Scientific work on literature "Zaporozhian Sich in the work of N.V. Gogol" Taras Bulba "material on literature (grade 6) on the topic. "Customs and traditions of the Cossacks in the Zaporozhian Sich on the example of the story" Taras Bulba Location of the Zaporizhian Sichs in the XVI-XVII centuries

Many believe that the Zaporizhzhya Sich is the only fortification that was in the area, but this is a completely erroneous opinion. In fact, under this name, history united a number of centers of the Dnieper Cossacks, which succeeded each other in succession. And they were located in various places of the lower reaches of the Dnieper, south of the Dnieper rapids (hence the name "Zaporozhskaya").

The first Zaporizhzhya Sich is the Khortitskaya fortress (Khortitskaya Sich), founded in 1552 by Prince Dmitry Vyshnevetsky on the island of Malaya Khortitsa. It was destroyed by the Crimean Turkish troops already in 1557, but its idea - a well-fortified military camp - was soon revived in the form of the following Sich associations.

In total, the history of the Zaporizhzhya Sich includes eight Sichs, each of which existed from 5 to 40 years: Khortitskaya, Tomakovskaya, Bazavlutskaya, Nikitinskaya, Chertomlytskaya, Kamenskaya, Alyoshkovskaya and Podpolnenskaya.

What customs and practices prevailed there? It is known, for example, that in order to be admitted to the Sich, a man had to be free, unmarried, speak Ukrainian, profess Orthodoxy (or be baptized into the Orthodox faith). After being accepted into the Cossacks, he had to undergo military training, which lasted about seven years.

The only body of power in the Sich was the Rada, where all the most important issues were decided. Rada took place on October 1, then on January 1 and on the second or third day of Easter. Also, the Rada could be convened at any time at the request of the majority of the Cossacks. Decisions made at the Rada were binding on everyone and everyone.

The community of all Sichs was called Kosh. It was divided into 38 kurens, which were independent military units. In each kuren there were from several tens to several hundred Cossacks. In addition, the word "kuren" had another meaning - that was the name of the residential building, in which the "military hut" was located.

Despite the fact that all decisions were made at the Rada, the Zaporizhzhya Sich had a head, which was the ataman. In addition to his main powers, he had the right to sign death sentences for guilty Cossacks. the following were considered: the murder of another Cossack by a Cossack; any, even petty, theft; a fight while intoxicated; desertion; robbery of the local population.

There were many legends about the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, their steadfastness, courage, non-standard. And the fact remains - they could successfully resist strong, numerous and well-armed opponents.

In 1775, the Russian Empress Catherine II signed a manifesto, according to which the Zaporizhzhya Sich was not only destroyed, but also officially included in the Novorossiysk province, which put an end to the independent Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. The reasons for this fateful decision were several events.

Firstly, Russia concluded an agreement with the Crimean Khanate, according to which it received access to the Black Sea, so the need to protect the southern borders disappeared. And secondly, the Cossacks actively participated in this, therefore Catherine II feared that the uprising would spread to the Zaporizhzhya steppes.

On June 5, 1775, the infamous liquidation of the Zaporozhian Sich began. Russian troops led by Lieutenant General Pyotr Tekeley approached Zaporozhye at night. They picked a day when the Cossacks were celebrating and were not ready for battle. As a result of Tekeli's ultimatum, the Zaporozhian Sich was surrendered without a fight. The treasury and archive were confiscated. After that, the Zaporozhian Sich was completely destroyed by artillery.

After the liquidation of their Sich, the Cossacks joined the ranks of the troops of the Russian army, and the former foremen became noblemen. the last ataman of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, was exiled to the Solovetsky Monastery, where he spent 28 difficult years until his death. Part of the Cossacks went to the territory of Turkey, where they founded the Transdanubian Sich, which was able to hold out until 1828. Transdanubian Cossacks fought on the side of Turkey, and also participated in the suppression of uprisings.

On the topic: “Zaporizhzhya Sich

and Zaporizhian Cossacks”

The Zaporizhian Sich was a military organization: the Cossacks lived in kurens (a military unit), they were led by an ataman or hetman, who led the Sich with the help of the Cossack elite - petty officers. The Cossacks made successful campaigns in the Crimea and even reached Istanbul (Constantinople). They traveled along the rivers and the sea in small boats, hollowed out from a whole tree, which were called seagulls. Bundles of reeds were attached along the edges, which gave additional stability. The Cossacks had cavalry, but still the infantry was the basis of their troops. To resist the Tatar cavalry, the Cossacks begin to actively use firearms - squeaks, pistols, small cannons. They moved across the steppe on wagons, which, in the event of an attack by the Tatars, the Cossacks set in a square and fired heavily at the Tatars. It was very difficult to break into the middle of the square, and usually the Tatars retreated.

Being under the supreme patronage of first the Polish, then the Russian government, temporarily under the patronage of the Crimean Khan, the Zaporizhian Cossacks throughout their historical existence were ruled by their own, usually annually replaced and always unmarried bosses.

The ataman, the military judge, the military asaul and the military clerk made up the military foreman.

The ataman united military, administrative, judicial and spiritual power in his hands. In wartime, the koshevoi was the “chief commander”, “field marshal” of the troops and acted as a completely unlimited dictator: he could throw a disobedient overboard of a boat or drag him around his neck with a rope behind a heavy convoy; in peacetime, he was the "constitutional lord" of Zaporozhye and therefore ruled the entire region of Cossack liberties with their palanks, villages, winter quarters and waterskins;

played the role of supreme judge over all the guilty and criminals, and therefore punished the guilty for misconduct and determined the execution of villains for crimes; was considered the supreme head of the Zaporizhzhya clergy and therefore received and assigned clergy from Kiev to the Sich and palanochny churches.

The duties of the koshevoy consisted in the fact that he approved all the ranks who followed him elected at the council, legitimized the distribution of land, mowing, fishing, animal departures “by forest”, shared the spoils of war, military income, the royal salary, received new people in the Sich, released old Cossacks from the Sich, issued certificates to honored comrades, sent warrants to the foreman, entered into diplomatic relations with neighboring states. But with all his strength, the ataman, however, was not the unlimited ruler of the Zaporizhian army. The life of the ataman, like other foremen, did not differ at all from the life of other Cossacks.

The military judge was the second person after the ataman in the Zaporozhye army; like the ataman, he was elected at the military council from a simple fellowship. The judge was the guardian of those ancestral customs and age-old orders on which the whole system of Cossack life was based; in his decisions, he was guided not by a written law, as it did not exist at all among the Zaporizhian Cossacks, but by traditions or traditions. The duty of the military judge was to judge the guilty quickly, rightly and impartially; he examined criminal and civil cases and tried criminals, presenting, however, the final verdict of the court to be decided by the ataman or the military council. The external sign of the power of the military judge was a large silver seal, which he was obliged to keep with him during military meetings or glad and apply to the papers on which the decision of the entire council was decided. The judge, like the ataman, had neither a special dwelling nor a separate table, but lived and ate in common with the Cossacks of his kuren. The main income of the judge was the royal salary.

The military clerk, like the ataman and the military judge, was elected by the comradeship at the general council and was in charge of all the written affairs of the Zaporizhzhya army. The duty of a clerk was considered so important and responsible in Zaporozhye that if someone else, instead of him, dared to write on behalf of the kosh to someone or accept letters sent to the name of the clerk, he would be executed without mercy by death. The value of the military clerk in Zaporozhye was very great. The influence of military clerks was all the stronger in Zaporizhia, since most of them remained in their positions for many years without change. An external sign of the dignity of a military clerk was an inkwell in a long silver frame - a calamary.

The military asaul, just like the ataman, judge and clerk, was elected by the common council from simple Cossacks of the grassroots comrades; the duties of the military asaul were very difficult: he supervised the order and deanery among the Cossacks in peacetime in Sich, in wartime in the camp; monitored the execution of court sentences by decision of the koshevoi or the entire council, both in Sich itself and in remote palankas of the troops; carried out investigations on various disputes and crimes among the family Cossacks of the Zaporozhye embassy; he prepared food for the army in case of war, accepted grain and cash salaries and, by order of the koshevoi, divided it according to the position of each foreman; guarded all the Zaporozhye liberties passing through the steppes; defended the interests of the troops on the border line; sent ahead of the troops for reconnaissance about the enemies; followed the progress of the battle during the battle; helped one side or the other in the hot moments of the battle. The external sign of the power of the Zaporizhzhya military asaul was a wooden cane, bound with silver rings at both ends, which he was obliged to hold during military meetings. The life and income of a military asaul were the same as that of a military clerk; but he received a salary of 40 rubles a year. As assistants to the military asaul, a military sub-saul was chosen, and in case of war, a military convoy, who was in charge of artillery and military food and shared all the labors of the asaul.

The position of kuren chieftains, simply called "tamannya", numbering 38, according to the number of kurens in the Zaporizhzhya Sich, like others, was elective; an efficient, brave, resolute person was elected to the kurenny, sometimes from a former military foreman, and mostly from simple Cossacks; the choice of a kuren ataman of a well-known kuren was a private matter only for this kuren and excluded the intervention of the Cossacks of another kuren. Kurenye chieftains primarily played the role of quartermasters in the Sich; their direct duty was the delivery of provisions and firewood for their own kuren and the storage of money and property of the Cossacks in the kuren treasury; therefore, the kurenny ataman always had the keys to the treasury, which in his absence no one dared to take, unless there was permission from the kurennoy. Kurenye atamans took care of the Cossacks of their kuren, as fathers take care of their own children, and, in case of any misconduct on the part of the Cossacks, the perpetrators were punished corporally, without asking anyone for permission. The Zaporizhian Cossacks sometimes obeyed their favorite kuryny atamans more than the koshovoi or the judge, and therefore often through the kurynyy atamans the koshovoy ataman, in difficult and dangerous questions or cases, also influenced the mood of the entire army. Incapable, drunkards, negligent, or simply unable to please the Cossacks of the smoking atamans, the Cossacks immediately dumped and even sometimes executed them by death.

After the military foreman and kuren chieftains, the so-called "fathers" or "old men", "grey-whiskered didas", "noble radtsy" followed, i.e. former military Zaporozhye foremen, or who left their posts due to old age and illness, or who ceded them to others after the military council. Experience, glorified courage, desperate daring in their youth - gave them the right to tremendous moral authority among the Zaporizhzhya army. These were the "pillars" of the entire grassroots army, the bearers of all its traditions and strict performers of Cossack customs. On the radnaya square, the “grey-whiskered grandfathers” took their place immediately after the military foreman; in meetings on kurens, immediately after kuren chieftains; during the war they commanded individual detachments and sometimes even the colonels themselves; when sending "sheets" from the sich association, they were attributed immediately after the name of the ataman, and after death they enjoyed such honor that, at their burial, they fired from cannons once, "and from a small gun more than other simple Cossacks."

The military foreman was followed by military servants - Dovbysh, gunner, interpreter, clerk, shafar, clerks and school atamans.

Of the criminal offenses, the following were considered the greatest: betrayal, the murder of a comrade by a Cossack; beatings inflicted by a Cossack on a Cossack in a sober or drunk state; theft of something by a Cossack from a comrade and concealment by him of the stolen thing: “ were especially strict for great theft, for which, if only two reliable witnesses prove it, they will be executed by death»; connection with a woman and the sin of Sodom in view of the custom that forbade marriage to Sich Cossacks; resentment to a woman when a Cossack defame a woman inappropriately", because such a crime" extends to the defaming of the entire Zaporizhian army"; insolence against superiors, especially in relation to bureaucrats of the Russian government; violence in Zaporozhye itself or in Christian villages, when a Cossack took away a horse, cattle and property from a comrade; desertion, i.e., unauthorized absence of a Cossack under various pretexts to the steppe during a campaign against the enemy; haidamachistvo, i.e. theft of horses, livestock and property from peaceful settlers of the Ukrainian, Polish and Tatar regions and merchants and travelers passing through the Zaporizhzhya steppes; bringing a woman to Sich, not excluding mothers, sisters or daughters; drunkenness during campaigns against the enemy, which was always considered a criminal offense among the Cossacks and led to the most severe punishment.

Gogol reduces the clash of the Zaporizhzhya Sich, as a representative of the whole Ukraine, with pan-Poland, not only to military events. The struggle is revealed in the clash of two social systems - the patriarchal democracy of the Sich and the feudal-royal Commonwealth. Gogol showed the contradictions between the harsh and largely backward way of life of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks and the new trends of the West. The writer's attention is focused on the depiction of patriotism and heroism of the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, it is natural that the details of life, home environment in the story are in the background. The writer introduces readers to the everyday life of Taras Bulba and the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks during the peaceful period of their lives. He shows the democratic structure of the Sich, the customs of the Cossack comradeship, the contempt of the Cossacks for wealth and luxury.

The Zaporozhian Sich had its own territory, which was called Kosh. Scattered across the field are kurens, reminiscent of separate states. They were led by elected atamans, who were elected by the Grand Council "from their own Zaporizhzhya Cossacks." All important issues were decided together at the general meeting. There was also a supply of provisions, and a cook.

Everyone could come to the Sich, but those who wanted to settle here had to pass a kind of military exam from experienced soldiers. If the visitor was weak and unfit for military service, he was not accepted and sent back home. Reception in the Sich was simple: it was necessary to say:

* “I believe in Christ, in the Holy Trinity” and cross yourself. There was a church in the Setch, where the Cossacks went to serve, although they never fasted.

There were few laws in the Sich, but they were cruel. Theft in the Sich was considered a dishonor for the entire Cossacks. The thief was tied to a post and everyone who passed by had to hit him with a club. The Cossacks who did not pay the debt did not go unpunished - the debtors were tied to a cannon, and then one of his friends ransomed him. The most terrible execution was for murder - the murdered and the living murderer were buried together in the ground. Wars and harsh living conditions instilled in the Ukrainian Cossacks a disdain for comfort and luxury, a sense of camaraderie, brotherhood, courage and fortitude - all the qualities that a real warrior should have, ready to sacrifice himself at any moment. The Sich adhered to customs that were passed down from father to son, which was closely followed by the old Cossacks. Each of the Cossacks was ready to die for his fatherland. Taras Bulba, making a speech before the battle, said to the Cossacks: "There are no ties holier than camaraderie."

But Gogol does not idealize the Zaporozhian Sich and does not embellish the life of the Cossacks. He shows the barbarian customs and customs of the Cossacks, their nationalist prejudices, spontaneity of behavior and fragility of social life. There was no military school in the Zaporizhzhya Sich - "youth was brought up and educated in it by one experience, in the very heat of battles, which were therefore almost continuous." The Cossacks did not like to study any discipline other than “shooting at a target and occasionally horse racing and chasing animals in the steppes and meadows”. "Some were engaged in crafts ... but most of them walked from morning to evening."

The Sich was like "a school and a bursa of children living on everything ready." The backwardness of the Cossacks was especially clearly manifested in the powerless position of the woman, in her tragic fate, which is emphasized in the image of the mother of Ostap and Andriy. All this, together with anti-national tendencies in the top of the Ukrainian Cossacks, was the source of the weakening of the Sich, the growth of internal contradictions in it. Singing Zaporizhzhya freemen, Gogol condemned serfdom, oppression, any suppression of the human personality. The brightest, heartfelt pages are devoted to the heroism of people from the people, their ideas about honesty, justice, and duty. But, glorifying the exploits of the Cossacks, the writer at the same time does not hide the fact that they combined daring with carelessness and revelry, feats of arms - with cruelty. But such was the time then: “Now a hair would stand on end from those terrible signs of the ferocity of the semi-wild age that the Cossacks carried everywhere,” writes Gogol. Zaporizhzhya freemen, unpretentious life, rampant customs, strict laws tempered and educated the Cossacks. They became brave and fearless, enduring and skillful defenders of the faith and their people.

"Win or perish" - this is the motto of the Cossacks wrote on their weapons.

Zaporizhian Sich is a military-political organization of the Ukrainian Cossacks. The Zaporizhian Sich was called because all the Sichs were located beyond the rapids of the Dnieper, which crossed the Dnieper in several places, on the segment between Dnepropetrovsk and Zaporozhye. There were 12 rapids in total (Kodatsky, Sursky, etc.), which crossed the Dnieper from coast to coast and stretched for 100 km, after which the river spilled into a wide flood - Veliky Lug, where there were many islands (more than 250). At different times, the Sich was located on different islands - Malaya Khortitsa, Tomakovka, Bazavluka, etc.

The concept of "Zaporozhian Sich" was used in two meanings: in a broad sense, these are all the lands that were controlled and owned by the Cossacks, in a narrow sense, this is the central settlement where the administrative department of the Sich was located. Cossack possessions were also called - Liberty of the Zaporizhzhya Host, and the central settlement - Kosh.

Until the middle of the XVI century. the history of the Zaporozhian Sich is, as a rule, more legendary, and reliable historical information about it only dates back to 1552. Historians associate the foundation of the first Zaporozhian Sich on the island of Malaya Khortytsya with the name of the first Cossack hetman (Hetman - senior over the Cossacks, military leader) Dmitry Vishnevetsky.

The supreme body of power in the Sich was Cossack Rada. She performed legislative, administrative, judicial functions. All Cossacks participated in its work. The decision was made after the majority voted for it. As a rule, the Rada considered important issues of domestic and foreign policy, carried out the division of land, tried criminals. An important function of the Rada was the election of the government of the Sich - the military foreman, as well as local authorities - the palanco or regimental foreman. At various times, the number of Cossack officers was up to 150 people. This category included: ataman, military judge, military captain, military clerk, military convoy, military servants: cornet, bunchzhny, dovbysh, clerks; marching and palanque chiefs - colonel, clerk, captain.

The total number of Cossacks usually did not exceed 5 - 6 thousand people.

Features of the Zaporizhzhya Sich

there was no serfdom here, instead free labor was used.

Cossacks accepted everyone into their ranks, regardless of their social origin, nationality, religion. But one of the main unifying factors in the Sich was the Orthodox faith.

women and children were not allowed.

The Cossacks are a phenomenal phenomenon in the history of Ukraine. Zaporizhzhya Cossacks - became the successors of the state traditions of Kievan Rus, thanks to their activities, a new round of struggle for the creation of an independent state on Ukrainian lands begins.

23. Cossack-peasant uprisings of the late 16th - early 17th centuries.

. Causes, nature, periodization of the national liberation struggle of the Ukrainianpeople.

The main causes of the revolution

political reason (lack of state independence).

increased economic oppression.

strengthening of national-religious oppression.

Driving forces: Cossacks, peasants, townspeople, partly gentry.

Character:

national liberation, nationwide, just, anti-feudal, religious, social.

Periodization:

1) February 1648-1657 - the highest rise of the national holy. movement.

2) 1657-1663 - the period of the Ruin, Troubles.

The story "Taras Bulba", written by N. V. Gogol, describes the events taking place among the Zaporozhye Cossacks. The Zaporizhian Sich is represented as a Cossack republic with its own customs and customs. This is a kind of realm of freedom and equality. The author throughout the story glorifies the laws of this land. He calls the Sich a “nest”, from where proud and strong warriors appear, as well as a place from where the will and Cossacks spread throughout Ukraine.

Zaporizhzhya Sich in the story is described as a place of idle existence. Feasts and festivities are held here all the time, but strict and fair laws are preserved. The Cossacks were considered a free and riotous people, and the place where they could truly feel at home was precisely in Zaporozhye. Cossacks came here from all over Ukraine in search of shelter. Old Cossacks came to spend time with old friends. And the young here could gain experience from the older generation.

So did the main characters of the play - Taras Bulba with his sons Ostap and Andriy. The old Cossack colonel had not seen his old comrades for a long time and missed them very much. For his sons, he considered Zaporozhye the best “school of life”. The Sich greeted them with friendly working days. Immediately at the entrance, they saw more than twenty forges, from where the deafening sound of blacksmith hammers was emitted. This is understandable. Indeed, in order to equip hundreds of thousands of Cossacks, the work of many blacksmiths was required.

In addition to blacksmiths, there were also leather workers on the streets, washing cowhides with their strong hands. There were also ore miners, and gunpowder merchants, and ship builders. The city itself was a harsh fortress, where young warriors were trained. There wasn't much time for learning. Young Cossacks immediately started fighting, which almost did not stop here. During breaks, they did not like to take on academic disciplines, only shooting and sometimes horse racing. In addition, they needed to master the saber, marksmanship, hand-to-hand combat and other useful skills.

Zaporizhzhya Sich was distinguished by severe customs and laws. So, for example, for stealing a Cossack they could be beaten to death, for debts they could be chained until one of the comrades ransoms or repays the debt. However, the most terrible punishment was provided for murder. For this, the Cossack could be buried alive with the coffin of the person he killed. It was believed that such harsh laws taught young warriors to respect each other, to be courageous and persistent. It was these qualities that were necessary for a real Cossack. A cruel punishment awaited both the traitor of faith and the homeland. For this reason, Taras Bulba personally killed his youngest son Andriy.

In our time, the Zaporizhzhya Sich is associated with epic heroes who went down in history for their courage and devotion to their homeland. Everyone knows how heroically they showed themselves in the fight against the invaders. To some extent, it was the Cossacks who influenced the formation of the national mentality. Many Cossack customs would do well to be restored, as they are a worthy example of inheritance.