sisters here, maiden, - What should I call you? Your face is not like mortals, Your voice does not sound like ours. - Or Phoebe sister, or with the nymphs of the same blood. 330 Be happy, whoever you are! Ease our care: Where are we, under what sky, on the shore of what edge We were brought, you open. Knowing neither people nor place, Here we wander, where we were washed by waves and wind. We will kill plentiful sacrifices before your altar. 335 She answers them: “I am unworthy of such an honor. The girls of Tyre, all wear such quivers, They walk with their legs wrapped in a belt of purple koturnes. 340 Now she rules the country of Dido, from a brother from Tyre, this fled land. The insult is great, and the story about it is also great: I will tell you only about the main thing. She was her husband Sihey, the richest among the Phoenicians. 345 In marriage, for the father gave the blameless unfortunate marriage. Then Dido's treacherous brother Pygmalion reigned in Tire, who surpassed all mortals in criminal deeds. 350 He despised his sister's feelings, blinded only by thirst for gold. For a long time he hid his villainy from a yearning widow, He cunningly entertained his sister in love with vain hope. But one day in a dream the ghost of her husband Unburied appeared to her. Face, marvelously pale, lifting, 355 Having exposed the pierced chest in front of her, he revealed everything to her About the defiled altar, about the murder hidden in the house. 360 She is obedient to her husband, the wife is looking for companions to escape, - All in whom fear was strong or evil hatred for the tyrant Converge to her. Having captured the ships that were ready to sail, they loaded them with gold. They take the miserly Pygmalion to the treasury. A woman is leading the flight. 365 In these places sailed, where now you see the mighty Walls, where a new fortress of Carthage is now rising. Here they bought a piece of land, as much as it is possible to cover with one Skin of a bull (hence the name Birs). But tell me, from which shores you are sailing, 370 Who are you, aspire where?" And Aeneas answered this, - his voice escaped from his chest with a heavy sigh: "If you start my story from the first reasons, goddess, You won’t have time to listen to the chronicle of our labors in a day, Before Vesper ascends and the gates of Olympus lock up. 375 We are sailing from Troy (and perhaps the name of Troy has reached your ears); on the waves, on the water plains We rush everywhere; a storm has rushed us here. I am called pious Aeneas; saved penates I take away from the enemy, glorified by rumor to heaven. 380 My genus is from Jupiter; I sailed to Italy from the depths, Following the will of fate. The mother goddess showed me the way. On twenty ships I went out into the expanses of Phrygian, - Now there are seven of them, broken by waves and wind. I, unknown and sir, wander through the Libyan deserts, 385 There is no way for me to Europe, and there is no return for me to Asia. ”Here his mother interrupted, unable to hear complaints:“ I believe: whoever you are, it’s not against the will of the Almighty 388 You drink the life-giving air if you have arrived in the city of the Tyrians. 389 390 I announce to you that the satellites with the fleet will return, The wind will change its course and rush them to a safe harbor, If my ancestors did not teach me fortune telling in vain. You see: there twice six swans fly in a string. 395 Dispersed them; and now they are in a jubilant formation Or they are striving for the earth, or, having descended, they look at it. Here they all gathered, flapped their wings noisily, Again the whole flock soared, girded the sky with a click. Likewise, your friends ships or stand on the moorings, 400 Or, having raised the sails, they swim into the wide mouths. You go straight ahead, do not turn off this road. " Having said, she turned back, - and her forehead lit up with a radiance of Scarlet, and the smell of Ambrose's curls spread around, And her clothes slid down to the heels, and immediately same 405 The tread gave them the goddess. At the same instant, the Mother recognized Dardanides and exclaimed after the fleeing woman: “Why did you introduce your son, cruel, with a false appearance, You were mistaken more than once? Why did you not let me connect your hand with your hand, nor hear your true voice?” 410 So he reproachfully said and directed his path to the walls. Then Venus surrounded those walking with dark air, The goddess thickened the clouds around them, so that not a single person could see or touch them Or stop them along the way and ask about the reason for their arrival. 415 After that, the expensive air itself retired to Paphos - To its kind shelter, where Sabaean incense is smoked in the temple on a hundred altars and wreaths are poured with aroma. 420 And he looked from a height at the stronghold growing nearby. Aeneas looks, amazed: in the place of the huts - huge; Looks: the people are striving from the gate along the paved roads. 425 Or they choose places for houses, they encircle them with a furrow, 426 The bottom is deepened in the port, and there the foundations of the theater are quickly laid, or huge ones are carved out of the rocks. Many powerful columns are an adornment of the future stage. 430 So on the flowering fields under the sun of early summer Bees work: some mature offspring are brought out On the first flight; others, meanwhile, collect flowing honey and fill their honeycombs with sweet nectar. 435 Lined up, they drive herds of lazy drones from the hives: Work is in full swing everywhere, and aromas float from honey. “Happy are those for whom strong walls are already being built!” !) dense cloud, 440 The crowd enters the thicket, remaining invisible to everyone. There was a grove in the city; under her friendly canopy On the day when they were thrown into Libya by wind and storm, The Tyrians found a sign, revealed by Queen Juno: A quick skull of a horse, - then, that for many centuries 445 Their family will be brave in battle and will not recognize the need. Here Dido erected a majestic temple to Juno, - He was rich in gifts and demanded by the goddess in love; Copper steps led to the entrance; the beams were fastened with copper, door spikes made of shining copper creaked. 450 As soon as the temple between the trees opened to the eyes of the aliens, Aeneas's fear subsided: hope for salvation again The hero dares to believe in the future again in the midst of troubles. 455 He marvels at the dexterous hands of the masters and their skillful labors. Here he sees one after another the Ilion battles, The rumor of which the rumor spread throughout the whole world: Here are Atrids, and Priam, and Achilles, both terrible. Standing in front of them, Aeneas with tears says to Akhat: 460 "Where, in which direction did they not hear about our suffering? Here is Priam. He was awarded posthumous praise here too. Tears are in the nature of things, everywhere they touch the souls of mortal destiny; do not be afraid: this glory will save us, perhaps." He speaks and delights his soul ethereal picture, 465 He cries, and tears irrigate his face in an abundant stream, For he again sees terrible battles near Pergamum: Here the Achaeans flee, and the youths of Troy crowd them, Here Achilles flew into the Phrygians in his chariot, Shining with a shaggy helmet; and there he learned with tears 470 White Res tents in the picture: many, embraced by the First treacherous dream, were killed by the bloodthirsty Diomedes, He led hot horses to the Greek camp, who did not have time to taste from the pastures of Trojan grass and water from Xanthus. Here in the picture is another Troilus, who dropped his shield: 475 The unfortunate youth flees from an unequal battle with Achilles, He fell backwards, but the horses rush an empty chariot; Without releasing the reins, he drags along the ground with the back of his head, And the tip of the dust furrows a fighting spear. 480 Having loosened their curls, they carry the veil to the goddess, They mournfully pray to her, hitting her chest with their palms; But Minerva turned away from them and lowered her eyes. Achilles drags Hector three times around the walls of Ilion, He sells his body for gold to the old man Priam, - 485 A loud groan escaped from Aeneas's chest, as soon as He saw the armor, the chariot and the other remains, He only saw how Priam stretched out his unarmed hands. 490 Here are the rows of Amazons with shields, like a sickle of the new moon, Penthesilea leads, seized with furious fervor, She pulled off her naked breasts with a golden bandage, The virgin warrior, is not afraid to enter into battle with her husbands. 495 Not taking her astonished gaze away from the pictures for a moment, The queen herself, beautiful in the sight of Dido, Went to the temple, surrounded by a crowd of young men from Tyre. 500 Thousands of them from everywhere follow her, - she wears a quiver behind her back and surpasses them all in height (The heart of Latona then fills with silent joy), - Also, full of fun, Dido spoke among the crowd, devoting Dumas to labors and concerns about the future kingdom. 505 Entering the temple entrance, under the vaulted roof, the queen Immediately sits on the throne, and the guards surround her; The court administers and gives laws to men and works. She equally divides or appoints them by lot. Suddenly Aeneas saw: among a large crowd of people 510 The brave Kloant and Antaeus and Sergest are approaching the temple, the Teukras are following, whom the fierce winds, Scattered apart across the sea, carried to other coasts. 515 They are eager to reap, but the unknown confuses their hearts. Suppressing their feelings, both listen from behind a cloud, What friends experienced, for which they came to the Tyrians, Where they left the fleet. For from every ship messengers were hastening to the temple now and begging for mercy loudly. 520 After they were brought in to the queen and given their word, Ilioneus, the eldest of them, said sedately: “O queen, Jupiter gave you the opportunity to raise the City and haughtiness to humble the wild tribes by justice! The Trojans pray to you, driven by the wind across the seas: 525 Pitiful ones, spare us, save the ships from the fire! Honors the Almighty our family, so look at us favorably. there is no arrogance in the vanquished! 530 There is a place in the west that the Greeks call Hesperia, In this ancient country, fertile, powerful weapons, Formerly lived the men of enotra; now their descendants took the name of the leader and called themselves "Italians". We kept the way there. 535 Suddenly, the fat-bearing Orion rose above the abyss of the sea, Daring winds carried the ships to hidden shallows, The storm, having overcome us all, swept over the waves and over the rocks Impenetrable vessels; only a few ended up here ... What kind of people live here, if they don’t let us step on the sand? 540 What kind of barbarian land, if it tolerates such morals? We, threatening war, are forbidden to go ashore! If you despise people and mortal weapons, Fear the immortal gods that remember both honor and wickedness. Our king was Aeneas: justice, courage in battles 545 And piety no one could compare with him in the world. If he was spared by fate, if he breathes the air, if he sees the ether and did not descend to the cruel shadows, - There is no fear in us. Yes, and you will not repent if you hasten to render us the first service: in the lands of the Sicilian 550 There are cities and troops, and Akest is a Trojan by blood. Let us only be allowed to bring a fleet, broken by a hurricane, Get logs from the forest, adjust them, carve oars. send 555 We are in Latium, in Italy. But if you died in the Libyan Sea, our father, and there is no hope for Yul, We will go to the Sicilian straits from where we sailed, We will be ready to seek shelter in the kingdom of Akestus. 560 All as one. Modestly lowering her gaze, Dido briefly answered them: “Tevkry, cast aside fear, drive worries out of your heart! Our kingdom is young, the danger is great; 565 Who, Aeneads, does not know about you and who does not know about Troy, Who has not heard about the fire of war, about the courage of the Trojans? , to the arable land of Saturn, 570 Or you want to sail to Eryx, to the kingdom of Akest, - I will help you, I will give you supplies, I will let you go unscathed. If you want to stay with me in my kingdom, - The city that I am building, it is yours! Bring the ships! Trojans and Tyrians will always be equal before me. 575 If your king Aeneas, caught by the same hurricane, Arrived here! And I will send Messengers all over the coast and order them to search Libya to the extreme limits: maybe he wanders through the forests or villages. "Brave Ahat and parent Aeneas from the speech of the queen 580 They perked up in an instant and yearned to break through the cloud. First, Akhat encourages Aeneas: “Son of the goddess, tell me, what thought has arisen in your soul? You see, there is no danger, and the satellites with the fleet have returned. Only one ship did not return: we ourselves saw, 585 How he drowned. As for the rest, the predictions of Venus came true. "As soon as he said this, - and immediately around them the Cloud spilled around them broke and melted into pure ether. Aeneas stood before the people: his shoulders and face shone with divine light, for the mother herself bestowed 590 To the son of curls, the beauty and youth of the noble brilliance, Joy proud fire lit in the eyes of the hero. So art adorns ivory, and brighter Marble or silver in a golden frame shine. 595 So he addresses: “The Trojan Aeneas is in front of you, The one you are looking for, saved from the Libyan Sea. 600 So much hard work, you take it to your house and city. We don’t have enough strength now to give you gratitude, - Everyone, how many of them there are in the world, cannot do this tevkram. If the Almighty honor piety and there is justice Here, on earth, then the thought that you did the right thing 605 It will be your reward. Isn't the Vek who gave birth to you happy? Are the parents not worthy of glory? As long as the rivers run to the seas, as long as the shadows glide along the mountain slopes and the luminaries sparkle in the sky, Your name will remain in praise and honor until then, 610 No matter what lands they call us." Having said, Sergesta He embraced with his left hand, and with his right - Ilionea, The brave then attracted Geass with the brave Kloant. 615 "What kind of lot, tell me, through so many dangers, the Son of the goddess, drives you? What Power brought you to these wild shores? You are Aeneas, Anchises is your parent, In the Phrygian region, near Simoent, you were born by Venus. came to Sidon once: 620 Exiled from the land of his fathers, he strove to obtain a new kingdom With the help of Bela; and Bel, my father, fertile Cyprus then ruined and kept under power, the conqueror. 625 Tevkram, although he was an enemy, spoke of them with praise and claimed that he was born from the root of the ancient Tevkrov. Well, hurry, men, and come under my roof soon! 630 Woe, I know - it teaches me to help the unfortunate." Having said this, she took Aeneas to the royal chambers; in the temple of the gods, appointing honorable victims, The queen sends twenty bulls to the shore to the Trojans, A hundred huge pigs with stiff bristles and a hundred 635 Fat lambs and sheep; and with them a merry god She sends a gift. Meanwhile, the house is being cleaned from the inside with royal luxury; they spread carpets: They are skillfully woven and adorned with proud purple. 640 The table is weighed down with silver, on the gold of the chased cups The deeds of the glorious ancestors are stamped in a long string The exploits of many men from the beginning of the ancient family. 645 So that he informs Askania and brings him to the city: The parent is always full of dear Ascania care. He also orders gifts to bring, that they managed to save from the perishing Troy: from sewing a heavy golden cloak and a saffron cover with a pattern of acanthus leaves, - 650 Helena, a Spartan, received it as a gift from Leda, But, rushing from Mycenae to Pergamum for a lawless marriage, she took away the wonderful dress. And he also ordered to bring the Rod, which in former days Ilion always wore, the eldest daughter of Priam the king, and with him a necklace 655 From pearls, and a golden crown, sparkling with stones. Akhat quickly set off on his way, hurrying to the ships. Meanwhile, a new idea feeds in the soul of Kiferei, A new one is preparing a deception: so that Dido, captivated by gifts, Instead of Yul, Cupid came, changing his appearance, 660 I lit my heart with madness and poured its flame in the blood, For Venus is afraid of the duplicity of the duplicitous Tyrians, The wrath of Juno oppresses the goddess with anxiety all night. , 665 Son, you are not afraid of Jupiter's arrows that slew Typhon, I resort to your divine power with a prayer! . 670 Now Dido seeks to detain him with flattering words. I'm afraid of Juno's hospitality: What will it turn into? Will she really miss the chance? So I conceived, having forestalled her intrigues, to ignite the heart of the queen with a Flame, so that none of the Almighty could 675 Change her feelings so that, like me, she loves Aeneas. Listen to my plan, how all this can be arranged: The royal boy is now (I care about him more than anyone), Called by his dear father, he is going to the city of Sidon. He carries a gift that he was saved from the waves and flames of Troy. 680 Having put the boy to sleep, I will fly away to the heights of Cythera, Or I will shelter him in my Idalian sacred shelter, So that he does not know my machinations and cannot interfere with them. You will deceitfully change your appearance for just one night; 685 So that, as soon as Dido puts you on your knees, Here, at the royal feast, among the libations of Leia, He will only hug you, give you a sweet kiss, Breathe a secret flame into her, poisoning her secretly. 690 Wings, and Yula joyfully sets out with her gait. Venus, meanwhile, plunges her grandson into a sweet slumber And takes him in her arms to the Idalian groves, Where between tall trees, covered in a sweet smell, He sleeps in the fragrant shade of beautiful marjoram flowers. 695 Cupid went merrily to the Tyrians after Akhat, The royals carried gifts to them, obeying their mother's word. 700 Everyone at the table reclined on purple lush covers. Servants gave water for hands and baskets with gifts from Ceres; next they carry towels with sheared wool. 705 One hundred slaves and the same number of servants, equal in age to them, Put dishes on the table, served capacious bowls. Many Tyrians visited the cheerful hall that day. 710 Speech pretending to him and the face of a blooming god, They look at the cloak, and the cover with a pattern of acanthus leaves. The poor Phoenician looks closer than all the rest, She doesn’t look enough, doomed to future torment: Her heart was inflamed by gifts and a beautiful boy. 715 He, embracing Aeneas by the neck, stayed with the imaginary father for a short time, in order to only satiate his love, Then he went to the queen. And she looks intently, Clings with her whole breast to him, and caresses him, and does not know, Poor thing, that God Almighty is on her knees. 720 He, not forgetting the command, begins to erase the memory of her husband In her little by little, so that they turn to new love, Idle thought of her and love the weary heart. They all finished feasting; Chelyadintsy clean the tables, Capacious bring a crater, goblets are filled to the brim. 725 Noise flows through the palaces, and cries in the air; Lampadas burn brightly, hanging from gilded ceilings, Having overcome darkness with flame, they illuminate vast peace. 730 She poured it with pure wine - and silence reigned around. "You granted rights to foreign guests, O Jupiter! Do it so that the Tyrians and Teucrams bring joy to the present day. Let the memory of it be preserved by the descendants! O Juno and Bacchus, the giver of fun, stay 735 With us! You will favorably honor our feast, Tyrians! ”She said so, and pouring honorable moisture on the table, She first touched the sacred cup with her lips, She gave the Beat in her hands and invited her to drink. He completely drained the foamy cup to the bottom of gold; 740 Other guests follow him. Taking a gilded cithara, Here Iopad began to play, Trained by the great Atlas. He sang about the wanderings of the moon, about the difficult exploits of the sun, People, where did the animals, rain and stars come from, Wet constellation Hyades, Arcturus and double Trions, 745 The winter sun is in a hurry to plunge into the Ocean, The summer night, why it is slow to descend to the ground. The Tyrians and Teucers rewarded him with a splash of palms. 750 She asked everything about Priam and about Hector, Now she tortured, in what armor Memnon appeared, Now what was Achilles, then about the terrible horses of Diomedes. "But tell us, my guest, in order about the intrigues of the Danaans, The troubles of your fellow citizens and long wanderings, 755 She says to Aeneas, - for now the seventh summer Carries you everywhere along the waves of the sea and on land.

Virgil's Aeneid

Virgil's work is a literary type, never

Not previously seen in classical Latin literature.

The poem "Aeneid" by Virgil stepped far forward beyond the limits of creativity.

Your Homer, not only by the nature of the work, but also by the purpose of the very

Homer simply provides us with a vivid picture of past events -

Wars before Troy, wanderings of Odysseus.

The fall of Troy, the adventures of Aeneas, his arrival in Italy, his marriage

On Lavinia, as well as the alliance of the Trojans with the Latins, are not shown

Only as outstanding achievements of the past, but also connections with it,

The starting point that laid the foundation for modern Rome,

And also as a harbinger of his future.

In this respect, Virgil's Aeneid is a work

Rising Homer.

One of the main ideas of Virgil was the goal of inspiring us-

Flowing time emanating from a review of the past.

Virgil's attitude to his work thus became

Chennault different from the work of Homer.

Homer's position retained a holistic objectivity. He doesn't show

Shaft himself a part of what he is related to, his main task

It was easy to paint a true and picturesque picture of the heroic

Events.

Virgil's approach, on the other hand, is subjective. He is at-

Fills the work with patriotic emotions everywhere.

This contrast between the two poets is excellently seen in the language, where

The poets depict appropriate themes.

For example, in Homer:

"Oh, gods! Peleus son's body sing,

After all, Achilles; sing to the fallen, repay,

And to many Greeks, grief, about the departed others

To hell, countless brave souls who gave

As a sacrifice to dogs and birds, their bodies and eyes.

The same theme in Virgil:

"In armor, the man that I sing is exceeded by fate,

The arrogance of Juno and her vision is the limit,

Left the shores of Troy, an exile, a youth,

He endured many labors on land and in the seas,

His exiled gods returned to their native roots,

Having descended on the true path of your sacred deeds,

Otkel fathers went from their home,

To the eternal glory of mysterious Rome."

In Virgil, Aeneas is not only a wanderer and a hero, but higher - Aeneas -

Ancestor of the Roman race and "the eternal glory of the mysterious Rome."

To understand Aeneas, we must turn to the concept of society,

States and places of man in a world that has existed for two

Centuries ago. From this point of view, Aeneas can consider

Vatsya as the embodiment of moral qualities that constituted the basis

The new essence of the Roman character.

The Aeneid itself is built on the basis of broad borrowing from

The works of Homer and other Greek and Roman poets. In his

Work Virgil only followed the customs of his day, as well as the fact

Czech materials of antiquity.

It was customary for ancient poets not only to imitate their

Shesvennikov, but also really proud that they do it.

Despite this, the free appropriation of the structural elements of "Ene-

Ides" should in no way mislead us with respect to

Nii of the greatness of the original idea that Virgil introduced into his poetry

As for the character of Aeneas himself, he is the complete embodiment

Roman dignity, so that the "Aeneid" as a whole is inspired by

A strong national spirit, which from this point of view gives such

Some decisive expression of the idea of ​​the mission of Rome in the world, which is undoubtedly

It was embodied in the imperial path that the purpose of this mission is

It is placed not only as the mistress of the nation, but also of the civilization of mankind.

"Excudent alii spirantia mollius aera

Credo equidem, vivos ducent de marmore voltus,

Orabunt causas melius caelique meatus

Discribent radio, et surgentia sidera dicent:

T
u regere imperio populos, Romane memente -

Hae tibi eruntartes - pacisce imponere morem,

Parcere subjectic et debellare superbos."

"Others will mold the melted era,

The living will often be embodied in marble faces,

And they will turn to court more often than to heaven,

Guessing the brightness of a star or when it rolls,

You rule the people, empire from Rome,

Turn it into a habit - that everything will be decided by the world,

Care in subjects, no wars, strive for peace.

Associating with this strong national spirit, the poet shows respect

Corporal attitude to the Emperor Augustus.

Deeply impressed by the historical facts of the recent Roman

Of the past, aware of the need for a new political order

And inspired by the deep faith that Augustus is entrusted with the only

Naya hope for the moral and political revival of the state,

Virgil devoted all his energies to the glorification of the house of Julian.

In the technical performance of Virgil's poem - as "Georgics" (sel-

He worked for seven years, and so did the Aeneid, the work on which Virgil

He dedicated the remaining years of his life (29-19 BC), they differ in

Mime perfection, refinement, like no other work

Latin Literature.

Virgil devoted his careful deliberation to the creation of his poems.

Vania and study day by day. After collecting materials for the next

The current portion of the poem was composed of a certain number of lines for each

Until the morning, then the rest of the day, these lines looked at each other

And polished.

The result is poems that are deservedly distinguished as

Favorite products of the Romanesque muse.

Before the advent of the Aeneid, Romanesque literature did not have a truly epic

239-169 AD BC) wrote poems in epic style and meter, but "An-

Nala" (Annales) by Ennia and "Punic War" (Bellum Punicum) by Nevia

Were selective historical and narrative poems, but not

Epic. They lacked (for an epic work) cent-

Real heroic figure. This is what distinguishes Virgil's Aeneid.

"Aeneid" groups events around the protagonist, therefore it is

Xia is truly epic, like the Iliad or the Odyssey.

He outlined the topic, namely the resettlement of Aeneas in Italy. A similar story is already

Set out in the poems of Nevius "Punic War" and Ennius in his "Annals",

But only sporadically.

At that time in Rome there was already a tradition of sustainable storytelling,

That Italy was inhabited by the Trojans under the leadership of Aeneas, and Rome-

Skye families were very proud of their origin from the ancestors of the heroes

Troy at that time, like other cities, was like an inaccessible fortress

Fast and were considered something like a separate state. famous

Troy greatness, wealth and power. Naturally, you find

Foxes and those who want to profit from the richest prey, which is typical and

And not forgotten through the millennium and for the mentality of the XXI century.

The Greeks besieged Troy, according to legend, for about ten years. What was the

Curled and the leader of the besieging troops Agamemnon, and the hero of the ancient

Greek mythology, the invincible Achilles, as well as the legendary Odis himself

This, whose images were displayed in Homer's poems "Iliad" and "Odis-

In general, ancient Greek mythology had a significant impact

On Roman mythology and Roman culture in general, intertwined with it,

Subsequently, it has already been said about the ancient Greco-Roman culture

Re and its significance in the development of the culture of all modern European

Peoples. Modern Europe has a cultural foundation laid by the Greeks.

Tsia and Rome.

The Aeneid was left in an unfinished state when Virgil

Before leaving for Greece from Italy in 19 BC, he ordered

Worried that his friend Varius would burn the manuscript of the Aeneid if the poet died,

Without adding final pages to the work.

The procedure required the appointment of literary executors, for which

The poet introduced them to his friend Varius, while forbidding

The final publication of the Aeneid.

Since Emperor Augustus was personally aware of the work of Virgil

And he highly appreciated his works, then, intervening in this procedure, Av-

Gust successfully protested the poet's decision and secured the publication of the work.

You are exactly as Virgil left her. Were published

We even have blank lines the way they looked in the manuscript.

Virgil's well-deserved fame was secured. Virgil is rightly

He takes an honorable place among the world's outstanding poets.

The second in order in the creative biography of Virgil and

Bridges poem "Georgics" (Georgica, agricultural) was published

Forged in 29 BC, became his second published work and he

Dedicated the best seven years of his life.

Support for the poem on an agricultural theme was provided by the patron

Tel of Virgil and a close friend of Emperor Augustus.

The nation at that time was experiencing a general aversion to agricultural

Vienna life in general, which was the result of the incessant civil-

Sky war and other wars that surrounded the country.

Moreover, the cessation of these wars caused an influx of large numbers of

Soldier of veterans, freed from battles, which are significantly

They could only be rewarded for their military deeds with allotments of land.

And the former soldiers had no idea what to do with these allotments.

These soldiers are accustomed to free wild life in the battlefields in Sha-

Fuck, by the fires. In labor on the field, they did not find pleasure in any way.

Stvia and missed the village life.

There were also no people willing among other classes of Roman education.

Society to somehow popularize farming.

As a result, the main flow of the population was directed to the cities, which

Rye quickly became overpopulated.

That is why Virgil, supported by his friend Maecenatis (se-

Common noun - Maecenas) S. Cilnius, undertook to create a production

Leading in verse, describing the occupation of farming.

In pursuance of this plan, Virgil did not touch upon the subject of preparations.

Laziness to the endless and hellishly hard manual labor in agricultural

Stvennoy life, but decided to present it from the other side - attractive

Telnaya, it was decided to comprehensively show the results and fruits of agro-

culture.

The result is a high-quality literary work.

And the fruits of the science of agriculture throughout Italy, which, having the roots of the times

Virgil, delight us to this day, millennia later - from sweet

Fruits to fine wines, cheeses, meat products.

In his literary activity, Virgil possessed, so to speak,

Innovation, original, extraordinary approach to the

The result of the study of sources both in Greece and in Rome. What in-

Teresno - in search of plots and acts for his works of Vergi-

Liy used not only ancient materials and works of many

Greek and Roman poets, but also originally built on the soil

The present, using pictures and the situation of the current time, as if

Harmoniously weaving in connection with the times the natural development of human

As a result, Virgil's second poem "Georgics" was created,

Arguing in importance with the "Aeneid" and, which in the same way carefully

Solidly processed and polished, on which, in fact, honed

Ancient Greek mythology was displayed in the works of Greek

And Roman poets who lived in the era of the Roman Empire. These include

Also Virgil's poem "Aeneid", there used to be Ovid's poems "Metamorpho-

Zy" and "Heroines" of Ovid, as well as multiple episodic mentions

Naniya about legends and mythical met in all works

From the Renaissance to the 18th century there is a surge of interest

To ancient culture, in the images of ancient Greek mythology, which reflects

It was based on the works of writers and artists of European countries,

Who took plots for their works from episodes of ancient Greek

Mythology.

Virgil's very life is his own Aeneid.

Virgil in all Latin dictionaries is written as Virgil and

Vergil and an equals sign between them. In Russian, va-

Riant Vergil-Virgil, in other European languages ​​- Virgil.

Virgil's full name is Publius Vergilius Maro. Virgil is born

In a small village in the Andes, near Mantua, in the region of Cisalpi-

Nus Gallia (in Italian transcription - Chisalpina) Gallia, which

By the standards of that time, his father could provide his son with excellent conditions.

Wii for education, sending him to school first in neighboring cities

To Cremona and to Milan, and later to Rome.

Doing under the name Bucolicus (from the Greek Bucolik, i.e. pasto-

Ralnye or shepherd songs), marked by the influence of primarily ancient

Non-Greek culture.

Also named under the influence of Greek culture, agricultural).

In the same year, Virgil began work on the poem "Aeneid", which would

Lee is dedicated to the remaining ten years of his life.

In 19 BC Virgil traveled to Greece with the intention of clarifying

And studying additional materials for his work for the poem "Aeneas-

Yes." In Athens, Virgil met with Augustus, who was going to Rome,

And invited Virgil to accompany him. By that time the poet had already fallen ill.

And his health deteriorated on the way to Rome.

Shortly after arriving at the port of Brindisi (then Brundisium), Virgil

Nenya is 51 years old. The remains of the poet were transferred to Naples, to a place

In which the poet especially liked to visit during the years of his life.

On his headstone is engraved:

"Mantua me genuit; Calabria rapuere; tenet nunc

Parthenope; cecini pascua, rura, duces".

"Mantua gave birth to me; Calabria captivated;

But never lured Partenope;

He sang pastures, the village, the sovereign.

Selection and translation by V. Panchenko (vipanch), 2016

When the age of heroes began on earth, the gods very often went to mortal women so that heroes would be born from them. Another thing - goddesses: they only very rarely went to mortal men to give birth to sons from them. So the hero of the Iliad, Achilles, was born from the goddess Thetis; so the hero of the Aeneid, Aeneas, was born from the goddess Aphrodite.

The poem begins in the middle of Aeneas' path. He sails to the west, between Sicily and the northern coast of Africa - where right now the Phoenician immigrants are building the city of Carthage. It was here that a terrible storm came upon him, sent by Juno: at her request, the god Aeolus released all the winds subject to him. “Sudden clouds steal the sky and light from the sight, / Darkness leaned on the waves, thunder struck, lightning flashes, / Inevitable death appeared to the Trojans from everywhere. / The ropes groan, and the screams of the sailors fly after them. / The cold of Aeneas fettered, he raises his hands to the luminaries: / “Three times, four times he is blessed who is under the walls of Troy / Before the eyes of the fathers in battle he met with death! ..”

Aeneas is saved by Neptune, who disperses the winds, smoothes the waves. The sun is clearing, and the last seven ships of Aeneas, with their last strength, are rowing to an unfamiliar shore.

This is Africa, where the young queen Dido rules. An evil brother expelled her from distant Phenicia, and now she and her fellow fugitives are building the city of Carthage in a new place. “Happy are those for whom strong walls are already rising!” - exclaims Aeneas and marvels at the erected temple of Juno, painted with pictures of the Trojan War: the rumor about it has already reached Africa. Dido affably accepts Aeneas and his companions - the same fugitives as she herself. A feast is celebrated in their honor, and at this feast Aeneas leads his famous story about the fall of Troy.

The Greeks for ten years could not take Troy by force and decided to take it by cunning. With the help of Athena-Minerva, they built a huge wooden horse, hid their best heroes in its hollow belly, and they themselves left the camp and hid behind the nearby island with the whole fleet. A rumor was started: it was the gods who stopped helping them, and they sailed back to their homeland, putting this horse as a gift to Minerva - huge, so that the Trojans would not bring it into the gate, because if they had the horse, they themselves would go to war against Greece and conquer victory. The Trojans rejoice, break the wall, bring the horse through the breach. The seer Laocoön conjures them not to do this - "beware of enemies, and those who bring gifts!" - but two gigantic Neptune snakes swim out of the sea, pounce on Laocoön and his two young sons, strangle them with rings, sting with poison: after this, no one has any doubts, the Horse is in the city, night falls on the Trojans tired of the holiday, the Greek leaders slip out of wooden monster, the Greek troops silently swim up from behind the island - the enemy is in the city.

Aeneas was sleeping; Hector appears to him in a dream: “Troy is dead, run, look for a new place across the sea!” Aeneas runs up to the roof of the house - the city is on fire from all over, the flame soars up to the sky and is reflected in the sea, screams and groans from all sides. He calls friends for the last battle: “For the defeated, there is only one salvation - not to dream of salvation!” They fight in the narrow streets, before their eyes they drag the prophetic princess Kassandra into captivity, before their eyes the old king Priam dies - "the head is cut off from the shoulders, and the body is without a name." He is looking for death, but his mother Venus appears to him: “Troy is doomed, save your father and son!” Aeneas' father is the decrepit Anchis, the son is the boy Askaniy-Yul; with a powerless old man on his shoulders, leading a powerless child by the hand, Aeneas leaves the crumbling city. With the surviving Trojans, he hides on a wooded mountain, builds ships in a distant bay and leaves his homeland. We need to swim, but where?

Six years of wanderings begin. One coast does not accept them, on the other the plague is raging. Monsters of old myths rage at sea crossings - Skilla with Charybdis, predatory harpies, one-eyed cyclops. On land - mournful meetings: here is a bush oozing blood on the grave of the Trojan prince, here is the widow of the great Hector, who suffered in captivity, here is the best Trojan prophet languishing in a distant foreign land, here is the lagging warrior of Odysseus himself - abandoned by his own, he is nailed to his former enemies. One oracle sends Aeneas to Crete, the other to Italy, the third threatens with hunger: “You will gnaw your own tables!” - the fourth orders to descend into the realm of the dead and learn about the future there. At the last stop, in Sicily, decrepit Anchises dies; further - a storm, the Carthaginian coast, and the story of Aeneas is over.

The gods watch over the affairs of people. Juno and Venus do not love each other, but here they shake hands with each other: Venus does not want further trials for her son, Juno does not want Rome to rise in Italy, threatening her Carthage - let Aeneas remain in Africa! The love of Dido and Aeneas, two exiles, begins, the most humane in all ancient poetry. They unite in a thunderstorm, during a hunt, in a mountain cave: lightning instead of torches, and the moans of mountain nymphs instead of a marriage song. This is not good, because a different fate is written for Aeneas, and Jupiter is watching this fate. He sends Mercury in a dream to Aeneas: “Do not dare to delay, Italy is waiting for you, and Rome is waiting for your descendants!” Aeneas suffers painfully. “The gods command - I will not leave you by my will! ..” - he says to Dido, but for a loving woman these are empty words. She begs: "Stay!"; then: "Slow down!"; then: "Be afraid! if there is Rome and there is Carthage, then there will be a terrible war between your and my descendants! In vain. She sees from the palace tower the distant sails of the Aeneas' ships, she builds a funeral pyre in the palace and, having climbed on it, rushes to the sword.

For the sake of an unknown future, Aeneas left Troy, left Carthage, but that's not all. His comrades were tired of wandering; in Sicily, while Aeneas is celebrating funeral games at the tomb of Anchises, their wives light Aeneas' ships in order to stay here and not sail anywhere. Four ships perish, the tired ones remain, on the last three Aeneas reaches Italy.

Here, near the foot of Vesuvius, is the entrance to the kingdom of the dead, here the decrepit prophetess Sibyl awaits Aeneas. With a magic golden branch in his hands, Aeneas descends underground: just as Odysseus asked the shadow of Tiresias about his future, so Aeneas wants to ask the shadow of his father Anchises about the future of his descendants. He swims across Hades' river Styx, because of which there is no return for people. He sees a reminder of Troy - the shadow of a friend mutilated by the Greeks. He sees a reminder of Carthage - the shadow of Dido with a wound in his chest; he speaks: “Against your will, I left the shore, queen! ..” - but she is silent. To his left is Tartarus, sinners are tormented there: theomachists, parricides, perjurers, traitors. To his right are the fields of the Blessed, where his father Anchises is waiting. In the middle is the river of oblivion of Summer, and above it the souls whirl, destined to be cleansed in it and come into the world. Among these souls, Anchises points out to his son the heroes of the future Rome: both Romulus, the founder of the city, and Augustus, its revivalist, and legislators, and tyrant-fighters, and all who will establish the power of Rome over the whole world. Each nation has its own gift and duty: for the Greeks - thought and beauty, for the Romans - justice and order: “Let others forge animated copper, / I believe; let the living faces of marble be made, / They will speak more beautifully in courts, the movements of the sky / They will determine the compass, they will name the rising stars; / Your duty, Roman, is to rule the peoples with full power! / Here are your arts: to prescribe laws to the world, / to spare the overthrown and overthrow the rebellious.

This is a distant future, but on the way to it there is a near future, and it is not easy. “You suffered at sea - you will also suffer on land,” the Sibyl says to Aeneas, “a new war awaits you, a new Achilles and a new marriage - with a foreigner; you, in spite of trouble, do not give up and march more boldly! The second half of the poem begins, after the Odyssey - the Iliad.

A day's journey from the Sibylline Hades places - the middle of the Italian coast, the mouth of the Tiber, the region of Latium. Here lives the old wise king Latin with his people - the Latins; next - a tribe of rutuls with a young hero Turnn, a descendant of the Greek kings. Here comes Aeneas; having landed, tired travelers have dinner, laying vegetables on flat cakes. Ate vegetables, ate cakes. “There are no tables left!” - jokes Yul, the son of Aeneas. “We are on target! exclaims Aeneas. - The prophecy came true: “you will gnaw at your own tables”. We did not know where we were sailing, now we know where we have sailed.” And he sends messengers to King Latinus to ask for peace, alliance and the hand of his daughter Lavinia. Latin is glad: the forest gods have long told him that his daughter will marry a stranger and their offspring will conquer the whole world. But the goddess Juno is furious - her enemy, the Trojan, defeated her strength and is about to raise a new Troy: “Be war, be common blood between father-in-law and son-in-law! If I don’t bend the heavenly gods, I’ll raise the hells!”

There is a temple in Latium; when the world - its doors are locked, when the war - open; with a push of his own hand, Juno opens the iron doors of war. On a hunt, Trojan hunters mistakenly hunted a tame royal deer, now they are not guests to the Latins, but enemies. King Latin in despair lays down power; young Thurn, who himself wooed the princess Lavinia, and now rejected, gathers a mighty army against the newcomers: here is the giant Mezentius, and the invulnerable Messap, and the Amazon Camilla. Aeneas is also looking for allies: he sails along the Tiber to where King Evander, the leader of the Greek settlers from Arcadia, lives on the site of the future Rome. Cattle graze in the future forum, thorns grow in the future Capitol, in a poor hut the king treats the guest and gives him four hundred fighters, led by his son, young Pallant, to help him. Meanwhile, the mother of Aeneas, Venus, goes to the forge of her husband Vulcan, so that he forges divinely strong armor for her son, as Achilles once did. On the shield of Achilles, the whole world was depicted, on the shield of Aeneas - the whole of Rome: a she-wolf with Romulus and Remus, the abduction of the Sabine women, the victory over the Gauls, the criminal Catiline, the valiant Cato, and, finally, the triumph of Augustus over Antony and Cleopatra, vividly remembered by readers of Virgil. “Aeneas is glad to see pictures on the shield, not knowing the events, and raises both the glory and the fate of his descendants with his shoulder.”

But while Aeneas is far away, Turnn with the Italian army approaches his camp: “As ancient Troy fell, so let the new fall: for Aeneas - his fate, and for me - my fate!” Two Trojan friends, the brave and handsome Nis and Euryal, go on a night outing through the enemy camp to get to Aeneas and call on him for help. In the moonless darkness, with noiseless blows, they make their way among the sleeping enemies and go out onto the road - but here at dawn they are overtaken by an enemy patrol. Euryalus is captured, Nis - one against three hundred - rushes to his rescue, but dies, both heads are raised on peaks, and the furious Italians go on the attack. Turnn sets fire to the Trojan fortifications, bursts into a breach, crushes dozens of enemies, Juno breathes strength into him, and only the will of Jupiter puts a limit to his success. The gods are agitated, Venus and Juno blame each other for a new war and stand up for their favorites, but Jupiter stops them with a wave: if the war has begun, “... let everyone have a share / Battle troubles and successes: Jupiter is the same for everyone. / Rock will find a way.

Meanwhile, Aeneas finally returns with Pallas and his detachment; young Askaniy-Yul, the son of Aeneas, rushes out of the camp on a sortie to meet him; the troops unite, the general battle boils, chest to chest, foot to foot, as once near Troy. Ardent Pallant rushes forward, performs feat after feat, finally converges with the invincible Turn - and falls from his spear. Turnn rips off his belt and baldric, and the body in armor nobly allows his comrades-in-arms to be taken out of the battle. Aeneas rushes to take revenge, but Juno saves Turnus from him; Aeneas converges with the fierce Mezentius, wounds him, the young son Mezentius Lavs shields his father with himself, both die, and the dying Mezentius asks to be buried together. The day ends, the two armies bury and mourn their fallen. But the war continues, and the youngest and most flourishing ones are still the first to die: after Nis and Euryal, after Pallas and Lavs, the turn of the Amazon Camilla comes. Having grown up in the forests, having devoted herself to the hunter Diana, she fights with a bow and an ax against the advancing Trojans and dies, struck down by a dart.

Seeing the death of his fighters, hearing the mournful sobs of the old Latin and young Lavinia, feeling the impending fate, Turn sends a messenger to Aeneas: "Take off the troops, and we will resolve our dispute by a duel." If Turnn wins, the Trojans leave to look for a new land, if Aeneas, the Trojans found their city here and live in alliance with the Latins. Altars have been erected, sacrifices have been made, oaths have been pronounced, two formations of troops stand on two sides of the field. And again, as in the Iliad, suddenly the truce breaks. A sign appears in the sky: an eagle flies on a swan flock, snatches prey from it, but a white flock falls on the eagle from all sides, makes it throw the swan and puts it to flight. "This is our victory over the alien!" - shouts the Latin fortuneteller and throws his spear into the Trojan formation. The troops rush at each other, a general fight begins, and Aeneas and Turnn look in vain for each other in the fighting crowds.

And Juno looks at them from heaven, suffering, also feeling the coming fate. She turns to Jupiter with a final request:

“Whatever happens according to the will of fate and yours - but do not let the Trojans impose their name, language and character on Italy! Let Latium remain Latium and Latins Latins! Troy perished - let the name of Troy perish too! And Jupiter answers her: "So be it." From the Trojans and Latins, from the Rutuli, the Etruscans and the Evander Arcadians, a new people will appear and spread their glory throughout the world.

Aeneas and Turnn found each other: "they hit each other, a shield with a shield, and the ether is filled with thunder." Jupiter stands in the sky and holds the scales with the lots of two heroes on two bowls. Turnn strikes with a sword - the sword breaks on the shield forged by Vulcan. Aeneas strikes with a spear - the spear pierces Turnu and the shield and shell, he falls, wounded in the thigh. Raising his hand, he says: “You have won; the princess is yours; I don’t ask for mercy for myself, but if you have a heart, have pity on me for my father: you also had Anchises!” Aeneas stops with a raised sword - but then his eyes fall on the belt and baldric of Turn, which he removed from the murdered Pallas, Aeneev's short-lived friend. "No, you won't leave! Pallas takes revenge on you!" - exclaims Aeneas and pierces the heart of the enemy; “and embraced by the cold of death / The body left life and flies away with a groan to the shadows.”

Thus ends the Aeneid.

retold

Current page: 1 (total book has 19 pages) [accessible reading excerpt: 5 pages]

Virgil
Aeneid

VERGILIUS

BOOK ONE

I sing battles and my husband, whoever was the first fugitive from Troy Fate to Italy, sailed to the shores of Lavinia. For a long time he was thrown across the seas and distant lands by the Will of the gods, the vindictive wrath of the cruel Juno. 5 He waged wars for a long time, before, having built the city, He transferred the gods to Latium, where the tribe of the Latins arose, the cities of Alba fathers and the walls of high Rome. Muse, tell me about the reason why the queen of the gods was offended, so that her husband, glorious in piety, 10 By her will, endured so many bitter vicissitudes, So many labors. Is the celestials' anger so stubborn? The ancient city stood - people from Tyre lived in it, It was called Carthage - far from the mouth of the Tiber, Against Italy; he was rich and fearless in battles. 15 More than all countries, they say, Juno loved him, Even forgetting the most; here her chariot stood, and here her armor. And the goddess has long dreamed, If fate permits, among the peoples to raise the kingdom. She only heard that it will arise from the blood of the Trojan 20 Genus, which will overthrow the Tyrians of the stronghold into dust. This regal people, victorious and proud of the war, bringing death to Libya, will come: so the Parks were judged. Fear of the future tormented the goddess and the memory of the battles of the Former, in which she defended the kind Argives. 25 Her evil hatred was nourished by a long-standing resentment, Hidden deep in her soul: Saturn's daughter did not forget the Judgment of Paris, offended by contempt for her beauty, And Ganymede's honor, and the royal family hated. Her anger did not weaken; On the seas of the Teucres thrown, 30 That they escaped from the Danes and from the fury of the formidable Achilles, For a long time she did not let her into Latium, and for many years, driven by Fate, they wandered along the salty waves. That's how huge the works that laid the foundation for Rome.

The coast of Sicily was barely out of sight, and the sea 35 Foamed with copper, and joyfully raised the sail, Immediately Juno, hiding the eternal wound in her soul, So said to herself: “Shall I retreat, defeated? Let fate not command me! But Pallas has the strength to burn the fleet of the Argives, and drown them themselves in the abyss All for the fault of one Oilean son of Ajax? The quick fire of the Thunderer herself from the clouds threw And, scattering the ships, stirred up the waves with winds. Ajax himself, 45 The fire exhaled from the pierced chest, 45 The whirlwind was carried out and nailed to the rock with a peaked one.But I, the queen of the gods, the sister and wife of the Thunderer, have been fighting battles with only one people for so many years! honor my altar with gifts?" 50 So thinking in the soul, embraced by the fire of resentment, The goddess hurries to the land, fraught with a hurricane and a storm: There, on Aeolia, King Eolus in a vast cave Noisy winds closed hostile whirlwinds to each other, By power humbled them, curbing them with prison and chains. 55 They murmur angrily, and the mountains with a formidable roar They answer around. He sits on a rocky peak The scepter-bearer Eol himself and tames the wrath of their souls, Or else the sea and the earth and the vaults of the high sky In a stormy gust the winds will sweep away and scatter in the air. 60 But the almighty Father imprisoned them in gloomy caves, He piled mountains on top, and, fearing their evil rampage, Gave them a lord-king, who, faithful to the condition, Can both restrain them and loosen the bridle by order.

Eola began to pray to Juno with these words: 65 "The parent of gods and people, the lord of the sea storms, has given you the power to subdue or raise them again over the abyss. Now the hostile family is sailing on the Tyrrhenian waves, By the sea to Italy, rushing Ilion and the slain Penates. Give great power to the wind and 70 Scatter the ships apart, scatter the bodies over the abyss! Twice seven nymphs, shining with the beauty of the body, I have, but the beauty of all is higher than Deiopeus. For your service I will give you as a wife, I will bind you indestructible for all time union, 75 So that you become a happy parent of beautiful children.

Eol answered her: "Your care, queen, To know what you want, and I must obey the commands. You have won me power, and a rod, and Jupiter's mercy, You give me the right to reclining at the feasts of the Most High, 80 Having made me the lord of storms and clouds of rain."

Having said this, he strikes the side of the hollow mountain with the opposite end of the spear, and the winds in a confident formation Rush through the open door and rush like a whirlwind over the land. Having attacked the sea together, to the deep bottom they disturb 85 The waters of Eurus, and Noth, and abundant storms bearing Afrik, blowing up the shafts and rushing them furiously to the shore. The screams of the Trojans merged with the creak of the ship's rigging. Clouds suddenly steal the sky and the day from the eyes, And the impenetrable night covers the stormy sea. 90 The firmament echoes the thunders, and the ether blazes with fires, Close certain death threatens men from everywhere. The body of Aeneas was bound by a sudden cold. Raising his hands to the luminaries with a groan, he says in a loud voice: “Thrice, four times he is blessed who under the walls of Troy 95 Before the eyes of his fathers in battle met with death! I had a chance to give up the Spirit on the fields of Ilion under the blow of your mighty right hand, Where Hector was slain by Achilles with a spear, where the huge 100 Sarpedon fell, where Simoent carried so much the flow of Shells, helmets, shields and bodies of the brave Trojans!

That's what he said. Meanwhile, like a hurricane, a roaring storm Violently tears the sails and raises the waves to the stars. Broken oars; the ship, turning, exposes its 105 board to the waves; rushes after a steep mountain of water. Here the ships are on the crest of the wave, and there the Waters parted, exposing the bottom and throwing up the sand in clubs. Having driven away three ships, Notus throws them on the rocks (The Italians call them Altars, those rocks in the middle of the sea, 110 A ridge hidden in the abyss), and three carries the ferocious Eurus from the depths to the sandbank (it’s scary to look at them), There it smashes against the bottom and with a shaft sand surrounds. Aeneas sees: on the ship that was carrying the Lycians with Orontes, A wave falls from above and beats with unheard-of force 115 Directly into the stern and headlong carries the helmsman into the sea. Nearby, another ship turned three times on the spot, Shaft driven, and disappeared in the funnel of the whirlpool. Occasionally swimmers are seen in the middle of a wide roaring abyss, Boards float on the waves, shields, the treasures of Troy. 120 The ship of Ilionea and Akhata is a strong ship, The one on which Abant, and the one where Alet is aged, The weather has already overcome everything: in the cracks of the bottom, The weakened seams let in the hostile moisture inside.

Neptune hears while the indignant sea murmurs 125 He feels that the will is given to bad weather, that the Waters suddenly stirred up to the very depths - and in grave anxiety, wanting to survey his Kingdom, he raised his head above the waves. He sees: Aeneas' courts are scattered all over the sea, The waves of the Trojans are oppressing, the sky is crumbling into the abyss. 130 Immediately the sisters of angry wiles were revealed to him. He calls Evra to himself and Zephyr and says to them: “This is what you have come to, being proud of your high family, Winds! How dare you, without asking my will, Mix heaven with earth and raise such huge masses? 135 Here I am! let the foamy waves subside, you will be severely punished for these deeds! Rush quickly and say so to your master: By lot I have been given power over the seas and a trident, It is not for me! So let him take care of them And over the dungeon of the winds Aeolus reigns strong. So he says, and instantly pacifies the troubled sea, Cloud disperses the crowd and brings the sun to the sky. Triton and Kimotoya were pushed from the sharp peak of the rock 145 By the mighty force of the court, and God lifts them up with a trident, Opening the way for them through the vast shallows and calming the abyss, He himself flies along the crests of the ramparts on light wheels. So sometimes a revolt suddenly begins in a crowded crowd, and the rootless mob, blinded by anger, rages. 150 Torches and stones fly, turned into weapons by riot, But as soon as they see that a man, glorious in piety and valor, Is approaching, everyone surrounds him and silently heeds the Word, which instantly softens hearts and rules souls. Likewise, the roar of the sea subsided, as soon as the parent, 155 Surveying its smooth surface, cleared the sky before him And, turning the horses, flew in an obedient chariot.

Meanwhile, the Aeneads, tired to land, are righting their way. If only they were closer! - and sail to the coast of Libya. There is a secluded place where he created a quiet harbor, 160 Covering the shore with himself, an island: running from the sea, Here the swell breaks and diverges with a slight excitement. On either side are cliffs; up to the sky Two rocks rose; under the sheer wall is silent Eternally calm expanse. Between the trembling leaves is a glade, 165 The dark grove overshadows it with a frightening shadow. In the opposite slope, among the overhanging rocks, there is a cave, In it there is a freshwater spring and benches made of wild stone. The nymphs dwell here. Vessels without a leash can stand here at rest, not digging into the bottom as anchors. 170 Seven having collected ships from all their multitude, Aeneas enters this Bay; longing for dry land, the Trojans rush to the shore quickly, lie down on the desired sand, Freely spreading their bodies, moistened with sea salt. Immediately Akhat strikes a bright spark from flint, 175 The dry leaves caught fire, plentiful food Gave branches to him - a flame flared up from the flint. Having taken out the soaked bread and the good tools of Ceres, People, forgetting their fatigue, carry the saved grains, To dry them on the fire, grind them between two stones. 180 Meanwhile, Aeneas himself, having climbed a high cliff, Looks around the space: are Kapis or Antaeus driven by the wind sailing, can you see the Phrygian ships And if the shields from the high stern of Caikos flash. There are no ships in sight! But above the sea, he remarked, three large deer roam; in a long line behind them The whole herd follows them and grazes through the green valleys. Aeneas froze in place, and Ahat quickly grabbed the fast arrows and bow worn by the faithful. First he laid down the leaders themselves, who wore high 190 Proud dress of branched horns; then he scattered the herd with arrows through the green groves. Aeneas did not finish before he threw down seven huge deer to the ground, equaling their number with the number of ships. The victor goes to the harbor from there, divides among the satellites 195 The wine that the good Akest brought, filling the jugs, As a gift to the Trojan guests who left Trinacria's shore. Having dressed everyone with wine, he encourages the grieving hearts: "O friends! We have met with misfortune before! The most difficult thing is behind us: and our torments 200 God will put an end to; you have recognized Scylla's ferocity, Having sailed between the roaring rocks; the cliffs of the Cyclopes are Known to you; so Throw away your fear and perk up! Perhaps it will be sweet to remember this in the future. Through all the vicissitudes, through all the trials, we strive 205 To Latium, where rock opens peaceful shelters for us: There it is destined to rise again the Trojan kingdom. Be strong now, friends, and take care of yourself for happiness!" So he says to his friends and, tormented by grave anxiety, Pain suppresses in his soul and looks with feigned hope. And carcasses are chopped into pieces, and trembling flesh is pierced with spits, Cauldrons are set on the sand, and fires are kindled by the sea. feast, They again commemorate their comrades-in-arms, lost in the sea, And, wavering in their souls between hope and fear, they wonder whether friends are alive or died long ago and do not hear the callers. Also grieves for the brave Geass and the brave Kloant.

The feast is over; at that moment, from the height of the ether, Jupiter, The plain of the sailing seas, the stretched lands 225 And having surveyed the tribes widely settled in the world, He stood on the top of the heavens and fixed his gaze on Libya. Here to the Father, who was full of such worries in his soul, Sad, tears in his shining eyes, - Venus comes up, Says these words: "We are given the deeds of immortals and mortals Parent? Trojans What are they to blame for, tell me? Why is it that for them, who have suffered so many losses, the whole world is inaccessible, except for the countries of Italy? I know: the years will pass, and from the blood of ancient Teucer 235 There, in Italy, the race of victorious Romans will rise, They will rule with sovereignty By sea and land, You promised. Why did your decision change? Seeing Troy's decline and ruin, I consoled myself with the thought that a different fate would outweigh the fate of the Teucres. Could the hero Antenor, having slipped out of the hands of the Achaeans, Penetrate into the bays of Illyria, into the depths of the Liburnian kingdom And cross without harm the seething Source of Timava 245 Where, escaping from the depths of the mountain through nine throats, He tramples the fields, he is like a noisy sea. There Antenor founded Patavius ​​- the shelter of the Teucres, He gave the name of the tribe and hung the weapons of Troy; In a sweet world now he lives, not knowing anxiety. 250 We are your offspring, you promised us the chamber of heaven, We, having lost the ships, because of the wrath of one goddess (It's terrible to say) again found ourselves far from Italy. Here's to piety! Are you reviving our power like that?"

The creator of the immortals and mortals smiled at her in response. 255 With his bright smile that drives away bad weather from heaven, The father touched his daughter's lips with a kiss and said: thou art magnanimous Aeneas 260. My invariable decision. Now I will prophesy to you, for this care torments your heart, and I will unfold the secrets of fate before you: He will fight for a long time in Italy, and will break many brave tribes, and laws and walls 265 The third summer until he sees how he rules Latium, Three times the winter will not pass from the day when the rutul reconciles. the revolution of the moon will not measure 270 Thirty great circles, having transferred the Kingdom from the places of Lavinia, he will exalt with power the Long Alba.In it, the Hector family, having reigned, will remain in power Three hundred times full years, until the princess and priestess Elijah gives birth to two twins, conceived from Mars . 275 After that, with the skin of a gray-haired she-wolf-nurse proud, Romulus will create his kind, and He will erect strong walls of Mars, and he will call his name the Romans. But I do not put any limit or term on their power, I will give them eternal power. And stubborn even Juno, 280 The fear of which oppresses the sea, and the earth, and the sky, Will turn all thoughts for their good, with me cherishing the Romans, the rulers of the world, the tribe clothed with that. So I decided. Years will fly by, and the time will come: The clan of Assarak then glorious Mycenae, Phthia 285 Will own and keep the defeated Argives in captivity. Caesar will also be born of the high blood of the Trojans, Power will limit his Ocean, stars - glory, Julius - he will take the name from the great name of Yul, In the sky you will accept him, weighed down by the glorious prey of 290 Eastern countries; prayers will be sent to him. Then the cruel age, forgetting about battles, will soften, With brother Rem Quirin, gray-haired Loyalty and Vesta Will give laws to people; damned doors of war Strong iron closes; inside unholy rage, 295 Bound by a hundred knots, sitting on a pile of weapons, It will begin to grumble terribly, ferocious, with a bloody mouth.

So he said and sends from heaven born of Maya, So that the land of Carthage and a new fortress for the Tevkrov opens its door, so that Dido in front of the guests, contrary to the will of fate, inadvertently does not close the borders. Rushing, floating on wings, through the air to Libya, the messenger, There fulfills the order: at the behest of God, the Punians Immediately forgot their cruelty; The first queen, Bowing her heart to the world, was filled with friendliness towards the Teucres.

305 The pious Aeneas, from worries and thoughts, did not close his eyes all night, in the morning, only the blessed dawn broke, He decided to find out everything: where they were thrown by the wind, Who owns the country (the coast was uncultivated) People or animals alone, - and immediately tell the companions. 310 The fleet under the vault of the forests sheltered in a rocky depression, Where the trees around hang a frightening shadow, Aeneas set off on his way, taking only Akhat with him; He walked, clutching in his hand two lances with an iron sting. His mother appeared to meet him in the middle of the dense forest, 315 Assuming the guise of a virgin, putting on the weapon of a maiden Or a Spartan woman, or that Thracian Harpalica that rushes at a gallop, driving horses, overtaking the winged Eurus. A light bow over the shoulder in a hunting manner is thrown, Curls are given to the power of the breezes, a loose dress 320 Gathered into a knot, opening bare legs to the knees. She is the first to say: "Hey, young men, you tell me, Perhaps you have seen my sisters? Here they roam, Each wears a quiver and is dressed in the skin of a spotted Lynx; they drive a ferocious boar with a cry."

325 So Venus, born of Venus, said in response: “No, I have not seen or heard your sisters here, virgin, What should I call you? "Or Phoebe is a sister, or with the nymphs of the same blood. 330 Be happy, whoever you are! Ease our care: Where are we, under what sky, on the shore of what edge We were brought, you open. Neither people nor place knowing, Here we wander, where we have been washed up by the waves and the wind. We will slaughter plentiful sacrifices before your altar."

335 She answers them: “I am unworthy of such an honor. The girls of Tyre, all wear such quivers, They walk with their legs wrapped in a belt of purple koturnes. , from a brother from Tire To this land that fled. Great is the insult, and the story of her is also great: I will tell you only about the main thing. She was her husband Sikhey, the richest among the Phoenicians. 350 Dido's treacherous brother Pygmalion reigned in Tire at that time, having surpassed all mortals in criminal deeds.The strife between them began, and he, the impious one, secretly slew Sycheus before the altar with a treacherous iron, 350 He despised his sister's feelings, blinded only by thirst for gold. For a long time he hid his villainy from a languishing widow, With a vain hope he slyly entertained his beloved sister, But one day in a dream the ghost of the Unburied One's husband appeared to her, Raising his marvelously pale face, 355 He revealed his pierced chest before her, He revealed everything to her About the defiled altar, about murder hidden in the house. The ghost convinced her to leave her homeland as soon as possible And, in order to help escape, the ancient treasure showed her Gold and silver, in a secret buried place. 360 Obedient to her husband, wife looking for companions to escape, All in whom fear was strong or evil hatred for the tyrant Converge to her. Having seized the ships that were ready to sail, they loaded them with gold. They take the stingy Pygmalion to the treasury. A woman is leading the flight. 365 In these places sailed, where now you see the mighty Walls, where the new fortress of Carthage now rises. Here they bought a piece of land, as much as it is possible to cover with one Skin of a bull (that's why the name Birsa). But tell me, from which shores you are sailing, 370 Who are you, where are you striving?" And Aeneas answered this, His voice escaped from his chest with a heavy sigh: "If you start my story from the first reasons, goddess, You will not have time to chronicle our labors hear in a day, Before Vesper ascends and the gates of Olympus are shut. 375 We are sailing from Troy (and perhaps the Name of Troy has reached your ears); on the waves, on the water plains We rush everywhere; the storm brought us here. The pious one I call Aeneas; saved penates I take away from the enemy, glorified by rumor to heaven. 380 Genus from Jupiter is mine; I sailed in despair to Italy, Following the will of fate. Mother Goddess showed me the way. On twenty ships I went out into the expanses of Phrygian, Now there are seven of them, broken by waves and wind. But I, unknown and sir, wander through the Libyan deserts, 385 There is no way for me to Europe, and there is no return for me to Asia. Then his mother interrupted him, unable to hear her complaint: “I believe: whoever you are, it’s not against the will of the Almighty 388 You drink life-giving air if you arrived in the city of the Tyrians. 390 I announce to you that the satellites with the fleet will return, the wind will change his run and rush them to a safe harbor, If not in vain did my ancestors teach me divination. You see: there twice six swans fly in a row. Falling from the high heavens, the winged satellite of Jupiter 395 dispersed them; descending, they survey her. Here they all gathered, flapped their wings noisily, Again the whole flock soared, girded the sky with a click. Likewise, your friends’ ships or stand on the moorings, 400 Or, raising their sails, swim into wide mouths. Don't turn off this road."

Having said this, she turned back, and her forehead lit up with the radiance of Scarlet, and the smell of Ambrose spread all around, And her clothes slid down to the heels, and immediately her steps betrayed them the goddess. At the same moment, the Mother recognized Dardanides and exclaimed after the fleeing woman: “Why did you introduce your son, cruel, with a false appearance, You were mistaken more than once? Why didn’t you let me connect your hand with your hand, nor hear your true voice?” 410 So he reproachfully said and directed his way to the walls. Then Venus surrounded the marchers with dark air, The goddess thickened the clouds around them, so that not a single person could see or touch them Or stop them along the way and ask about the reason for their arrival. 415 After that, the dear air itself departed for Paphos To its kind shelter, where Sabaean incense is smoked in the temple on a hundred altars and wreaths are poured with fragrance.

In the meantime, the men set off on their way, obeying the path, Ascending the slope of the hill that rose above the new city 420 And looked from a height at the stronghold growing nearby. Aeneas looks, amazed: in place of the huts - bulks; He looks: the people are striving from the gate along the paved roads. Everywhere the work is in full swing among the Tyrians: walls are being erected, Cities are building a stronghold and rolling stones with their hands 425 Or they choose places for houses, encircle them with a furrow, 427 Deepen the bottom in the port, and there the foundations of the theater Strong quickly lay or carve huge ones from the rocks Many powerful columns - decoration future scene. 430 Thus, through the flowering fields under the early summer sun, the bees work: alone, mature offspring are brought out On their first flight; others, meanwhile, collect flowing Honey and fill their honeycombs with sweet nectar. Those sisters who arrive receive cargo, and these, 435 Lined up, drive herds of lazy drones from the hives: Everywhere work is in full swing, and aromas float from honey. "Happy are those for whom strong walls are being erected!" Thus exclaims Aeneas, and the city dwellers look at the roofs. He enters the city, covered (oh, miracle!) with a dense cloud, 440 Crowds enter the thicket, remaining invisible to everyone.

There was a grove in the city; under her friendly canopy On the day when they were thrown into Libya by wind and storm, The sign of the Tyrians found, revealed by Queen Juno: The swift skull of a horse, - then, that for many centuries 445 Their family will be brave in battle and will not know the need. Here Dido erected a majestic temple to Juno, He was rich in gifts and demanded by the goddess in love; Copper steps led to the entrance; the beams were fastened with Copper, the door spikes made of shining copper creaked. 450 As soon as the temple between the trees was opened to the eyes of strangers, Aeneas's fear subsided: hope for salvation again The hero dares and in the midst of troubles again to believe in the future. Entering the temple vestibule, in anticipation of the arrival of Dido He looks at wonders, amazed by the riches of the kingdom, 455 He marvels at the dexterous hands of the masters and their skillful labors. Here, one after another, he sees the Ilion battles, The rumor of which the rumor spread throughout the whole world: Here are Atrids, and Priam, and Achilles, both terrible. Standing in front of them, Aeneas with tears says to Akhat: 460 "Where, in what direction have they not heard of our suffering? Here is Priam. Here, too, he was rewarded with posthumous praise. Tears are in the nature of things, touching the souls of Mortals everywhere; save us, perhaps." He speaks and delights his soul with an incorporeal picture, 465 He weeps, and tears irrigate his face in an abundant stream, For he again sees terrible battles near Pergamum: Here the Achaeans flee, and the youths of Troy crowd them, Here Achilles flew into the Phrygians in his chariot, Shining with a shaggy helmet; and there, with tears, he recognized 470 White tents of Res in the picture: many, embraced by the First traitorous dream, were killed by the bloodthirsty Diomedes, He led the hot horses to the Greek camp, which had not had time to taste the grass and water from Xanthus from the Trojan pastures. Here is another Troilus in the picture, dropping his shield: 475 The unfortunate youth flees from an unequal battle with Achilles, He fell on his back, but the horses race an empty chariot; Without releasing the reins, he drags along the ground with the back of his head, And the tip of the dust furrows the battle spear. Meanwhile, the merciless Pallas Trojans are walking towards the temple, 480 Having loosened their curls, they carry a veil to the goddess, Mournfully pray to her, striking her chest with their palms; But Minerva turned away from them and lowered her eyes. Achilles drags Hector three times around the walls of Ilion, He sells his body for gold to the old man Priam, 485 A loud groan escaped from Aeneas' chest, as soon as He saw the armor, chariot and other remains, He only saw how Priam stretched out his unarmed hands. He also recognized himself in a battle with the leaders of the Achaeans, Nearby - aliens from the countries of the Dawn - Memnon's army. 490 Here are the rows of Amazons with shields, like a sickle of the new moon, Penthesilea leads, seized with a furious ardor, She pulled her naked breasts with a golden bandage, The virgin warrior, is not afraid to enter into battle with men.

At that time, as the Dardanian Aeneas looked and marveled, 495 Not taking her astonished gaze away from the pictures for a moment, The queen herself, beautiful in the sight of Dido, Went to the temple, surrounded by a crowded crowd of Tyrian youths. So on the Evrota shores or Kinthos ridges Diana leads the round dances, and mountain nymphs gather to her: 500 Thousands of them from everywhere follow her, - she also wears a quiver behind her back and surpasses them all in growth (The heart of Latona then fills with silent joy), Likewise, full of fun, Dido spoke among the crowd, devoting the Dumas to labors and concerns about the future kingdom. 505 Entering the temple vestibule, under the vaulted roof, the queen Immediately sits on the throne, and the guards surround her; The court administers and gives laws to men and works Equally divides it or appoints them by lot. Suddenly Aeneas saw: in the midst of a large gathering of people 510 The brave Kloant and Antaeus and Sergest are approaching the temple, Tevkry following them, whom the fierce winds, Scattered apart across the sea, carried to other coasts. Aeneas froze, amazed, amazed Ahat shuddered; It is frightening and joyful for them: the hand of their found companions 515 They long to shake hands, but the unknown confuses their hearts. Suppressing their feelings, both listen from behind a cloud, What friends experienced, for which they came to the Tyrians, Where they left the fleet. For from every ship messengers were hastening to the temple now and begging for mercy loudly.

520 After they were led in to the queen and given their word, Ilionaeus, the eldest of them, said sedately: “O queen, Jupiter gave you the gift of erecting a city and arrogance to humble the wild tribes with justice! The Trojans pray to you, driven by the seas by the wind: 525 Spare us, save the ships from fire! Our race honors the Almighty, so look favorably on us. We did not come with a sword - to destroy the Carthaginian penates, Not to rob you and rush off with booty, Violence is alien to us, and there is no arrogance 530 There is a place in the west, what the Greeks call Hesperia, In this ancient country, fertile, powerful weapons, Formerly lived the men of Oenotra; now their descendants Have taken the name of the leader and called themselves "Italians." We kept the way there. 535 Suddenly obese Orion rose above the depths of the sea, Daring winds carried the ships to hidden shallows, The storm, having overcome us all, swept over the waves and over the rocks Impenetrable ships, only a few found themselves here ... What kind of people live here, if they don’t let us step on the sand? 540 What kind of barbarian land, if it tolerates such customs? We, threatening with war, are forbidden to go ashore! If you despise people and the weapons of mortals, Fear the immortal gods that remember both honor and wickedness. Our king was Aeneas: justice, courage in battles 545 And piety no one could compare with him in the world. If fate spared him, if he breathes the air, if he sees the ether and did not descend to the cruel shadows, there is no fear in us. Yes, and you will not repent if you hasten to render the First service to us: in the regions of the Sicilian 550 there are cities and troops, and Akest is a Trojan by blood. Let us only be allowed to bring the fleet, broken by a hurricane, To get logs from the forest, to fit them, to carve out oars. If again we find a king and companions, if we can sail to Italy, then we will joyfully direct our path 555 To Latium, to Italy we. But if you died in the Libyan Sea, our father, and there is no hope for Yul, We will go to the Sicilian straits, from where we sailed, We will be ready to seek shelter in the kingdom of Akestus.

Modestly lowering her gaze, Dido briefly answered them: “Tevkry, cast off fear, drive cares from the heart! Our kingdom is young, the danger is great; knows Who has not heard of the fire of war, of the bravery of the Trojans? No, the hearts of the Punians are not so hardened in their chests, The sun does not drive away horses from the Tyrian city. If you are in the great Hesperia, to the arable land of Saturn, 570 to the kingdom of Akest, I will help you, I will give you supplies, I will let you go unharmed. But if you want to stay with me in my kingdom, The city that I build is yours! Bring the ships! Trojan and Tyrian will always be equal before me. 575 If only Your king Aeneas, caught up in the same hurricane, Has arrived here! And I will send messengers all over the coast and order them to search Libya to the extreme limits: maybe he wanders through the forests or villages.

Brave Akhat and parent Aeneas from the speech of the queen 580 Spirit perked up in an instant and yearn to break through the cloud. Akhat is the first to encourage Aeneas: “Son of the goddess, tell me, what kind of thought has arisen in your soul? You see, there is no danger, and the satellites with the fleet have returned. predictions of Venus. As soon as he uttered this, the cloud that had been poured around them immediately broke apart and melted into pure ether. Aeneas stood before the people: his shoulders and face shone with divine light, for the mother herself bestowed beauty and youthful splendor on the son of curls, lit a proud fire of joy in the eyes of the hero. Thus ivory is adorned by art, and marble or silver in a golden frame shine brighter. Unexpectedly presenting his eyes, to the assembly of everything and to the queen 595 So he addresses: "The Trojan Aeneas is in front of you, The one you are looking for, saved from the Libyan Sea. "We, deprived of everything, who have experienced in the seas and on land 600 So many hard labors, you accept into your house and city. We are not strong enough now to give you thanks, All, how many of them there are in the world, do not do this tevkram. If the Almighty honor piety is justice Here on earth, the thought that you have acted as you should, 605 Will be your reward. Isn't the Age that gave birth to you happy? Are your parents not worthy of glory? the luminaries sparkle in the sky, Thy name will remain in praise and honor until then, 610 of the Earth, no matter what they call us. Having spoken, Sergest He embraced with his left hand, and with his right - Ilionea, the Brave afterward attracted Geass with the brave Kloant.

Aeneid by Virgil

In the introduction to the third book of the Georgics, Virgil promises to glorify Caesar Augustus and his victories. He fulfilled this in his third work - the poem "Aeneid", representing the processing of the myth about Aeneas; this work he spent the rest of his life. While Virgil worked on his work, rumors were already circulating that something great was about to emerge. Propertius had already written - "give way, Roman writers and Greeks, something more than the Iliad must appear." When the Aeneid appeared, it immediately received recognition as the greatest creation in Latin, and later Macrobius said: "The glory of Maro is such that nothing can be added to it by anyone's praise and nothing can be taken away from it by someone's censure."

The ancients understood and recognized epic poetry as given by Homer. And it was important for Virgil to preserve the tone and colors of Homer in his work. He gave himself this opportunity by referring the action of his poem to prehistoric times.

The hero of Virgil's poem, Aeneas, already represented a certain personality in Homer. He was related to Priam and was close to the dynasty that ruled Troy; he belonged to the younger line of this genus. Aeneas is represented as a shepherd king, he fights with the Trojans and escapes with his people. Homer put a prophecy into the mouth of Poseidon that Aeneas and his descendants would subsequently rule Troy.

Later, the year of the foundation of Rome was calculated astronomically - 754 BC - and a gap formed between the time of the Trojan War and the year of the foundation of Rome. But the noble Roman families traced their genealogy from Troy, considering the legendary founder of the city to be the ancestor. The Romans retained the belief that those portents that were given by Poseidon to Aeneas passed to Rome, and when the Romans waged their wars with the Greeks, they acted as the executors of these portents.

Therefore, a certain heroic image was given to Aeneas not by Virgil, but even before his poem by folk legends. Virgil used this image for his work.

Virgil's Aeneid is divided into two parts. The first part (cantos 1-6) depicts the wanderings of Aeneas, and the material for it is borrowed from Homer and from later Greek poets and historians. The second part (cantos 7-12) depicts the statement of Aeneas in Italy, and since the Greeks had no material for this part, Virgil borrows it from his learning. Virgil finishes his poem for a very long time, but it was not finished; we see this from a whole series of omissions, contradictions, etc. If Virgil himself published this poem, then, of course, all this would be finished off. But the poet did not have time to do this, and the poem after his death, at the behest of Augustus, was published by Varius and Tukka.

Let us turn to the content of the Aeneid.

First song. After turning to the muse, which is usual for an epic poet, Virgil depicts us Aeneas and his people, who fled from Troy and have been wandering for the seventh year, sailing on ships from Sicily to Italy; Juno, hostile to the Trojans, asks Eol to release winds on Aeneas ships, he fulfills the request, and the Trojans are threatened with death. But Neptune calms the sea, the Trojans safely land on the shores of Libya, where Queen Dido is building a new city (Carthage). Here the mother of Aeneas, the goddess Venus, is trying to arouse in Dido a love feeling for Aeneas. Dido invites all the Trojans to her place and arranges a feast. At the feast, she asks Aeneas to tell her about the Trojan War and the hero's own wanderings.

Second song. This song begins with the story of Aeneas. He speaks of the fall of Troy (here Virgil used a similar story from Homer's Odysseus). The Greeks left Troy, leaving a gigantic wooden horse; the Trojans brought the horse into the city, but Greek soldiers were hiding in it, who helped the rest of the Greeks enter Troy at night. When the Greeks took possession of Priam's palace, Aeneas decided to flee with the Trojans; he takes with him his father Anchises, his wife Creusa and his son Ascanius. But the wife is lost along the way, and when Aeneas, returning, finds her, she declares to her husband that the will of the gods commands her to perish along with the city.

third song. Here Aeneas continues his story. He says that together with the fugitives he built a fleet at the foot of Ida, then went to Thrace, founded the city of Aenead there; then he visited the oracle on the island of Delos, decided to go to Crete, but, obeying the predictions, went to Italy; there were many adventures along the way with the wanderers, and finally, they were driven by a storm to the possessions of Dido. This is where Aeneas' story ends.

Fourth canto. Its material belongs to Virgil himself; it is not taken from the Greeks. Virgil describes here the passion that Dido kindled for Aeneas. Juno and Venus patronize this love. During a general hunt, Dido is given to Aeneas in the cave. But Mercury conveys to Aeneas the command of Jupiter to set sail from Libya, and Aeneas leaves Dido before dawn and leaves with his fleet. Dido commits suicide in despair by burning herself at the stake.

Fifth song. The Trojans, having sailed from the shores of Carthage, see a glow: that glow of a fire on which Dido burned herself. A storm pushes the fleet of Aeneas to Sicily; here he is staying with the Trojan Acestus; here the Trojans arrange various games, among other things, games representing a cavalry battle, the so-called ludi troiani (Trojan games). At this time, the Trojan women, in order to force their husbands to stay in the land of Aceste, set fire to the fleet of Aeneas. But Aeneas manages to beg Jupiter, and only four ships burn down. After that, Aeneas leaves with the Trojans again to Italy.

Sixth song. Aeneas stops with his fleet at Qom. Here he sacrifices to Apollo, and then goes to the Cum Sibyl. The Sibyl predicts new dangers for him, already on land, and not at sea, and then leads him to Elysium, the underworld, so that Aeneas can see his late father Anchises. Aeneas passes through the underworld, sees the unfortunate shadows of suicides, victims of ungrateful love, and among them Dido, hears the groans from the dwellings of criminals, finally reaches the dwelling of the blessed and here, among others, sees his father. Ankhiz shows Aeneas all his descendants and speaks of future high destinies, which are intended for Rome and the Romans. Then Aeneas, without wasting time, sails with his fleet to Italy, to the country where even Poseidon had predicted the Trojans' rebirth and dominion. — With this, the sixth canto ends, and at the same time the first half of the Aeneid.

Seventh song. Having made a stop on the way in the harbor of Gaeta and passing by the island of Circe, from which screams were heard, Aeneas enters the mouth of the Tiber and decides to land here. Thus begins a new thing in the history of Aeneas: he enters Italy, about which the prophecies spoke to him. Virgil marks this new one with the following words: “Now, Erato, help me tell what the kings were, what the state of affairs was, what the position of the old Latium was at the time when a foreigner with an army first landed on the beautiful fields of Ausonia ... Now begins for me the highest task; I take on a lot of work” (lines 37 et seq.).

Then Virgil reports that in the city of Lavrenta reigned at that time the king Latin, the great-grandson of Saturn. Latinus had no son, but only one daughter, Lavinia. Aeneas, having sailed to Italy, sent envoys to Latinus and asked for land for new settlers. The Latin, who had the oracle's prediction, willingly gave the land and offered his daughter to Aeneas. But Juno, a long-time enemy of the Trojans, aroused Latina's wife, Amata, against Aeneas, and she does not agree to give Lavinia for Aeneas, but wants to marry her off to the king of the rutuli Turn, who had already received a refusal before. However, Latin remains adamant. Then Allekto excites Turnus himself against Aeneas; the leaders of many other Latin cities are also excited against Aeneas, and Virgil enumerates all of them in detail.

Eighth song. While Turnus was gathering allies against Aeneas, Aeneas had a prophetic dream. In a dream, the god of the Tiber - Tiberin - advised Aeneas to turn to King Evander. Aeneas went to him and found him sacrificing to Hercules; Evander was the king of the area where Rome later arose, and the altar to Hercules mentioned here by Virgil is a trace of long-standing relations with Greek merchants. Evander receives Aeneas favorably and leads him through the place where Rome will be, to his palace. Here Virgil has the opportunity to name all the hills and wonderful places of Rome. Evander gives Aeneas four hundred horsemen, led by his son Pallas (in connection with the name Palatine).

Aeneas' mother, Venus, turns to Hephaestus (Vulcan) for help, and he forged a shield and armor for Aeneas (this Virgil borrows from Homer: the shield of Achilles 1). Virgil makes Vulcan forge on the shield of Aeneas all the future glory of Rome and gives here allusions to various later events of Rome. Beginning with verse 678, he speaks of Augustus as the restorer of the Saturn age, and depicts a picture of the Battle of Actia and Augustus leading the Italians to war, with senators and people, with great gods and penates, standing at the stern of the ship, when fire burns around him and shines with him from the height of the father's star. - The end of the eighth song, thus, goes beyond the scope of the epic; here Virgil gives himself up to a subjective glorification of Augustus.

Ninth song. While Aeneas was staying with Evander, Juno, through Iris, aroused Turnus and his allies, and they besieged the Trojans, while Aeneas was absent. The Trojans, in the absence of the leader, did not go to battle, and the allies set fire to their fleet; but the ships turned into sea nymphs and flew away. While the Trojans were besieged, two Trojan youths, Nysus and Euryalus, undertook to inform Aeneas about this. They passed safely at night through the camp of the enemies, but they wanted to take advantage of the opportunity and began to beat the sleeping ones; the allies woke up, and the youths perished. Virgil very sensitively describes the inconsolable grief of Euryale's mother, mourning her son. These lines also go beyond the scope of the epic. The ninth song ends with a description of the attack of Turnus on the Trojan camp and his escape by swimming across the Tiber.

tenth song. Jupiter summoned the gods to a council and advised them to reconcile. Venus talks about all that the Trojans have endured, but Juno objects to her. Finally, the voices of the gods are divided, and Jupiter leaves the matter of the belligerents to fate. At this time, Aeneas appeared to his army with thirty allied ships; he entered into battle with Thurn, and at the beginning of the battle, Pallas, the son of the allied king Evander, fell. Then Aeneas indignantly rushes at Turnus, who is saved by Juno. Following this, fall from the hand of Aeneas Lavz, the son of King Mezentius, an ally of Turnus, and Mezentius himself.

Eleventh song. Aeneas dedicates the armor of Mezentius to Mars and sends the body of Pallas to his father. Then a truce is declared for twelve days. The Latins turned to the Greek hero Diomedes for help, but he advised them to reconcile as soon as possible with Aeneas. The allies agree to this, but Thurn refuses. The battle begins again, the Trojans ambush, and the Volscian heroine Camilla, who was in the ranks of Turna's allies, dies.

twelfth song. The belligerents have the idea to resolve the dispute by single combat. Thurn agrees to this. Troops are built without weapons. But Juno does not want to come to terms with this; she arranges a massacre in which Aeneas is wounded. The Trojans besiege the Latins; Turnus comes to the aid of the Latins, but, being wounded, refuses his bride (Lavinia). Aeneas is ready to spare Turnus, but he sees Pallant's baldric in him and kills him. This is the end of Virgil's poem 2

Thus, here the poet depicted the fate of Aeneas from the death of Troy to his union with the Latins and the revival of the idea of ​​world power. Having transferred his plot - the glorification of the fate of Rome and the cause of Augustus - to prehistoric times and thus following the path of Homer, Virgil had at his disposal a huge material and great poetic colors. But in essence he was far from that epic calm, which was in Homer; Virgil speaks of feeling and passion; this is especially noticeable in the fourth song, which describes the passion of Dido and her rapprochement with Aeneas, as well as in the ninth song, where the mother weeps bitterly for the dead youths. Virgil also added speeches to his presentation. But they are not like the speeches of the heroes of Homer; there is a great element of rhetoric in them, and Virgil's expositors regarded them as exemplary works of rhetoric. The ancients did not blame Virgil for lack of epic calm. On the contrary, they valued him above Homer. Of course, we can no longer judge in this way, but for us Virgil's Aeneid is the greatest work.

In addition to artistic merit, the Aeneid also had the meaning for the Romans that it gave prophecies about the events of Rome, and these prophecies spoke of the glory and greatness of Rome. In the first song (verse 279), Jupiter says: “For them (the Trojans), I do not set limits to their power, nor time, nor terms. I have given them unlimited power. The third song says: "Here the house of Aeneas will rule over all limits." In the same third song (v. 157): "We, who have passed with you through the stormy sea in ships, will raise the future descendants above the sea and give them dominion." In the sixth canto (verse 852 et seq.), Virgil speaks of the Greeks and Romans, giving credit to the former, but appreciating the latter, and says: "Others will write prose, but you, Roman, remember: your business is to hold the world in your hands." ".

Such statements made Virgil the king of the Roman self-consciousness. He became a school writer, and interpretations of Virgil began to appear very early. One of the commentators should be Virgil [Tiberius Claudius] Donatus, who also owns the biography of the poet, and Servius, the grammar of the end of the 4th century. Donatus's comments are brief, but those of Servius explain the Bucolics, the Georgics, and the Aeneid in a general way.

Notes.

1. See about this shield: G. G. Pavlutsky. About genre plots in Greek art before the Hellenistic era. Ed. 2!e, corr. and additional Kyiv, 1897. S. 53-63. Also curious are the arguments about the shield of Hercules (Ibid., pp. 75-80), as well as about the shield of Augustus (A. B. Egorov. Virtues! The Shield of Augustus // Antique World: Problems of History and Culture: Sat. Scientific Art. to the 65th anniversary of Prof. E. D. Frolov, St. Petersburg, 1998, pp. 280-293). - Ed.

2. See also the analytical presentation of the poem: N. V. Moreva-Vulikh. Roman classicism. pp. 94-183. - Ed.