Council of People's Commissars in the period of the Soviet state. Council of People's Commissars of the USSR

SNK and people's commissariats

Briefly:

The state structure of the RSFSR was of a federal nature, the All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Slaves, Soldiers, Crips and Cossack Deputies was the highest authority.

The congress elected the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) responsible to it, which formed the government of the RSFSR - the Congress of People's Commissars (SNK)

Local bodies were regional, provincial, district and volost congresses of councils, which formed their own executive committees.

Created "to govern the country until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly." 13 people's commissariats were formed - internal affairs, labor, military and naval affairs, trade and industry, public education, finance, foreign affairs, justice, food, post and telegraph, nationalities, communications. Chairmen of all people's commissariats included in the Council of People's Commissars

The Council of People's Commissars had the right to replace individual members of the government or its entire composition. In urgent cases, the Council of People's Commissars could issue decrees without their preliminary discussion. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars if they were of national importance.

Council of People's Commissars

According to the Decree of the 2nd Congress of Soviets, a temporary 6 workers' and peasants' government was formed "to govern the country" with the name - the Council of People's Commissars (abbreviated - SNK). "Management of individual branches of state life" was entrusted to commissions headed by chairmen. The chairmen united in the board of chairmen - the Council of People's Commissars. Control over the activities of the Council of People's Commissars and the right to remove commissars belonged to both the Congress and its All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The work of the Council of People's Commissars was built in the form of meetings that were convened almost every day, and from December 1917 - in the form of meetings of deputy people's commissars, who by January 1918 were determined to form a permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars (Small Council of People's Commissars). Since February 1918, the practice of convening joint meetings of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars began to be practiced.

Initially, only the Bolsheviks entered the Council of People's Commissars. This situation was due to the following circumstances. The formation of a one-party system in Soviet Russia did not take shape immediately after the October Revolution, but much later, and was explained primarily by the fact that the cooperation of the Bolshevik Party with the Menshevik and Right Socialist-Revolutionary parties, who defiantly left the Second Congress of Soviets and then went over to the opposition, became impossible. The Bolsheviks offered to enter the government to the Left SRs, who then took shape in an independent party, but they refused to send their representatives to the Council of People's Commissars and took a wait-and-see attitude, although they became part of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Despite this, even after the Second Congress of Soviets, the Bolsheviks continued to look for ways of cooperation with the Left SRs: as a result of negotiations between them in December 1917, an agreement was reached on the inclusion of seven representatives of the Left Socialist Revolutionaries into the Council of People's Commissars, which accounted for a third of its composition. This government bloc was necessary to consolidate Soviet power, to win over to its side the broad peasant masses, among whom the Left Social Revolutionaries enjoyed serious influence. And although in March 1918 the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries withdrew from the Council of People's Commissars in protest of the signing of the Brest Peace, they remained in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, other state bodies, including the military department, the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission under the Council of People's Commissars for Combating Counter-Revolution and Sabotage (since August 1918 - with counter-revolution, profiteering and crimes in office).

SNK- from July 6, 1923 to March 15, 1946, the highest executive and administrative (in the first period of its existence also legislative) body of the USSR, its government (in each union and autonomous republic there was also a Council of People's Commissars, for example, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR).

People's Commissar (people's commissar) - a person who is part of the government and heads a certain people's commissariat (people's commissariat) - the central body of state administration in a separate area of \u200b\u200bstate activity.

The first Council of People's Commissars was established 5 years before the formation of the USSR, on October 27, 1917, by the Decree "On the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted at the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets. Prior to the creation of the USSR in 1922 and the formation of the Union Council of People's Commissars, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR actually coordinated the interaction between the Soviet republics that arose on the territory of the former Russian Empire.

The history of Soviet state administration dates back to the Second Congress of Soviets. It met at a turning point, when Petrograd was in the hands of the insurgent workers and peasants, and the Winter Palace, where the bourgeois Provisional Government met, had not yet been taken by the insurgents. The creation of a new system of public administration began with the development and proclamation of certain political postulates. In this sense, the appeal of the Second Congress of Soviets "To the workers, soldiers, peasants!" formation of the Soviet state. Here the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the new state were formulated:

the establishment of peace, the gratuitous transfer of land to the peasantry, the introduction of workers' control over production, the democratization of the army, etc. The next day, October 26, these program theses were concretized and embodied in the first decrees of the Soviet government - "On Peace" and "On Land". Another decree formed the first Soviet government. The resolution of the congress stated: “To form for the management of the country until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly, a provisional workers' and peasants' government, which will be called the Council of People's Commissars. The management of individual branches of state life is entrusted to commissions, the composition of which should ensure the implementation of the program proclaimed by the congress. The following people's commissariats were established by decree: agriculture, labor, military and naval affairs, trade and industry, public education, finance, foreign affairs, justice, food, post and telegraph, nationalities and railway affairs. Control over the activities of people's commissars and the right to dismiss them belonged to the Congress of Soviets and its Central Executive Committee.

Soviet statehood was born under the strong influence of democratic sentiments that prevailed in society. At the same II Congress of Soviets V.I. Lenin argued that the Bolsheviks were striving to build a state in which “the government would always be under the control of the public opinion of its country ... In our view,” he said, “the state is strong by the consciousness of the masses. It is strong when the masses know everything, can judge everything and go for everything consciously. Such broad-based democracy was supposed to be realized by attracting the masses to the government of the state.

Is the emergence of a new government in Russia and the creation of a new system of government natural? In the literature, one can come across the point of view that the decisions of the Second Congress of Soviets were unlawful due to its insufficient representativeness. Indeed, the representation at the congress was not nationwide, but class-based: it was a congress of workers' and soldiers' deputies. The Peasant Congress of Soviets met separately, and the unification of the Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies took place only in January 1918. Nevertheless, such global changes in the life of the country could not have happened without a reason. The Second Congress of Soviets was undoubtedly the organ of the insurgent people, the organ of the revolutionary masses, representing practically the entire country and all more or less significant national regions. The congress expressed the will of the most organized and socially active part of society, which wanted changes for a better life and actively sought them. Although the congress was All-Russian, it was not and could not be nationwide.

The Soviet system of government was born in a multi-party system. According to researchers, there were about 300 political parties in Russia, which can be conditionally divided into regional, national and all-Russian ones. There were about 60 of the latter. The composition of the Second Congress of Soviets, according to party affiliation, was, as you know, mainly Bolshevik. But other socialist and liberal parties were also represented there. The position of the Bolsheviks was further strengthened when representatives of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks and Bundists left the congress. They demanded that the forum be suspended because, in their opinion, Lenin's supporters had usurped power. More than 400 local Soviets from the largest industrial and political centers of the country were represented at the congress.

The congress formed the supreme and central authorities. The All-Russian Congress of Soviets was declared the supreme body. He could decide any issues of state power and administration. The congress created the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK), which acted as the supreme authority between congresses of Soviets. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee was created on the basis of proportional representation from all party factions of the congress. Of the 101 members of the first composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, 62 were Bolsheviks, 29 were Left Socialist-Revolutionaries, 6 were Menshevik-Internationalists, 3 were Ukrainian Socialists and 1 was a Maximalist Socialist-Revolutionary. Bolshevik L.B. was elected chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. Kamenev. The government formed by decision of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Council of People's Commissars (Sovnarkom, SNK), became the central authority. It was also headed by the Bolshevik V.I. Lenin. The Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and the Menshevik-Internationalists received an offer to join the government, but they refused. A distinctive feature of the new authorities and administration was the combination of legislative and executive functions. Not only the resolutions of the Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, but also the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars and even acts of individual people's commissariats had the force of law.

Thus, the II Congress of Soviets proclaimed the creation of a new state, formed the authorities and administration. At the congress, the most general principles of the organization of Soviet statehood were formulated and the foundation was laid for the creation of a new system of state administration.

The Bolsheviks, having seized power, were looking for ways to expand its social base. To this end, they negotiated with the leaders of the Left SRs on the conditions for their entry into the Council of People's Commissars. At the beginning of November 1917, at the plenary session of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, a compromise resolution "On the conditions of the agreement of the socialist parties" was adopted. It emphasized that an agreement was possible only if the Second Congress of Soviets was recognized as the "only source of power" and the "program of the Soviet government, as expressed in the decrees on land, peace" was recognized.

Negotiations between the Bolsheviks and the Left SRs ended in December 1917 with the creation of a coalition government. The SNK, along with the Bolsheviks, included seven representatives of the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party. They headed the Commissariats of Agriculture (A.L. Kolegaev), Posts and Telegraphs (P.P. Proshyan), Local Government (V.E. Trutovsky), Property (V.A. Karelin) and Justice (I.Z. Steinberg) . In addition, V.A. Aglasov and A.I. Diamonds became people's commissars without a portfolio (with a decisive vote). The first was a member of the Board of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs, the second - the People's Commissariat of Finance. The Left Social Revolutionaries, holding important positions in the cabinet, like the Bolsheviks, were responsible for the key areas of government activity under the conditions of the revolution. This made it possible to expand the social base of management processes and thereby strengthen state power. The alliance with the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries left a noticeable mark on the administrative practice of the first months of Soviet power. Representatives of the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries were included not only in the central government bodies, but also in the governments of the national republics, the revolutionary committees of the bodies for the struggle against counter-revolution, and the leadership of army units. With their direct participation, the “Declaration of the rights of the working and exploited people” was developed and adopted by the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets, proclaiming Russia a Republic of Soviets. Together with the Bolsheviks, the Left SRs unanimously voted in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee for the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly.

The bloc with the Left SRs allowed the Bolsheviks to solve the most important political and administrative task - to unite the Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies with the Soviets of Peasants' Deputies. The unification took place at the III All-Russian Congress of Soviets in January 1918. A new composition of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was elected at the congress, which included 160 Bolsheviks and 125 Left Social Revolutionaries.

However, the alliance with the Left SRs was short-lived. March 18, 1918, not recognizing the ratification of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries withdrew from the government

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, SNK RSFSR) is the name of the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from the October Revolution of 1917 to 1946. The SNK included people's commissars who led the people's commissariats (people's commissariats, NK). Similar Councils of People's Commissars were created in other Soviet republics; during the formation of the USSR, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was also created at the union level.

general information

Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Bolshevik Central Committee instructed Kamenev and Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left SRs and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the government. During the work of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Bolsheviks offered the Left SRs to enter the government, but they refused. The factions of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work - before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government.

The name "Council of People's Commissars" was suggested by Trotsky:

Power in Petersburg has been won. We need to form a government.

How to call it? Lenin reasoned aloud. Only not ministers: this is a vile, tattered name.

It could be commissars, I suggested, but now there are too many commissars. Maybe high commissioners? No, "supreme" sounds bad. Is it possible "folk"?

People's Commissars? Well, that would probably work. What about the government as a whole?

Council of People's Commissars?

The Council of People's Commissars, Lenin echoed, is excellent: it smells terribly of revolution.

The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. The body of the general administration of the affairs of the RSFSR - which in the Constitution of the RSFSR was called the "Council of People's Commissars" or the "Workers' and Peasants' Government" - was the highest executive and administrative body of the RSFSR, having full executive and administrative power, the right to issue decrees that have the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions.

The issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were decided by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the Government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager of affairs and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, representatives of departments.

The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the administration of affairs, which prepared questions for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing committees, and received delegations. The staff of the administration of affairs in 1921 consisted of 135 people. (according to the data of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, ll. 19 - 20.)

By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR.

[edit] Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR dated July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:

management of the general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of government (art. 35, 37)

the issuance of legislative acts and the adoption of measures "necessary for the regular and rapid course of public life." (Art. 38)

The people's commissar has the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).

All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel the decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40).

17 people's commissariats are being created (in the Constitution, this figure is indicated erroneously, since there are 18 of them in the list presented in Article 43).

on foreign affairs;

on military affairs;

for maritime affairs;

for internal affairs;

social security;

education;

post and telegraph;

on affairs of nationalities;

for financial matters;

means of communication;

agriculture;

trade and industry;

food;

State control;

Supreme Council of the National Economy;

healthcare.

Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium is formed, whose members are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44).

With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR becomes the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and procedure for the activities of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925.

domestic trade;

finance

internal affairs

enlightenment

health care

agriculture

social security

With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR is accountable only to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR.

Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):

Food Industry

light industry

timber industry

agriculture

grain state farms

livestock farms

finance

domestic trade

health care

enlightenment

local industry

public utilities

social security

The Council of People's Commissars also included the chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and the head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

Plan
Introduction
1 General information
2 Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
3 The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia
4 Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
5 People's Commissars
6 Sources
Bibliography

Introduction

Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, SNK RSFSR) - the name of the government of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from the October Revolution of 1917 to 1946. The council consisted of people's commissars who led the people's commissariats (people's commissariats, NK). After the formation of the USSR, a similar body was created at the union level.

1. General information

The name "Council of People's Commissars" was suggested by Trotsky:

Power in Petersburg has been won. We need to form a government.

How to call it? Lenin reasoned aloud. Only not ministers: this is a vile, tattered name.

It could be commissars, I suggested, but now there are too many commissars. Maybe high commissioners? No, "supreme" sounds bad. Is it possible "folk"?

People's Commissars? Well, that would probably work. What about the government as a whole?

Council of People's Commissars?

The Council of People's Commissars, Lenin echoed, is excellent: it smells terribly of revolution.

According to the Constitution of 1918, it was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The Council of People's Commissars was the highest executive and administrative body of the RSFSR, having full executive and administrative power, the right to issue decrees with the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions.

By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers.

2. Legislative framework of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR dated July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are:

management of the general affairs of the RSFSR, management of individual branches of government (art. 35, 37)

· the issuance of legislative acts and the adoption of measures "necessary for the correct and rapid course of public life." (Art. 38)

The people's commissar has the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45).

17 people's commissariats are being created (in the Constitution, this figure is indicated erroneously, since there are 18 of them in the list presented in Article 43).

on foreign affairs;

on military affairs;

on maritime affairs;

on internal affairs;

justice;

social security;

education;

post and telegraph;

on the affairs of nationalities;

on financial matters;

· ways of communication;

· agriculture;

trade and industry;

food;

· State control;

· Supreme Council of National Economy;

health care.

Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium is formed, whose members are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44).

internal trade;

Finance

· internal affairs

justice

education

healthcare

farming

social security

· Food Industry

light industry

timber industry

farming

State grain farms

livestock farms

Finance

domestic trade

justice

healthcare

education

local industry

public utilities

social security

3. The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars of Soviet Russia

Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin)

People's Commissar for Internal Affairs - A. I. Rykov

People's Commissar of Agriculture - V. P. Milyutin

People's Commissar of Labor - A. G. Shlyapnikov

People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs - a committee consisting of: V. A. Ovseenko (Antonov) (in the text of the Decree on the formation of the Council of People's Commissars - Avseenko), N. V. Krylenko and P. E. Dybenko

People's Commissar for Trade and Industry - V. P. Nogin

People's Commissar of Public Education - A. V. Lunacharsky

People's Commissar of Finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov)

People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs - L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky)

People's Commissar of Justice - G. I. Oppokov (Lomov)

People's Commissar for Food Affairs - I. A. Teodorovich

People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs - N. P. Avilov (Glebov)

People's Commissar for Nationalities - I. V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin)

· The post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs remained temporarily unfilled.

The vacant post of People's Commissar for Railway Affairs was later taken by V. I. Nevsky (Krivobokov).

4. Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR

5. People's Commissars

Vice Chairmen:

Rykov A. I. (from the end of May 1921-?)

Tsyurupa A.D. (5.12.1921-?)

Kamenev L. B. (Jan. 1922-?)

Foreign Affairs:

Trotsky L. D. (10/26/1917 - 04/08/1918)

Chicherin G. V. (05/30/1918 - 07/21/1930)

For military and naval affairs:

Antonov-Ovseenko V. A. (26.10.1917-?)

Krylenko N. V. (10/26/1917-?)

Dybenko P. E. (26.10.1917-18.3.1918)

Trotsky L.D. (8.4.1918 - 26.1.1925)

Interior:

Rykov A. I. (26.10. - 4.11.1917)

Petrovsky G.I. (11/17/1917-3/25/1919)

Dzerzhinsky F. E. (30.3.1919-6.7.1923)

Lomov-Oppokov G. I. (26.10 - 12.12.1917)

Steinberg I. Z. (12.12.1917 - 18.3.1918)

Stuchka P. I. (18.3. - 22.8.1918)

Kursky D. I. (22.8.1918 - 1928)

Shlyapnikov A. G. (10/26/1917 - 10/8/1918)

Schmidt V.V. (8.10.1918-4.11.1919 and 26.4.1920-29.11.1920)

State Charity (from 26.4.1918 - Social Security; NKSO 4.11.1919 merged with the NK Labor, 26.4.1920 divided):

Vinokurov A. N. (March 1918-4.11.1919; 26.4.1919-16.4.1921)

Milyutin N. A. (acting commissar, June-6.7.1921)

Enlightenment:

Lunacharsky A. V. (26.10.1917-12.9.1929)

Post and telegraph:

Glebov (Avilov) N. P. (10/26/1917-12/9/1917)

Proshyan P.P. (9.12.1917 - 18.03.1918)

Podbelsky V. N. (11.4.1918 - 25.2.1920)

Lyubovich A. M. (24.3-26.5.1921)

Dovgalevsky V. S. (26.5.1921-6.7.1923)

For nationalities:

Stalin I. V. (26.10.1917-6.7.1923)

Finance:

Skvortsov-Stepanov I. I. (10/26/1917 - 1/20/1918)

Diamonds M. A. (19.1.-18.03.1918)

Gukovsky I. E. (April-16.8.1918)

Sokolnikov G. Ya. (11/23/1922-16/1/1923)

Ways of communication:

Elizarov M. T. (8.11.1917-7.1.1918)

Rogov A. G. (24.2.-9.5.1918)

Nevsky V. I. (25.7.1918-15.3.1919)

Krasin L. B. (30.3.1919-20.3.1920)

Trotsky L. D. (20.3-10.12.1920)

Emshanov A. I. (20.12.1920-14.4.1921)

Dzerzhinsky F. E. (14.4.1921-6.7.1923)

Agriculture:

Milyutin V.P. (26.10 - 4.11.1917)

Kolegaev A.L. (24.11.1917 - 18.3.1918)

Sereda S.P. (3/4/1918 - 10/02/1921)

Osinsky N. (Deputy People's Commissar, 24.3.1921-18.1.1922)

Yakovenko V. G. (18.1.1922-7.7.1923)

Trade and Industry:

Nogin V.P. (26.10. - 4.11.1917)

Smirnov V. M. (25.1.1918-18.3.1918)

Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR (Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR)- the name of the government from until 1946. The council consisted of people's commissars who led the people's commissariats (people's commissariats, NK). After the formation, a similar body was created at the union level.

Story

The Council of People's Commissars (SNK) was formed in accordance with the "Decree on the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies on October 27, 1917. Immediately before the seizure of power on the day of the revolution, the Central Committee also instructed Winter (Berzin) to enter into political contact with the Left SRs and begin negotiations with them on the composition of the government. During the work of the Second Congress of Soviets, the Left SRs were offered to enter the government, but they refused. The factions of the Right Socialist-Revolutionaries left the Second Congress of Soviets at the very beginning of its work - before the formation of the government. The Bolsheviks were forced to form a one-party government. The name "Council of People's Commissars" was proposed: Power in St. Petersburg has been won. We need to form a government.
- How to call it? - He talked aloud. Only not ministers: this is a vile, tattered name.
- We could be commissars, I suggested, but now there are too many commissars. Maybe high commissioners? No, "supreme" sounds bad. Is it possible "folk"?
- People's Commissars? Well, that would probably work. What about the government as a whole?
- The Council of People's Commissars?
- The Council of People's Commissars, Lenin picked up, is excellent: it smells terribly of revolution. According to the Constitution of 1918, it was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.
The Council of People's Commissars was the highest executive and administrative body of the RSFSR, having full executive and administrative power, the right to issue decrees with the force of law, while combining legislative, administrative and executive functions. The Council of People's Commissars lost the character of a temporary governing body after the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly, which was legally enshrined in the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918. Issues considered by the Council of People's Commissars were resolved by a simple majority of votes. The meetings were attended by members of the Government, the chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the manager of affairs and secretaries of the Council of People's Commissars, representatives of departments. The permanent working body of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was the administration of affairs, which prepared questions for meetings of the Council of People's Commissars and its standing committees, and received delegations. The staff of the administration of affairs in 1921 consisted of 135 people. (According to the data of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 2, ll. 19 - 20.) By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of March 23, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars was transformed into the Council of Ministers.

Activity

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of July 10, 1918, the activities of the Council of People's Commissars are: managing the general affairs of the RSFSR, managing individual branches of government (Articles 35, 37), issuing legislative acts and taking measures "necessary for the correct and rapid course of state life." (Article 38) The People's Commissar has the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the Commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the Collegium (Article 45). All adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars are reported by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which has the right to suspend and cancel the decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars (Article 40). 17 people's commissariats are being created (in the Constitution, this figure is indicated erroneously, since there are 18 of them in the list presented in Article 43). The following is a list of people's commissariats of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR in accordance with the Constitution of the RSFSR of 07/10/1918:

For foreign affairs;
For military affairs;
Maritime Affairs;
For internal affairs;
Justice;
Labor;
Social Security;
Enlightenment;
Post and telegraph;
On the affairs of nationalities;
For financial matters;
Ways of communication;
Trade and Industry;
food;
State control;
Supreme Council of the National Economy;
Health.

Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium is formed, whose members are approved by the Council of People's Commissars (Article 44). With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR becomes the executive and administrative body of state power of the Russian Federation. The organization, composition, competence and procedure for the activities of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925. From that moment on, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars was changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to the Union departments. 11 people's commissariats were established:

domestic trade;
Labor;
Finance;
Internal Affairs;
Justice;
Enlightenment;
Health;
Agriculture;
Social Security;
VSNKh.

The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, authorized people's commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. (According to the information of the SU, 1924, N 70, Art. 691.) Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR have a single Administration of Affairs. (Based on the materials of the TsGAOR of the USSR, f. 130, op. 25, d. 5, l. 8.) With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR is accountable only to the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet RSFSR. Since October 5, 1937, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR has 13 people's commissariats (data from the Central State Administration of the RSFSR, f. 259, op. 1, d. 27, l. 204.):

Food Industry;
light industry;
Forest industry;
Agriculture;
Grain state farms;
livestock farms;
Finance;
domestic trade;
Justice;
Health;
Enlightenment;
local industry;
Public utilities;
Social Security.

The study of the Soviet model of executive power, its essence, patterns and features of development has not only Russian, but also world significance. This system of power had an impact on the entire course of the history of the 20th century. And at the same time, this phenomenon causes ongoing controversy in the scientific and public environment. The complexity and inconsistency of the processes of development of the Soviet system of power requires study. The Soviet state apparatus arose as a result of a revolutionary upheaval and was a fundamentally new historical type of state apparatus. The processes of demolition of the tsarist state apparatus and the creation of a new one were interrelated.

On October 26 (November 8), 1917, at the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee was re-elected, which was formed by the I Congress of Soviets in the summer of 1917. The All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies became the highest authority in the country. During the breaks between sessions of the All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the supreme authority in the country was the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (VTsIK) - the highest legislative body in the country.

The II All-Russian Congress of Soviets adopted a decree "On the Establishment of the Council of People's Commissars", thus forming the world's first workers' and peasants' government. This decree determined the basis of the legal status of the Soviet government - the highest body of executive power in the country - "to govern the country until the convocation of the Constituent Assembly." 13 people's commissariats were formed: internal affairs, agriculture, labor, military and naval affairs, trade and industry, public education, finance, foreign affairs, justice, food, post and telegraph, but for nationalities, communications. The chairmen of all people's commissariats became part of the Council of People's Commissars. In December 1917, representatives of the Left Socialist-Revolutionary Party entered the government, occupying the posts of people's commissars of justice, local government, state property, agriculture, post offices and telegraphs. After the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk with Germany in March 1918, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries left the government in protest, and it again became one-party. By mid-1918, the number of people's commissariats (NK) was increased. The NK for state control, industry and trade, the Supreme Council of the National Economy (VSNKh), and others were formed.

The right to replace individual members of the government or its entire composition belonged to the All-Russian Congress of Soviets and the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. In emergency cases, the Council of People's Commissars could issue decrees without their preliminary discussion in the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The latter approved the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars, if they were of national importance.

Meetings of the Council of People's Commissars were held daily. From December 1917 the practice of holding meetings of deputy people's commissars has developed. From January 1918 this form of work was turned into a permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars (Small Council of People's Commissars). Its decisions were approved by the government without reconsideration.

From October 1917 to July 1918 (before the adoption of the Constitution), the All-Russian Central Executive Committee adopted more than 100 decrees, resolutions and other acts. During the same period, the Council of People's Commissars adopted about 600 legal acts. The practical activities of the Council of People's Commissars testified that its powers to a certain extent went beyond the concept of "government power" characteristic of an organ carrying out executive and administrative activities. Legally, this was expressed in the publication by the Council of People's Commissars not only of acts of state administration, but also of decrees - acts of a legislative nature.

The legislative activities of the Council of People's Commissars were often criticized by the opposition: the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries and representatives of other parties insisted on limiting this function of the Council of People's Commissars and strengthening control over it by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. However, in early November 1917, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee confirmed the legislative powers of the government. This provision was enshrined in a special decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, and later became part of the Constitution of the RSFSR.

The main place in the activities of the Council of People's Commissars was occupied by creative, organizational and creative tasks: building a new economy, achieving the highest productivity of the social pile, the comprehensive development of science and culture, educating the breastfeeding, creating conditions for the most complete satisfaction of their material and cultural needs.

In a broad sense, the Soviet state apparatus consisted of Soviets with their ramifications in the center and in the localities in the form of economic, cultural, administrative, defense and other bodies and numerous public organizations of erudite people with their multimillion-dollar assets.

In a narrow concept, it covered the highest and local bodies of state power - the Councils of Deputies of the Breasted, which created the executive bodies of state administration: in the center - at the beginning of the Council of People's Commissars, and then the Council of Ministers of the USSR and the Soviets

Ministers of the Union and Autonomous Republics, as well as ministries and departments; on the ground - the executive committees of the Soviets and their departments, which dealt with the work of industrial enterprises, collective farms, state farms, MTS, directed the development of public utilities, trade, public catering, took care of the cultural and consumer services of the population.

V. I. Lenin was elected the first chairman of the Council of People's Commissars, who worked in this post for seven years (1917 - 1924) until his death. V. I. Lenin developed the basic principles of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars, the tasks facing the highest organs of state administration of the Soviet Republic. The name "Provisional" with the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly disappeared. The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars was one-party - it included only the Bolsheviks. The proposal to the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries to enter the Council of People's Commissars was rejected by them. In December 1917, the Left Socialist-Revolutionaries entered the Council of People's Commissars and were in the government until March 1918. They left the Council of People's Commissars because of their disagreement with the conclusion of the Brest Peace and took the position of counter-revolution. In the future, the Council of People's Commissars was formed only by representatives of the Communist Party. According to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918, adopted by the V All-Russian Congress of Soviets, the government of the Republic was called the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The Constitution of the RSFSR of 1918 determined the main functions of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. The general management of the activities of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR belonged to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee. The composition of the government was approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of Soviets or the Congress of Soviets. The Council of People's Commissars had the necessary full rights in the field of executive and administrative activities and, along with the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, enjoyed the right to issue decrees and exercised executive and administrative power. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR directed the activities of the people's commissariats and other central departments, as well as directed and controlled the activities of local bodies.

According to the Constitution of the RSFSR (1918), the activities of the Council of People's Commissars consisted of: managing the general affairs of the RSFSR, managing individual branches of government (arts. 35, 37), issuing legislative acts and taking measures "necessary for the correct and rapid course of state life" (sg. 38) . The people's commissar had the right to single-handedly make decisions on all issues within the jurisdiction of the commissariat, bringing them to the attention of the collegium (Article 45) and the adopted resolutions and decisions of the Council of People's Commissars reported to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (Article 39), which had the right to suspend and cancel the decision or decision of the Council of People's Commissars ( article 40).

17 people's commissariats were created: for foreign affairs; but military affairs; for maritime affairs; for internal affairs; justice; labor; social security; education; post and telegraph; on affairs of nationalities; for financial matters; means of communication; agriculture; trade and industry; food; State control; Supreme Council of the National Economy; healthcare. Under each people's commissar and under his chairmanship, a collegium was formed, the members of which were approved by the Council of People's Commissars (ср. 44).

With the formation of the USSR in December 1922 and the creation of an all-union government, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR becomes the executive and administrative body of state power of the RSFSR. The organization, composition, competence and procedure for the activities of the Council of People's Commissars were determined by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924 and the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925.

Since then, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars has been changed in connection with the transfer of a number of powers to allied departments. 11 people's commissariats were established: internal trade; pile, finance, RCT, internal affairs, justice, education, health, agriculture, social security, Supreme Economic Council. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR now included, with the right of a decisive or advisory vote, authorized people's commissariats of the USSR under the Government of the RSFSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR allocated, in turn, a permanent representative to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Since February 22, 1924, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had a single Administration of Affairs.

The Administration of Affairs of the Council of People's Commissars and the Small Council of People's Commissars were created, which on January 23 (February 5), 1918 became a permanent commission of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR for preliminary consideration of issues submitted to the Council of People's Commissars, issues of current legislation, management of branches of public administration and government. In 1930, the Small SNK was abolished. The experience of the first Council of People's Commissars was used in state building and the creation of governments of all the union Soviet socialist republics.

After the unification of the Soviet republics into a single union state - the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), a union government was created - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The regulation on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was approved by the Central Executive Committee on November 12, 1923.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was formed by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was its executive and administrative body. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR supervised the activities of the all-union and united (union-republican) people's commissariats, considered and approved decrees and resolutions of all-union significance within the rights provided for by the Constitution of the USSR of 1924, provisions on the Council of People's Commissars, the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and other legislative acts. Decrees and resolutions of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were binding on the entire territory of the USSR and could be suspended and canceled by the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and its Presidium.

The Central Executive Committee of the USSR formed the Soviet government - the Council "of People's Commissars. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the executive and administrative body of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR and was responsible in its work to it and its Presidium (Article 37 of the Constitution). Unity legislative and executive power.

To manage the branches of government, 10 people's commissariats of the USSR were created (Chapter 8 of the Constitution of the USSR of 1924): five all-union (but foreign affairs, military and naval affairs, foreign trade, communications, post and telegraph) and five united (the Supreme Council of the People's Farms, food, pile, finance and worker - peasant inspection). All-Union people's commissariats had their representatives in the Union republics. The united people's commissariats carried out leadership on the territory of the union republics through the homonymous people's commissariats of the republics. In other areas, management was carried out exclusively by the Union republics through the relevant republican people's commissariats: agriculture, internal affairs, justice, education, health, social security.

People's Commissariats of the USSR were headed by people's commissars. Their activities combined the principles of collegiality and unity of command. Under the People's Commissar, under his chairmanship, a collegium was formed, whose members were appointed by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. The people's commissar had the right to take decisions alone, bringing them to the attention of the collegium. The board or its individual members, in case of disagreement, could appeal against the decision of the People's Commissar to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, without suspending the execution of the decision.

For the first time, the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, headed by V.I. Lenin, was approved at the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on July 6, 1923. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to its regulations in 1923, were: chairman, deputy chairman, people's commissars of the USSR; Representatives of the union republics participated in the meetings of the Council of People's Commissars with the right of an advisory vote.

The second session approved the composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and elected V. I. Lenin as its chairman. Since V. I. Lenin was ill, the leadership of the Council of People's Commissars was carried out by five of his deputies: L. B. Kamenev, A. I. Rykov, A. D. Tsyurupa, V. Ya. Chubar, M. D. Orakhslashvili. Since July 1923, the Ukrainian V.Ya. From February 2, 1924, AI Rykov will become the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Of the five deputies of the Council of People's Commissars, only M. D. Orakhslashvili had a higher education, the other four had a secondary education. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the direct successor of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR. In addition to the chairman and five of his deputies, the first Council of People's Commissars of the Union also included 10 people's commissars and the chairman of the OGPU with an advisory vote. Naturally, when selecting the leaders of the Council of People's Commissars, problems arose related to the necessary representation from the union republics.

For the Soviet model of the state system (1917 - 1930s), the tendency of merging of regional executive authorities and local self-government bodies. Local government in the RSFSR was represented by 16 autonomous republics, 5 autonomous regions, 6 territories, 49 regions, 10 autonomous regions, 2,178 urban-type settlements, and 23,107 rural Soviets. All of them belonged to the objects of local government. During this period, such concepts as “local government”, “local economy”, “local authorities”, “local finance” appeared and entered into scientific and economic circulation.

The branch administration bodies in the center were represented by people's commissariats and other departments, and in the localities - by departments of the executive committees of local Soviets. The sectoral management bodies, on the one hand, were closely connected with the Soviets and thus constituted a strict Soviet system of decision-making and their implementation, and, on the other hand, their activities were united and directed by the corresponding sectoral body in the center. The local government system included:

local industry authorities;
local agricultural authorities;
local institutions of the People's Commissariat of Food;
local trade establishments;
local transport and communications institutions;
local planning and statistical institutions;
local financial institutions;
local authorities of the socio-cultural sector;
local defense institutions of the country;
local institutions for the protection of state security and public order;
local control institutions;
local institutions of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities;
local judicial institutions.

local government industry. In December 1917, the Supreme Economic Council approved the "Regulations on the district (regional) and local councils of the national economy", which were created as institutions for the organization and regulation of local production, led by the Supreme Economic Council and operating under the control of the relevant Council of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies. In the middle of 1918, the Council of National Economy of the Northern Region, the Council of National Economy of the West Russian Region, the Council of National Economy of the Central Region, the Council of National Economy of the Volga Region, the Council of National Economy of the Southern Region, the Council of National Economy of the Primorsky Region, the Council of National Economy of the West Siberian Region, the Council of National Economy of the East Siberian Region, the Council of National Economy of the Ural Region, Council of National Economy of the Central Asian region.

To bring management closer to the localities, new economic bodies were created - the regional bureaus of the Supreme Economic Council (Promburo), each of which united several provinces. The task of the Industrial Bureau is to coordinate the activities of the Gubernia Economic Councils and manage individual enterprises subordinate to the Supreme Council of National Economy. By 1929, the Industrial Bureau was abolished everywhere. The functions of local economic councils remain the same, and with the introduction of a new administrative-territorial division, their system is somewhat restructured: instead of gubernia economic councils, regional (territorial) and district economic councils are created. With the liquidation in 1932 of the entire system of economic councils, a transition was made to a system of branch, industrial people's commissariats.

Local industry was managed by local economic councils. They were entrusted with all the work of nationalizing enterprises and managing them.

Since the autumn of 1918, one of the forms of collective farming has become widespread - a partnership for joint cultivation of the land (TOZ), characterized by the socialization of only agricultural implements and therefore the most accessible to the peasantry. TOZs did not have a ready-made material base; they received less assistance and attention from state bodies. Many Party and Soviet workers in the field treated TOZs with disdain, not considering them socialist organizations. The proportion of TOZs among other forms of collective farming was small: by January 1, 1919 - 13.3%, by December 1, 1920 - 8.0%. TOZs were widely used on the eve and during the deployment of complete collectivization. In 1935 TOZs were liquidated.

Local management of agriculture was entrusted to the Soviets, in the executive committees of which land departments were formed - provincial, district, volost, operating on the principle of "double" subordination. With the creation of the USSR, much attention was paid to strengthening local land departments. In 1923, the local land departments were transformed into administrations, their character was somewhat expanded. Land administrations were not created in rural and volost Soviets.

In 1932, the All-Union People's Commissariat of Grain and Livestock Breeding State Farms of the USSR was created, and in the localities - an institution of representatives under the governments of the republics and at the regional (regional) executive committees. The latter were abolished in 1934.

Local institutions of the People's Commissariat of Food. The local bodies of the People's Commissariat for the World were provincial, district, volost food departments (food commissions, food commissariats) of the executive committees of the Soviets of "double" subordination. In 1917 - 1918, in addition, special prodergans of regional significance were created (Food Committee of the South, Supply Council of the Urals, etc.).

At the end of 1918, the volost food committees were abolished, and the volost and rural Soviets were subordinate to the uyezd food committees in food matters. During the NEP period, a network of procurement offices and storage points was deployed locally, which were subordinate to the provincial food committees. Procurement offices organized the collection of tax in kind and the procurement of food on the market.

In 1924, the people's commissariats and the entire system of local food committees were abolished. The management of the procurement of agricultural products began to be carried out by the central and local bodies of internal trade. Created in 1932, the All-Union Committee for the Procurement of Agricultural Products of the USSR established the institution of commissioners under the governments of the republics and at the regional and regional executive committees, and since 1933 - district commissioners.

The local bodies of the people's commissariats of internal trade of the republics were the departments for internal trade of the provincial and regional executive committees, which acted on the principle of "double" subordination.

At the end of the 1920s, the system of local trade departments was reorganized in relation to the new administrative-territorial division: regional (territorial) city and district trade departments of the relevant executive committees were created.

With the formation in 1930 of the Republican People's Commissariats for Supply, local departments of trade were transformed into supply departments, and with the restoration of People's Commissariats of Trade in 1934, local - regional (territorial), city, district trade departments were also restored. In areas with a small trade turnover, instead of departments, positions of inspectors of internal trade were created.

In the field of foreign trade, since 1920, regional branches of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade were established, which were in charge of a numerous network of customs, supervision, outposts, customs points and posts.

Local institutions of transport and communication. The local bodies of the People's Commissariat of Railways - the railway departments - were built as extraterritorial, that is, independent of the local Soviets. In 1918 a system of districts of communications (OPS) arose with the preservation of roads and departments. Since 1920, the local bodies of the NKPS were represented by the departments of the OPS, line departments, departments of roads, regional waterways and river waterways (in water transport).

With the formation of the USSR, the People's Commissariat of Railways becomes an all-Union body that unites the management of railways, water and motor transport. Its local authorities are:

on the railways - the boards of the railways, districts of communications;
on water transport - the state narokhodsgva, basin management;
in road transport - district departments of highways and dirt roads.

The local bodies of the People's Commissariat of Posts and Telegraphs - the provincial communication departments of the executive committees of the Soviets - were built on a territorial basis. In 1929, local bodies were reorganized in accordance with the new administrative-territorial division. Instead of the former district communications departments, the communications departments of the Union and Autonomous Republics, the regional and regional communications departments, are obligated.

Throughout the entire period, the planning commissions of the executive committees of the Soviets were local bodies of the Gosplans of the republics. They are in 1928 - 1929. reorganized according to the new administrative-territorial division: planning commissions consisting of regional, regional, district executive committees (with the liquidation of districts, regional plan committees are abolished). Since 1930, raynlans have been created under the district executive committees and nlankoms under some city councils.

The local bodies of the People's Commissariat of Finance throughout the entire period were the corresponding financial departments of the executive committees of the Soviets. Various institutions of the Narkomfin in the given territory were subordinate to them, with the exception of the institutions of the People's Bank. The People's Commissariat of Finance of the USSR was subordinate to the savings banks and their local agencies. The management of state insurance was built on the following grounds: the regional, regional, district offices of the State Insurance were subordinate to the republican boards of the USSR State Insurance, that is, strictly centralized.

The people's commissariats of social security, health care and education throughout the entire period were republican bodies. Their local bodies were built in relation to the territorial division and organizationally changed with the change in the latter. The local bodies of the People's Commissariat of Social Affairs, the People's Commissariat of Health and the People's Commissariat of Health were, respectively, the departments of social security, the departments of health care and the departments of public education of the respective executive committees of the Soviets. All of them acted according to the principle of "double" subordination.

With the introduction in 1924 - 1925. The territorial-militia system of manning the army, the entire territory of the country was divided into military districts, headed by the commander of the district. Each military district was divided into territorial recruitment districts, headed by the department of the terrorist circle. They were deployed on the basis of the former provincial military registration and enlistment offices. The county military commissariats were preserved as an accounting and mobilization apparatus on the rights of departments of executive committees.

With the creation in 1934 of the People's Commissariat of Defense of the USSR, the territorial recruitment districts were abolished. Military registration and enlistment offices of the executive committees of the Soviets (territorial, regional, district, etc.) became local bodies of military administration, at the same time they were subordinate to the commanders of the districts (armies).

Local institutions for the protection of state security and public order. With the creation in the center of the Cheka, local emergency commissions are being created everywhere. During the years of the civil war, the Cheka and its local bodies came to the fore. In addition to the territorial Cheka, under the executive committees of the Soviets, other emergency commissions are created - the border Cheka, Cheka commissars at customs checkpoints, front-line and army Chekas, Cheka bodies in transport.

Local bodies of the People's Commissariat of Internal Affairs have passed a difficult path in their development. At first, the local bodies of the NKVD were departments of the management of the executive committees of the Soviets, which were in "double" subordination. In 1923, the departments of administration were abolished, instead of them administrative departments of the provincial executive committees of the Soviets were created, and in the counties their functions were performed by the county police departments.

In 1934, the all-Union NKVD of the USSR and the republican (with the exception of the RSFSR) NKVD were formed. Their local bodies were the regional, regional departments of the NKVD (and in the RSFSR - authorized by the NKVD of the USSR).

The local bodies of the People's Commissariat of State Control were provincial accounting and control boards, sometimes - county branches ("double" subordination). Special control bodies were also created for various sectors. In 1920, with the reorganization of the People's Commissariat for State Conservation into the People's Commissariat of Workers' and Peasants' Inspection, regional, provincial, district RCPs appeared on the ground as departments of executive committees. In 1923, with the unification of party and Soviet control, provincial, regional, district, district RCTs, united by the corresponding control commissions of the party, became local bodies of the Central Control Commission - NK RCT. Later they were rebuilt in connection with the introduction of a new administrative-territorial division. In 1934, the system of central and local party-state control bodies was liquidated. The local bodies of the Commission of Soviet Control established under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR were already built on the principle of complete centralization: in the union, autonomous republics, territories, regions, authorized persons were established, appointed and recalled by the Commission.

During the recovery period, the local bodies of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities were reduced. They were left only in those places where the largest masses of nationalities lived, and in 1924 they were liquidated everywhere with the abolition of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities. In the subsequent period, departments of national minorities appeared under some regional (regional) executive committees.

Therefore, in 1917 - 1930s. the Soviet state apparatus had its own specific tasks and organizational features. The following main features and patterns of development were characteristic of the state apparatus:

1. With the help of the state apparatus, the Soviets are transformed from a political form of the dictatorship of the proletariat into a single system of organs of state power.
2. The Soviet state apparatus was formed on a fundamentally different political basis. The ideological basis of all transformations was the program of the CPSU (b), where the strategic goal and task was formulated - the construction of a classless socialist (first stage) and subsequent communist society.
3. The leadership and control over the work of the state apparatus was carried out by the CPSU (b) as the direct organizer of the October Revolution (1917) and all subsequent transformations in the country. The Communist Party occupied a leading position in the management system of state bodies. The USSR had a one-party system and a complete absence of political opponents.
4. In its main features, the state apparatus of administration was built on a branch basis.
5. The state apparatus was a system of institutions in which each institution occupied a certain place.
6. The internal structure of state bodies and institutions changed depending on the needs, tasks and functions performed by the state and individual institutions.
7. The system of ordinary, constitutional bodies of state administration included emergency bodies created for a relatively short period of time.
5 December 1936 the new Constitution of the USSR was adopted

According to the Constitution of the USSR, adopted on December 5, 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was the highest executive and administrative body of state power of the USSR. It was formed by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The USSR Constitution of 1936 established the responsibility and accountability of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR to the Supreme Soviet, and in the period between sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - to its Presidium. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR united and directed the work of the all-Union and Union-Republican People's Commissariats of the USSR and other economic and cultural institutions subordinate to it, took measures to implement the national economic plan, the state budget, exercised leadership in the field of foreign relations with foreign states, supervised the general development of the armed forces countries, etc. According to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had the right to manage the sectors of the economy that were within the competence of the USSR, to suspend the decisions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republics and to cancel the orders and instructions of the People's Commissariats of the USSR. The Constitution of the USSR of 1936 (Article 7) established the right of a deputy's request: a representative of the Council of People's Commissars or People's Commissar of the USSR, to whom a request was made by a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, were obliged to give an oral or written answer to the appropriate chamber.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, was formed at the 1st session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on January 19, 1938. On June 30, 1941, by the decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, the State Defense Committee was created ( GKO), in which all the fullness of state power in the USSR was concentrated during the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic was the highest executive and administrative body of state power in the Union Republic. He was responsible to the Supreme Council of the Republic and accountable to him, and in the period between sessions of the Supreme Council - to the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Republic and accountable to him. The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic, according to the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, issued resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the existing laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, decrees and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, and is obliged to check their execution.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic was formed by the Supreme Council of the Union Republic and consisted of: the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic; vice chairmen; Chairman of the State Planning Commission; people's commissars: food industry; light industry; timber industry; agriculture; grain and livestock farms; finance; domestic trade; internal affairs; justice; health care; education; local industry; public utilities; social security; authorized Procurement Committee; head of the Arts Department.

With the introduction of the Constitution of the RSFSR of January 21, 1937, the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR was accountable to the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, in the period between its sessions - to the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. industry, agriculture, grain state farms, livestock state farms, finance, domestic trade, justice, health care, education, local industry, public utilities, social security, chairman of the State Planning Committee of the RSFSR and head of the Department of Arts under the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic had the following powers: issued resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the existing laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, resolutions and orders of the Council of Non-Native Commissars of the USSR and checked their implementation; suspended decisions and orders of the Soviets of People's Commissars of the autonomous republics and canceled the decisions and orders of the executive committees of the councils of deputies of working people of the territories, regions and autonomous regions.

The People's Commissars of the Union Republic led the branches of state administration falling within the competence of the Union Republic. The People's Commissars of the Union Republic issued orders and instructions within the competence of the relevant People's Commissariats on the basis of and in pursuance of the laws of the USSR and the Union Republic, resolutions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Union Republic, orders and instructions of the Union-Republican People's Commissariats of the USSR.

People's Commissariats of the Union Republic were union-republican or republican. The Union-Republican People's Commissariats led the branch of state administration entrusted to them, reporting both to the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic and to the corresponding Union-Republican People's Commissariat of the USSR. Republican People's Commissariats led the branch of state administration entrusted to them, reporting directly to the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republic.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, within the limits granted to it and on the basis of the Regulations on the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, had the following powers: to issue decrees and resolutions binding on the entire territory of the USSR; consideration at their meetings of decrees and resolutions introduced both by individual people's commissariats of the USSR and by the Central Executive Committee of the Union republics and their presidiums; development of regulations on people's commissariats, which came into force after the approval of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR; appointment of members of collegiums - deliberative - administrative bodies under the people's commissariats of the USSR; cancellation of orders of individual people's commissariats of the USSR; the unification and direction of the work of all-union and union-republican people's commissariats; taking measures to implement the national economic plan and the state budget; strengthening the credit and monetary system; ensuring public order; implementation of general management in the field of external relations with foreign states.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR did not have the authority to appoint and dismiss people's commissars of the USSR and their deputies, members of the boards of allied people's commissariats, as well as heads of a number of bodies subordinate to the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. This right belonged to the Presidium of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR, and since 1936 - to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, which used this right between sessions of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR with subsequent submission for approval by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Nevertheless, the chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was given the right to select and submit candidates for approval.

All-Union commissariats were given the right to have their own representatives under the Union republics who were directly subordinate to them. These representatives were nominated by the Commissariat of the USSR directly or at the suggestion of the Central Executive Committee of the Union Republic and were subject to approval by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. Moreover, all nominated candidates were required to be characterized by the Central Executive Committee of the union republic, which had the right to challenge the appointed commissioner. These representatives of the All-Union People's Commissariats were to be members of the Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republics with an advisory or decisive vote in accordance with the decision of the Central Executive Committee of the Union Republic or its Presidium. The orders of the all-Union commissariats were binding for direct execution throughout the entire territory of the USSR. The united commissariats of the USSR had to carry out all their tasks and directives through the people's commissariats of the same name in the union republics. The heads of the commissariats of the union republics of the same name were subject to appointment and recall by the Central Executive Committees of the union republics.

The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR is the highest executive and administrative body of state power of the USSR, formed by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR issued, on the basis of and in pursuance of existing laws, resolutions and orders binding on the entire territory of the USSR, and verified their implementation. The Council of People's Commissars of the USSR had the right to suspend the decisions and orders of the Council of People's Commissars of the republics and to cancel the orders and instructions of the People's Commissars of the USSR in the branches of management and economy assigned to the competence of the USSR.

The Council of People's Commissars of the Union and Autonomous Republics were formed by the Supreme Soviets of the republics and were responsible to the respective Supreme Soviets and accountable to them, and in the period between sessions of the Supreme Soviets - to their Presidiums, to which they were accountable. The Council of People's Commissars of the Union Republics issued resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the existing laws of the USSR and the corresponding Union Republics and the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, and verified their execution.

The Councils of People's Commissars of the autonomous republics issued resolutions and orders on the basis of and in pursuance of the existing laws of the USSR, the laws of the corresponding union and autonomous republics, and the decrees of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the corresponding union republics, and checked their execution.

On March 15, 1946, the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the USSR. The law on the transformation of the union government also provided for the renaming of union bodies subordinate to the Government of the USSR. Accordingly, the people's commissariats of the USSR were renamed into ministries of the USSR, and people's commissars - into ministers.

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