Self-sacrifice. Composition on the topic “Self-sacrifice for the sake of others

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The personal quality of self-sacrifice is the ability to dedicate one's own life to higher goals, to give oneself to a person or something sublime.

What is self-sacrifice

Self-sacrifice is the voluntary sacrifice of oneself or one's own interests for the sake of others. It can be conscious (employees of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, military in combat) and unconscious (helping people in an emergency).

sacrificial, sincere desire to protect others, their own land, home. Such an intention is the result of a feeling, its ideals and upbringing. The individual is incapable of doing otherwise. Such individuals rush to help without hesitation, this is a spiritual impulse;
performance of their own. An example is worth giving here. There are people who seek to get into "hot spots" in order to save people's lives there. But why do they need it? You might think that this is a desire to protect the Motherland. But in fact, they strive to receive medals and awards for courage in order to be proud of their loved ones.

In turn, sacrifice in the understanding of religion is a virtue, which is expressed in a sincere desire to devote oneself to others.

The desire for self-sacrifice

People have a built-in desire for self-sacrifice. This is not a simple sacrifice of some material wealth. This is the sacrifice of one's own chosen path, one's own energy, strength, and time. That is, everything that a person has. The highest manifestation of self-sacrifice is giving oneself to self-consciousness, the development of the mind, the achievement of purity of consciousness, as well as helping others to achieve spirituality. In the form of a personal quality, self-sacrifice is a manifestation of dignity along with patriotism, selflessness, kindness.

Self-sacrifice has a feminine nature. The first example of it is unconditional maternal love. Mother to become the well-being of the child above all else. Love as a voluntary slavery involves self-sacrifice, but self-sacrifice is not to give life in the name of love. It is an absolute desire to serve a loved one.

The problem of self-sacrifice

It is believed that the willingness to sacrifice oneself for the basis uses love. Powerful feelings make people perform feats: some devote themselves disinterestedly to their soul mate, others give themselves to their favorite work. But experts are sure that such a theory is wrong.

The problem of self-sacrifice is the unattractiveness of the reasons that cause this desire. In life, the desire to sacrifice oneself gives rise to other feelings: fear and doubt. The latter cause a loss of a sense of strength and confidence. Such people are sure that their personality does not mean anything, they are not ready to take actions, therefore they live with the problems and achievements of another person. In addition, they are confident in personal failures, because they believe that indulgence is not available to them. The result of such an opinion is self-sacrifice. In this way, people are trying to get location, recognition.

For this reason, often the meaning of self-sacrifice is not a sincere desire to neglect one's interests, but a simple manipulation of people to achieve an internal goal. Fear in the form of the main motive of sacrifice appears because of.

There are many examples from life: children who escaped from the suffocating care of their mother forget about her; wives who refuse to realize themselves for the sake of the family find themselves alone or suffer disrespect from their husbands. From such individuals one can often hear complaints that they did everything for the sake of others, but in the end they got nothing. But they were not asked for such sacrifices, their actions are their own choice.

Conscious self-sacrifice is a person's understanding of the victim, its essence, purpose and value. A soldier, when he covers others with himself or goes to the enemy, he realizes that this will cause his death, but his actions will save others. It is this self-sacrifice that is called heroism.

Donation is not too dangerous if it belongs to the same family or group, because. its pernicious influence is not too global. But if it concerns the interests of an entire country or society, then the result will be deplorable. Often the basis of the actions of suicidal terrorists is the problem of self-sacrifice. Their arguments are based on love for the Motherland, religion.

Why is self-sacrifice dangerous?

The first thing that comes to mind when pronouncing the word “self-sacrifice” is something sublime. This is the rejection of oneself for the sake of higher goals, the sacrifice of one's own interests in the name of something more valuable. But Leo Tolstoy said that self-sacrifice is the most offensive expression of egoism. Why is it dangerous? What did Tolstoy mean?

Self-sacrifice is inherent in the Slavic people, we are not individualists. In addition, we encourage the desire to sacrifice ourselves. But it happens that self-sacrifice is a style of existence, it takes on unusual forms.

It is believed that sacrificing oneself in the name of a loved one is an indicator of good taste. We are cited as an example of the Decembrist wives, and parents are left with no choice at all - they are obliged to do everything for the sake of their children, subordinating themselves to their desires. Yes, love is not selfishness, but why should anyone suffer? Is it really necessary to sacrifice?

As already mentioned, the basis of self-sacrifice is not always love. Often its basis and. A person is sure that he is not worthy of recognition and love, therefore he wins them. Self-sacrifice becomes an element of manipulation. A person reads himself not so good that the second half stays next to her just like that, therefore remarkable efforts are required. And the fear here is that the person for whom the sacrifice is made will leave.

But the negative is not only in this, the further the person goes in an effort to give himself away, the more terrible the story ends. There are many examples around how people do not appreciate such sacrifices. But you can't call them traitors. If another person voluntarily gave up something, then sooner or later he will hear the question why he did it, who asked him.

For these reasons, self-sacrifice is considered a manifestation of selfishness. A person behaves as he considers right, without taking into account the opinions of other people about it. But he also demands gratitude for his actions. If he doesn't get it, he feels offended. As a result, hatred arises for the one for whom the sacrifice was made, for whom it turned out to be unnecessary. A person needs to leave the right to choose whether he needs this sacrifice or not, to refuse it or to accept it.

But what about altruism, self-denial? Self-sacrifice, of course, has the right to exist. After all, everyone decides what to do and how to behave. The main thing is not to wait for recognition for your own actions, then you will not take actions aimed at satisfying internal needs at the expense of others.

What explains self-sacrifice

Psychologists point out that not every person is capable of self-sacrifice. What explains the phenomenon of self-sacrifice? Researchers are sure that this quality is transmitted at the gene level. In other words, such a desire to devote oneself to others is laid down by genetics.

In addition, education contributes to the development of this personal quality. The child, seeing the actions of the parents, considers them correct.

But often the lack of love at an early age becomes a reason that pushes oneself to sacrifice oneself. People who were “disliked” in childhood are able to sacrifice their interests for the sake of recognition, the pride of their parents.

So self-sacrifice is explained by the desire to receive praise, to prove something to society, to receive recognition, a celebrity. In addition, spiritual impulses to save another person, a natural desire to protect the weak, disinterested impulses to help others also cause the desire to sacrifice oneself.

Self-sacrifice as a personality trait is the ability to dedicate one's entire life to some higher spiritual goal, to give oneself to someone or something higher.

The tomb of Mohammed in Medina had to be put in order: it became necessary. However, the masons who came here to make repairs were told that anyone who dared to go down into the burial vault, as soon as he left there, would be beheaded. Nevertheless, there was one who wanted to and went down into a terrible dungeon. He repaired the crypt, got up and gave his head to be cut off. Silently he bowed his head, and just as silently they chopped it off.

The desire for self-sacrifice is built into a person. This is not just a donation of part of your income or material wealth. Self-sacrifice is bringing to the altar of the chosen path of oneself, one's life energy, knowledge, time, everything that one possesses. The highest form of self-sacrifice is to give all of yourself to self-consciousness, the development of the mind, to achieve purity of consciousness and help other people reach the heights of human spirituality.

Self-sacrifice as a quality of a person becomes manifested in a combination of virtues - disinterestedness, patriotism, generosity, kindness, in a word, a number of positive personality traits. A soldier sacrifices his life defending his homeland, his family. He cannot do otherwise. Conscience and self-sacrifice are inseparable. Conscience calls the soldier to heroism. Friedrich Nietzsche wrote: “Heroism is the mood of a person striving for a goal, in addition to which he no longer counts at all. Heroism is the good will to absolute self-destruction."

Self-sacrifice has a feminine nature. The very first example of it is the unconditional love of a mother for a child, when she puts his well-being in the first place. Love as voluntary slavery involves sacrifice, but self-sacrifice does not mean shooting yourself, hanging yourself or poisoning yourself for the sake of love. Why such extremes? They have nothing to do with self-sacrifice. Self-sacrifice is a selfless striving to serve the object of love. The quintessence of self-sacrifice is love and self-giving.

I.S. Turgenev has a wonderful parable "The Threshold". I see a huge building. In the front wall, a narrow door is thrown wide open; behind the door - a gloomy haze. Before the high threshold stands a girl… A Russian girl. Frost breathes that impenetrable haze; and together with a chilling stream, a slow, muffled voice is carried out from the depths of the building. - Oh, you that you want to cross this threshold, do you know what awaits you? “I know,” the girl replies. - Cold, hunger, hatred, mockery, contempt, resentment, prison, illness and death itself? - I know. - Complete alienation, loneliness? - I know. I'm ready. I will endure all suffering, all blows. - Not only from enemies, but also from relatives, from friends? - Yes ... and from them. - Fine. Are you ready for the sacrifice? - Yes. - For a nameless victim? You will die - and no one ... no one will even know whose memory to honor! I don't need gratitude or pity. I don't need a name. - Are you ready for a crime? The girl lowered her head… - And she is ready for a crime. The voice did not immediately resume its questions. “Do you know,” he finally spoke, “that you can lose faith in what you believe now, can you understand that you were deceived and ruined your young life for nothing? - I know that too. Still, I want to get in. - Come in! The girl stepped over the threshold - and a heavy veil fell behind her. - Stupid! someone screeched from behind. - Holy! - came from somewhere in response.

Inessa Armand sacrificed everything for the love of V. I. Lenin. They met in 1909 in a Parisian cafe. Their stormy romance began precisely during the courses organized by Inessa, and Vladimir Ilyich acted as the main speaker. Inessa described her first impressions of the meeting with Vladimir and revealed her hidden feminine feelings. She did not hesitate to tell Vladimir Ilyich about them, since that long time ago was already a joyful and unforgettable story for them: “At that time I was more afraid of you than fire. I would like to see you, but I think it would be better to die on the spot than to enter you, and when for some reason you entered N.K.'s room, I immediately got lost and became stupid. I was always surprised and envied the courage of others who directly came to you, talked to you. Only in Longjumeau and then the following autumn, in connection with transfers and other things, did I get used to you a little. I so loved not only to listen, but also to look at you when you spoke. Firstly, your face is so animated, and, secondly, it was convenient to look at, because at that time you did not notice it.

Surprisingly, Krupskaya did not interfere with the development of their relationship, feelings, and probably waited for Vladimir's decision, while agreeing with any of them. But Lenin was in no hurry to make a decision, especially since Krupskaya was ill. At the end of September 1913, after prison, Inessa returned to Krakow, at which time Krupskaya was slowly recovering after the operation. Soon Inessa leaves for Paris. Such a hasty departure was caused by the firm decision of Vladimir Ilyich to break off their love affair. We learn about this bitter conversation for Inessa from the following surviving letter from Inessa from Paris to Krakow at the end of 1913: “We parted, we parted, dear, with you! And it hurts so much. I know, I feel, you will never come here! Looking at well-known places, I clearly realized, as never before, what a big place you still occupied here in Paris in my life, that almost all activity here in Paris was connected with a thousand threads with the thought of you. I wasn't in love with you then, but even then I loved you very much. I would still do without kisses, just to see you, sometimes talking to you would be a joy, and it could not hurt anyone. Why was it to deprive me of this? You ask me if I'm angry that you "spent" the breakup. No, I don't think you did it for yourself... Kiss you hard. Your Inessa.

In her diary entries, shortly before her death, Inessa left the following confession: “... Now I am indifferent to everyone. And most importantly, I miss almost everyone. A warm feeling remained only for the children and for V.I. In all other respects, the heart seemed to have died out. As if, having given all his strength, all his passion to V.I. and the cause of work, all sources of love, sympathy for the people with whom it used to be so rich were exhausted in him ... I am a living corpse, and this is terrible. After the revolution of 1917 Lenin appointed I. Armand chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Moscow province and settled next to the apartment of his sister, Anna Ilyinichna. In the autumn of 1920, Armand fell seriously ill. Lenin persuaded her to go to the Caucasus for treatment. Inessa obeyed, as always. A month later, a telegram arrived from the Caucasus: “Out of any queue. Moscow Central Committee of the RCP. Council of People's Commissars. Lenin. Comrade Inessa Armand, who fell ill with cholera, could not be saved. She was 46 years old. Among the wreaths laid on the grave, one was of fresh white flowers with an inscription on the mourning ribbon: "To Comrade Inessa from V. I. Lenin." Lenin's shock was enormous. Kollontai in her memoirs claimed that: “he could not survive Inessa Armand. The death of Inessa hastened his illness, which became fatal. L. Vasilyeva in her book "Kremlin Wives" noted that "Inessa's ashes were placed in the Kremlin wall, among the famous, illustrious Bolsheviks. According to the Bolshevik protocol, such a place did not suit her. But this violation was the only thing that the leader of the revolution could do for Inessa in order to thank her for everything that had happened and had not happened in their life together on this earth. Vladimir Ilyich outlived Inessa Armand by only three years. After the death of the leader, in February 1924, Krupskaya sent a request to the Central Committee to bury the remains of her husband along with the ashes of Inessa Armand. Stalin rejected this proposal.

Pierre de Coubertin gave his whole life ideas for the revival of the Olympic Games. At the age of 19, he came up with the idea to make everything the way it was. It seemed that this idea was unrealistic. He died at the age of seventy-three, and began to engage in the Olympic Games at twenty-six, that is, almost half a century was devoted to the idea of Olympism! Biographers of the great Frenchman write: “One should not think that the idea of Coubertin immediately captivated the entire sports world. She had more than enough doubters and opponents ... Even more - sports figures who said that, in general, this was a good thing, but they themselves did not want to do this good thing. Coubertin, on the other hand, travels around many countries of the world, argues, convinces, proves. Writes hundreds of letters to various sports organizations. Perhaps this was the very perseverance that makes a great athlete train tirelessly, and then, overcoming everything, rush to victory ... On November 25, 1892, Coubertin made a report at the Sorbonne on the revival of the Olympic Games. Op spoke so convincingly and passionately that French sports figures, although not immediately, decide to convene an International Athletic Congress and invite representatives of the major sports powers to it. All the most authoritative sports figures in the world had to agree on the rules and principles of the Games. The Congress was attended by 2,000 people from 10 countries, including Russia. And so, on June 23, 1894, the International Olympic Committee, the IOC, was created at the Congress in Paris. Of course, you already know this now very famous abbreviation. Congress decided: in two years the first Olympic Games will be held! And it was a great victory for world sports, a great feat of Pierre de Coubertin!”

Petr Kovalev 2013

Self-sacrifice... What associations does this word evoke in you? Of course, self-denial for the sake of a high ideal, heroism that saves lives and guards moral values, altruism and nobility. It's hard to argue with that. But is self-sacrifice always a sincere bestowal, can it be called morality and the greatness of the soul? Or is it false and useless chivalry? Let's try to figure it out.

Slavic mentality

The great writer and honorary academician Leo Tolstoy, who lived in the 19th century, once said that self-sacrifice is the most offensive form of selfishness. Being a wise philosopher, he knew what he was talking about. Tolstoy drew attention to the Slavic mentality: from birth, each of us has the desire to devote his life to higher goals. By nature, we are not individualists. In addition, in the Slavic countries, the desire to sacrifice oneself is encouraged and brought up from childhood: for the good of one's neighbor, homeland, ideas.

It is clear that self-sacrifice during the war is justified. If it were not for the exploits of our grandfathers during the Second World War, it is not known what problems and troubles would have awaited our nation. As for self-sacrifice for the sake of a loved one, many also consider it a sign of good taste. You can not even remember about children: there is an opinion that a woman is simply obliged to put her life on the altar of children's whims and desires. Although how can you grow up happy, knowing that someone nearby must suffer from this.

The basis of self-sacrifice

It is generally accepted that the foundation of this human character trait, behavior and belief is love. Like, a deep feeling pushes us to exploits: we want to devote ourselves free of charge to our soulmate, children, and in some cases even to colleagues and our favorite business in general. But psychologists say that the problem of self-sacrifice is that its basis is absolutely unattractive - it is uncertainty and fear.

Doubting, a person does not feel strength, power, firmness within himself. Such an individual thinks that by himself he is not capable of, therefore, he begins to live by the achievements and problems of other people. In addition, he is sure that being a loser is not even worth the indulgence of society. As a result, he begins to fight for the location of loved ones, while taking out their sleeves a trump card - self-sacrifice, which becomes a tool of manipulation. Fear comes from the fear of losing a loved one.

Selfishness is the starting point

The saddest thing about this story is this: the further you go into the labyrinth of self-sacrifice, the worse for you. The consequences can even be tragic. Look around - there are many examples around: grown-up children, heavily guarded by their parents, do not call them for months, and wives who have given up their careers and communication with friends in order to take care of their beloved remain abandoned husbands or endure betrayal for the rest of their lives. Do not rush to stigmatize traitors, because only you yourself are to blame for this situation.

The main problem of self-sacrifice lies in the ingratitude of loved ones. The arguments that you will hear from people will be undeniable: "Who asked you?" And they will be right. No one begged you to give up your own interests and desires, the choice was made by you. When blaming, for example, a child for the impossibility of establishing a personal life because of the eternal concern for him, think about whether you are shifting responsibility for your own mistakes and failures in relations with members of the opposite sex onto his shoulders. That is why self-sacrifice is pure selfishness. After all, a person does what is convenient and profitable for him, without thinking about whether his relatives need it.

Spawn of Evil

If self-sacrifice occurs at the level of an individual family or collective, its destructive scale is not so global. When the interests of a huge power, a people or a large group of people are affected, the consequences can be very unfavorable. which are aimed at protecting and protecting a particular object, often form the basis of terrorism. After all, those who undermine themselves and the hostages sincerely believe that they are dying for the good of religion.

Very clearly and clearly this logic can be traced in the actions of terrorists who profess Islam. Members of the Hamas or Hezbollah organizations, for example, killing hundreds of people, do not feel guilty. Like, they commit a sacrificial act, for which they will be rewarded in the next life. Already only from this example, we can conclude that self-sacrifice is not always a good deed. Sometimes it can lead to tragic events and many innocent victims.

Types of self-sacrifice

Many psychologists are sure that not every person is capable of such an act. According to some scientists, self-sacrifice is inherited. This means that the desire to devote life to other people is inherent at the genetic level. Brings its contribution and upbringing: a child who grew up in a family where the mother gives the last money to charity, considers this model of behavior to be correct, since he has not encountered the opposite. Forms a worldview and collective zombification, which is often traced in religious sects or other communities.

Regardless of the source, self-sacrifice can be conscious and one that works on a subconscious level. The first is the understanding by a person of his sacrifice and the price for it, the meaning and the ultimate goal. A soldier, falling with his chest on an enemy pillbox, in the last seconds of his life knows that his act saves his comrades from certain death. Such self-sacrifice is worthy of respect, it is truly heroic. As for the unconscious, these are exactly the situations that we mentioned. Unjustified, useless self-sacrifice becomes a trap where a person is dragged into by someone who tries to manipulate his behavior and dreams of stopping the development of an individual at a level that is comfortable for him.

Self-sacrifice in literature

Many Russian writers, being true Slavs, often touch on this topic in their works. Examples of self-sacrifice can be traced, for example, in the Heroine of his novel "Crime and Punishment" Sonechka Marmeladova and Dunya Raskolnikova sacrifice themselves for the sake of dear people. The first trades in the body, earning a living for the family. She suffers, but has no right even to a banal suicide, as her loved ones will be left without a piece of bread. The second is going to marry an unloved, but rich man, only to help a poor brother.

Maxim Gorky also often described cases of self-sacrifice. For example, in "Old Woman Izergil" his incarnation is Danko. The romantic hero, leading people through the forest, tore his chest and took out his heart, illuminating with it, like a torch, a path in the darkness. Supporters followed him and overcame a difficult road. Danko died, and the people very quickly forgot their hero. The question arises: was this self-sacrifice necessary? Think about this before you throw your own dreams and aspirations at the feet of another person.

Self-sacrifice: glorious virtue or foolish self-denial

Nowadays, there is no clear definition of important concepts related to morality and morality. The vagueness of terminology, the shift in the vision of the world in many people towards evil materialism has led to the fact that various definitions have merged together.
Confusion reigns in the minds of an ordinary layman, which makes him defenseless against two opposite extremes - egocentrism and self-sacrifice. Most are accustomed to believing that selfishness is not at all a quality that allows one to look after one's interests, but a trait inherent in selfish and selfish persons. Altruism does not mean at all disinterested concern for other people, but a property characteristic of weak-willed people.

But to such a quality of personality as self-sacrifice, society generally does not have a single opinion. For some people, the ability to self-sacrifice is akin to highly moral heroism. In the understanding of other persons, self-sacrifice is a stupid and meaningless lifestyle. However, for the majority of contemporaries, true selfishness is an evil that is required censure and punishment. While the ability to self-sacrifice is the highest degree of virtue. In a word: selfishness is always terrible, but self-sacrifice is beautiful.

Is it possible to unequivocally judge the property of a person - readiness for self-sacrifice? Is it immoral to take care of one's own life, while worrying about the existence of others is normal? This publication will try to answer these questions. From the point of view of a reasonable, independent, free, creative and self-respecting person, which your author considers himself to be.

What is self-sacrifice: the essence of the phenomenon
What is self-sacrifice? According to explanatory dictionaries, self-sacrifice is a personality trait that manifests itself in a person’s willingness to give up their own interests, ignore personal needs, brush aside life’s pleasures for the sake of the convenience and well-being of other people. Self-sacrifice is the willingness of a person to voluntarily devote his energy, time, effort, knowledge and skills to some goal.
In different religions, cultures, philosophies, self-sacrifice is evaluated differently. In Christianity, this property of a person is recognized as the highest virtue and goes on a par with self-denial for the sake of the Lord. Psychologists consider self-sacrifice to be an extreme manifestation of altruism and argue that this quality of a person is the cause of many mental phenomena, including pathological self-hatred, known as the phenomenon of self-hating Jew.

Self-sacrifice often goes along with a bunch of other human virtues, including: heroism, kindness, conscientiousness, patriotism, selflessness, generosity. Self-sacrifice can be observed in different areas of life and manifest itself in different behavior. For example: a soldier gives his life defending the Fatherland. A parent loses one kidney, saving the life of his child. A woman who dedicated her life to the development of offspring. A kid who voluntarily gives his favorite toy to an unfortunate orphan.

It can be argued that self-sacrifice involves bringing on the altar of the chosen goal a greater value than the benefits that we will receive from the act. It is hardly possible to call a donation the voluntary distribution of unnecessary things to the suffering poor. Indeed, in the end, a person receives great benefits - the liberation of personal space and the purification of the soul. It is also impossible to call self-sacrifice a deal that a young girl makes when she marries a rich old man, and who has lost the opportunity to be in the circle of her peers. In this situation, the contract works: she gives her time and body, receiving material benefits in return. Therefore, it is necessary to clearly distinguish what is true self-sacrifice and what is an ordinary transaction.
Altruists also include a conscious refusal of a person from receiving pleasures in the present for the sake of receiving benefits in the future to varieties of self-sacrifice. However, such an interpretation is completely absurd. Is it possible to call self-sacrifice the exhausting cramming of a student who gave up today's entertainment in order to become an eminent surgeon in the future? Is it possible to consider self-sacrifice the vigorous activity of an entrepreneur who deliberately forfeited leisure in order to put his business on its feet? It is unlikely that such deeds can be classified as heroic virtues, because the conscious sacrifice of a rook in order to take possession of a queen is a competent and thoughtful move.

Not always cases of heroism are self-sacrifice. For example: a soldier, bravely going to meet the enemy who attacked his homeland, is simply doing his duty, defending his own freedom from the aggressor. However, if he goes to the ends of the earth as part of a "humanitarian mission", his behavior can be called self-sacrifice, since the inter-tribal massacre in some African states does not affect his personal interests at all.

What Causes the Savior Syndrome: Causes of Sacrifice
Today, many people constantly sacrifice themselves for the convenience of other people. Most often, female representatives act as the savior of Iphigenia: they have the need to patronize someone in their blood. However, among the voluntary saviors of the world, this need is off scale. Iphigenias take a heavy burden on their shoulders: they endlessly enter into someone's position, protect others from trouble, and solve other people's problems. They advise and insist, guard and protect. They put up with any injustice and tolerate any shortcomings.

Their act of self-sacrifice is aimed at a spouse, offspring, ancestors, friends, colleagues. They act contrary to their interests, hobbies, goals and cause considerable harm to mental health. Why do these "Mother Teresa" sacrifice their lives in a senseless sacrifice?
Psychologists point out that the cause of senseless heroism takes root in early childhood, when a sense of worthlessness and a sense of guilt was entrenched in the subconscious of the child. The wrong parenting strategy, moral pressure, excessive demands, unhealthy criticism, eternal reproaches form an unconscious sense of guilt in a small person. And the psyche of a fragile creature suggests the only way to smooth out these painful sensations - to sacrifice oneself, asserting one's virtue.

Another reason for the tendency to self-sacrifice is the indifference of parents to the needs of the child. If the father and mother behaved aloofly, did not take into account the interests of the baby, were not interested in his achievements, did not help solve the problem, then the child does his best to attract the attention of loved ones and win their love. How to do it? Complete humility and self-sacrifice: study perfectly, pull household chores, meekly follow the commands of parents. Childhood quickly flies, but the habit of sacrificing oneself in order to earn the recognition of people remains.
The habit of self-sacrifice can develop against the backdrop of a kind of personal portrait. As a rule, the characteristic features of Mother Teresa are kindness, kindness, responsiveness, compassion. They are able to identify themselves with another person, to feel what he feels. These are impressionable, suspicious, easily hurt people.

The benefits and harms of self-sacrifice: why self-sacrifice is dangerous
Many mistakenly believe that self-sacrifice is a virtue. That being the savior of Iphigenia is an honor. Indeed, to make self-sacrifice for the sake of lofty goals or, in case of emergency, in the name of saving the life of another, is heroism.
However, in real life, self-sacrifice is more like unhealthy recklessness. In reality, the great martyrs Iphigenia are rarely rewarded: self-sacrifice often harms them.
As a rule, people around manipulate such people, abusing their dependability and kindness. They are taken advantage of, humiliated and made the object of bullying.
The habit of self-sacrifice causes Mother Teresa to forget herself. They stop caring for their appearance, do not take care of their health, and degrade as a person. As a result, close people begin to see in such ladies not a woman, not even a person, but a powerless creature.

People who are accustomed to self-sacrifice have many problems in personal relationships. Their partners quickly lose interest in such persons, since it is not interesting to communicate with a hunted victim, and one does not want to make love with a squishy one. Very often, men run away from such companions, because their sacrifice is very similar to total control. And it is under strict control, when everything is done and decided for you, not many people like it.
In other words, reckless self-sacrifice is fraught with the complete destruction of human life. He ceases to be an independent person, cannot lead a full life, loses an understanding of true values, and exists according to false priorities. The saviors of Iphigenia are frequent patients in psychiatric clinics who have lost their mental health as a result of unnecessary sacrifice.

How to get rid of senseless sacrifice: steps to healthy selfishness
How to stop sacrificing yourself senselessly and not be the savior of unworthy people? We pay attention to the study of the following recommendations of psychologists.

Step 1
To stop being a reckless Iphigenia, you need to closely examine your behavior in all aspects of life. Determine which of our actions are effective and necessary help to a person in need, and which actions are a disservice. We should determine which of the things we do bring us a sense of self-satisfaction and improve our mood, and which activities we do with a creak of heart. We must find out which of the duties we perform benefit us, contribute to our improvement and unlocking our potential, help brighten up reality, and which things throw us back to the lowest stage of Homo sapiens development.
It is desirable to carry out such an analysis of one's own life in a calm atmosphere, fixing the established facts on a piece of paper.

Step 2
After we have established which acts of our sacrifice are for the benefit of our own personality and are indispensable for loved ones, and which deeds are a manifestation of reckless altruism, we should draw up a program for the gradual elimination of “attacks of heroism”.
It should be remembered that it is unlikely that it will be possible to get rid of the habit of sacrificing oneself and becoming an inveterate egoist in an instant. We stock up on patience, act consistently and gradually, but decisively.

Step 3
How to apply the program to eliminate self-sacrifice in practice? We start small. If our self-sacrifice consists in ignoring our interests for the benefit of the household, and our everyday life consists in satisfying the desires of loved ones, then we are fundamentally restructuring our behavior.
We allow family members to be free, independent, independent. We cease to control their every step. We delegate some household chores to them. We do not try to satisfy their desires. We give them the opportunity to independently disentangle the porridge that they have brewed.
This does not mean that we should completely dismiss the problems of loved ones. But their difficulties must be passed through the filter of "real problems" and "artificially created difficulties."
For example, if our faithful husband managed to drink his entire salary in three days, let him decide now where to get money for food. If a negligent partner, without consulting anyone, got into a credit yoke, then let him look for funds to pay off the debt. If a precious husband has invested all his family savings in a dubious scam, then let him spin like a squirrel in a wheel and plow three jobs, and not shift the solution of problems to us.

We must make such cardinal decisions about all aspects of life that force us to sacrifice our interests, time, and health. If the household members want gourmet meals, then let them earn money for food in an expensive restaurant or create culinary masterpieces themselves in the kitchen. The young offspring wants the latest iPhone model, let him look for ways to earn money, for example: distribute leaflets, and does not require an expensive gift from you, for the sake of which you can put your teeth on the shelf.

Step 4
To get rid of the habit of self-sacrifice, you need to turn your attention to yourself. Heroically and inspiredly playing the role of an ideal spouse and a perfect mother, we completely forget that we are a unique personality and an attractive woman. And not a workhorse, a free cleaning lady, a cook, a dishwasher, a nanny, a nurse and a pocket psychologist all rolled into one. Recognizing for yourself that you are a free person, allow yourself to do everything that was previously under strict prohibition.
We start with our inner cover: hair masks, body wraps, spa facials. A visit to the sauna, swimming pool, beauty salon, massage room and gym should definitely enter our lives.

Step 5
To stop sacrificing ourselves for the sake of others, we need to gain a powerful inner core. Develop spiritually, transform your destructive character traits into positive personality traits, abandon the destructive thinking program. How to do it? Read literature, attend psychological trainings, discuss your problems with a specialist. A good way to develop your personality is to contemplate the surrounding reality, feeling like an impartial sage. Observe, notice, analyze, admire the beautiful world, discarding the habit of hanging categorical labels.

Step 6
Visiting a variety of events will help get rid of the habit of self-sacrifice and become a harmonious nature. Watching high-quality films, visiting art galleries and museums, attending concerts and performances will help you gain a new outlook on life and bring bright colors to everyday realities.
It is possible that at first it will be a little uncomfortable and disturbing. After all, we are used to sacrificing ourselves and put pleasure under the ban. To distract from disturbing thoughts, you can make it a rule to arrange long walks in the forest and sign up for a yoga section.

Step 7
To break the habit of self-sacrifice, we must learn to respect ourselves. To do this, we celebrate even the smallest achievements, fix our successes on paper. Do not forget to praise and thank yourself even for tiny deeds.
A person who loves and appreciates himself, meets the respect of others. Remember that it is impossible to demand from confident and self-sufficient people to become a victim.

Instead of an afterword
To get rid of the destructive quality - senseless self-sacrifice - you should learn to say a firm "no" to requests that are unpleasant and difficult for us to fulfill. Master the art of tactfully refusing if the proposals of other people cause us an internal protest. Be able to argue your point of view and boldly defend your views.
We remember that healthy egoism and reasonable altruism are harmoniously combined in a harmonious personality. Therefore, it is necessary to free oneself from the need for self-sacrifice in order to live happily and fully.

Self-sacrifice is not always associated with a risk to life.
To commit heroic deeds of a person is motivated by love for the Motherland.
A person is ready to sacrifice himself for the one he really loves.
To save a child, it is sometimes not a pity to sacrifice the most valuable thing that a person has - his own life.
Only a moral person is capable of committing a heroic deed
Readiness for self-sacrifice does not depend on the level of income and social status
Heroism is expressed not only in deeds, but also in the ability to be true to one's word even in the most difficult life situations.
People are ready for self-sacrifice even in the name of saving a stranger

Arguments

L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace". Sometimes we do not suspect that this or that person can commit a heroic deed. This is confirmed by an example from this work: Pierre Bezukhov, being a rich man, decides to stay in Moscow besieged by the enemy, although he has every opportunity to leave. He is a real person who does not put his financial situation in the first place. Not sparing himself, the hero saves a little girl from the fire, performing a heroic deed. You can also refer to the image of Captain Tushin. At first, he does not make a good impression on us: Tushin appears before the command without boots. But the battle proves that this man can be called a real hero: the battery under the command of Captain Tushin selflessly repels enemy attacks, having no cover, sparing no effort. And it doesn’t matter at all what impression these people make on us when we first meet them.

I.A. Bunin "Lapti". In an impenetrable blizzard, Nefed went to Novoselki, located six miles from home. He was prompted to do this by the requests of a sick child to bring red bast shoes. The hero decided that “it is necessary to mine”, because “the soul desires”. He wanted to buy bast shoes and paint them magenta. By nightfall, Nefed had not returned, and in the morning the peasants brought his dead body. In his bosom they found a vial of fuchsin and brand new bast shoes. Nefed was ready for self-sacrifice: knowing that he was putting himself in danger, he decided to act for the good of the child.

A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" Love for Marya Mironova, the captain's daughter, more than once prompted Pyotr Grinev to endanger his life. He went to the Belogorsk fortress captured by Pugachev to snatch the girl from the hands of Shvabrin. Pyotr Grinev understood what he was doing: at any moment Pugachev's people could catch him, he could be killed by enemies. But nothing stopped the hero, he was ready to save Marya Ivanovna even at the cost of his own life. Readiness for self-sacrifice also manifested itself when Grinev was under investigation. He did not talk about Marya Mironova, whose love led him to Pugachev. The hero did not want to make the girl involved in the investigation, although this would allow him to justify himself. Pyotr Grinev, by his actions, showed that he was ready to endure anything for the happiness of a person dear to him.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". The fact that Sonya Marmeladova went on a “yellow ticket” is also a kind of self-sacrifice. The girl decided on this herself, consciously, in order to feed her family: her father, a drunkard, her stepmother and her little children. No matter how dirty her “profession” is, Sonya Marmeladova is worthy of respect. Throughout the work, she proved her spiritual beauty.

N.V. Gogol "Taras Bulba". If Andriy, the youngest son of Taras Bulba, turned out to be a traitor, then Ostap, the eldest son, showed himself as a strong personality, a real warrior. He did not betray his father and Motherland, he fought to the last. Ostap was executed in front of his father. But no matter how hard, painful and scary he was, during the execution he did not make a sound. Ostap is a true hero who gave his life for his Motherland.

V. Rasputin "French Lessons". Lydia Mikhailovna, an ordinary French teacher, was capable of self-sacrifice. When her student, the hero of the work, came to school beaten, and Tishkin said that he was playing for money, Lidia Mikhailovna was in no hurry to tell the director about this. She found out that the boy was playing because he did not have enough money for food. Lidia Mikhailovna began to study French with a student, which was not given to him, at home, and then offered to play “zamyashki” with her for money. The teacher knew that this should not be done, but the desire to help the child was more important to her. When the director found out about everything, Lidia Mikhailovna was fired. Her seemingly wrong act turned out to be noble. The teacher sacrificed her reputation to help the boy.

N.D. Teleshov "Home". Semka, so eager to return to his native land, met an unfamiliar grandfather along the way. They walked together. On the way, the boy fell ill. The unknown person took him to the city, although he knew that he was not allowed to appear there: the grandfather had escaped from hard labor for the third time. Grandpa was caught in the city. He understood the danger, but the child's life was more important to him. Grandfather sacrificed his quiet life for the sake of a future stranger.

A. Platonov "Sand teacher". From the village of Khoshutovo, located in the desert, Maria Naryshkina helped to make a real green oasis. She devoted herself to work. But the nomads passed - not a trace remained of the green spaces. Maria Nikiforovna left for the district with a report, where she was offered to transfer to work in Safuta in order to teach the culture of the sands to the nomads who were moving to settled life. She agreed, which showed her readiness for self-sacrifice. Maria Naryshkina decided to devote herself to a good cause, not thinking about her family or the future, but helping people in their difficult struggle with the sands.

M.A. Bulgakov "Master and Margarita". For the sake of the Master, Margarita was ready for anything. She made a deal with the devil, was the queen at the ball with Satan. And all in order to see the Master. True love forced the heroine to make self-sacrifice, to pass all the trials prepared for her by fate.

A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin". The protagonist of the work is a simple Russian guy who honestly and selflessly fulfills his soldier's duty. His crossing the river was a real heroic deed. Vasily Terkin was not afraid of the cold: he knew that he needed to convey the lieutenant's request. What the hero has done seems impossible, unbelievable. This is a feat of a simple Russian soldier.

B. Vasiliev "My horses are flying." Dr. Jansen died rescuing children who fell into a sewer hole. A man who was revered as a saint even during his lifetime was buried by the whole city.

Bulgakov "Master and Margarita". Margaret's self-sacrifice for the sake of her beloved, the Master. Margarita leaves her wealthy husband, a "famous engineer", for a poor Master. She is ready for any sacrifice, she even agrees to render a service to Woland-Satan, if only to find and free her beloved.

F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment" Sonechka Marmeladova, noble, pure. Sacrifices himself, leaving the panel. She went to sin, dared to sell herself for the sake of the starving father, the stepmother of her children. But at the same time, she does not demand and does not expect any gratitude. Sonechka does nothing for herself, everything for the sake of others: her stepmother, stepbrothers and sisters, Raskolnikov. The image of Sonya is the image of a true Christian and righteous woman.

Problem The role of the example. Human education

V. P. Astafiev. "Horse with a pink mane."

Difficult pre-war years of the Siberian village. The formation of the personality of the hero under the influence of the kindness of grandparents.

V. G. Rasputin "French Lessons".

Formation of the personality of the protagonist in difficult war years. The role of the teacher, her spiritual generosity in the boy's life. Thirst for knowledge, moral stamina, self-esteem of the hero of the story.

Fathers and Sons

And S. Turgenev. "Fathers and Sons".

A classic work that shows the problem of misunderstanding between the older and younger generations. Yevgeny Bazarov feels like a stranger in relation to both the older Kirsanovs and his parents. And, although by his own admission, he loves them, his attitude brings them grief.

L. N. Tolstoy. Trilogy "Childhood", "Adolescence", "Youth".

In an effort to know the world, to become an adult, Nikolenka Irtenev gradually learns the world, understands that much in it is imperfect, encounters a misunderstanding of the elders, sometimes offends them himself (chapters "Classes", "Natalya Savishna")

K. G. Paustovsky "Telegram".

The girl Nastya, Living in Leningrad, receives a telegram stating that her mother is sick, but the things that seem important to her do not allow her to go to her mother. When she, realizing the magnitude of the possible loss, arrives in the village, it turns out to be too late: her mother is already gone ...

The problem of human responsibility for the lives of others

N. Tolstoy. "War and Peace".

Images of Kutuzov, Napoleon, Alexander I. A person who is aware of his responsibility to his homeland, people, who knows how to understand them at the right time, is truly great. Such is Kutuzov, such are ordinary people in the novel, who do their duty without lofty phrases.

A. Kuprin. "A wonderful doctor."

A man, tormented by poverty, is ready to desperately commit suicide, but the well-known doctor Pirogov, who happened to be nearby, speaks to him. He

helps the unfortunate, and from that moment on, his life and the life of his family changes in the most happy way. This story speaks eloquently of the fact that the act of one person can affect the fate of other people.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery "The Little Prince""You are forever responsible for those you have tamed." The wise phrase of the Fox, said to the Little Prince.

M. A. Bulgakov. "Master and Margarita". The image of Yeshua is the image of Jesus Christ, who carries the idea of genuine kindness and forgiveness. He says about all people, even about those who bring him pain and suffering: “Good man”, the procurator of Judea, who doomed him to a painful death, he forgives, leaving with him into eternity.

The image of the procurator of Judea symbolizes how a person can be punished for not wanting to take responsibility. Because of cowardice, he sends the innocent Yeshua to execution, to terrible torment, for which he suffers both on earth and in eternal life.

Problem Scientific progress and moral qualities of man

A. S. Griboyedov. "Woe from Wit"

M. Bulgakov. "Dog's heart"

Doctor Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes progress turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

M. Bulgakov, "Heart of a Dog"

A person does not always use science to benefit society. For example, in the story "Heart of a Dog" by the outstanding writer M. Bulgakov, Dr. Preobrazhensky turns a dog into a man. Scientists are driven by a thirst for knowledge, the desire to change nature. But sometimes scientific work turns into terrible consequences: a two-legged creature with a "dog's heart" is not yet a person, because there is no soul in him, no love, honor, nobility.

M. Bulgakov "Fatal Eggs"

In the work of the Russian Soviet writer and playwright M. Bulgakov. "Fatal Eggs" most fully reflects the consequences of a careless attitude to the power of science. The ingenious and eccentric zoologist Professor Persikov accidentally breeds giant reptiles that threaten civilization instead of big chickens. The capital, as well as the rest of the country, is in a state of panic. When it seemed that there would be no salvation, a frost, terrible by the standards of August, suddenly fell -18 degrees. And the reptiles, unable to withstand it, died.

We all know from childhood about Lomonosov's desire to become literate.

When we read some of the details from the adult life of this outstanding personality, it becomes clear to us how much more difficult it was for Lomonosov to overcome all obstacles on the path to scholarship compared to our time.

The deacon of the local church taught Lomonosov to read and write. Then Lomonosov assisted fellow villagers in the preparation of business papers and petitions, wrote letters. The consciousness of the need for "science" and knowledge arose early in him. The “gates of learning”, in his own words, for him were the books he obtained from somewhere: “Grammar” by Melety Smotrytsky, “Arithmetic” by L. F. Magnitsky, “Rhyming Psalter” by Simeon Polotsky. At the age of fourteen, the young Pomor wrote competently and clearly.

People have always wanted to know more. And not only more, but better: to know and not to be mistaken. Knowledge is science. And thinking about the reliability of knowledge is already philosophy. At the beginning of European philosophy are three ancient Greeks: Socrates, Plato's student Plato and Plato's student Aristotle. Of course, they had predecessors. Aristotle studied with Plato for twenty years. He was a good student. It was said that Plato once gave a lecture on the immortality of the soul. The lecture was so difficult that the students, without listening to the end, one by one got up and left. When Plato finished his lecture, only Aristotle was sitting in front of him. But the longer Aristotle listened to Plato, the less he agreed with what he heard. And when Plato died, Aristotle said: "Plato is my friend, but the truth is dearer", left Plato's school and started his own.

The problem of love for the motherland

Maria Volkonskaya, Ekaterina Trubetskaya, Natalia Fonvizina... Who hasn't heard these names!
But few people know that in reality there were eleven of them. Eleven young women who accomplished the feat of self-sacrifice in the name of love...

The oldest in a small women's colony formed by the wives of the Decembrists in Chita, where the convicted participants in the uprising on Senate Square were exiled, was Alexandra Vasilievna Entaltseva.

Her life was devoid of bright pages. None of the wives of the Decembrists had to endure and suffer as much as fell to her lot.

She was neither rich nor well-born, unlike most of her friends in misfortune. She had neither parents nor wealthy relatives. Alexandra Vasilievna was left an orphan early. She was raised by her older sisters. Perhaps the orphan childhood was the reason that the main dream of life was the desire to have a family - a good husband, healthy children, own home.
It seemed like a dream come true. A young, beautiful, smart, cheerful girl did not sit in the brides for a long time.

Her husband was a certain Lisovsky. She bore him a daughter, and the future was painted only in pink colors. Alas ... Alexandra Vasilievna's husband turned out to be a player. And even this disappointment could be put up with if not for one “but” ... Lisovsky decided to use his beautiful wife as a bait - she had to lure guests into the house, whom the owner then very successfully beat in cards. Alexandra Vasilievna resisted her husband's dishonest plans for a long time, wept, begged to spare her and her daughter, but Lisovsky remained deaf to his wife's requests. Desperate, Alexandra Vasilievna decided to take the last step - she left her husband. For a woman of the early 19th century, this was a truly heroic decision - according to the then existing canons, the church could allow this only in the event of a violation of marital fidelity by one of the parties.
Alexandra Vasilievna gained freedom, having paid a considerable price for it: the Lisovskys did not give their daughter to their mother.

Andrei Vasilievich Entaltsev, commander of the equestrian company, was older than Alexandra Vasilievna. His entire education was completed in two years. Ugly, gloomy, taciturn. But - with a good soul, and this atoned for his shortcomings. She is the exact opposite - lively, sociable, well educated. As they would say today - the soul of the company. Nevertheless, Alexandra Vasilyevna accepted the offer of the hand and heart of a stern artillery lieutenant colonel. With him, she gained a family, peace, the status of a wife, and, consequently, a certain weight in society.
Alexandra Vasilievna sincerely became attached to the beech - her husband. But the Blue Bird of Happiness only touched it with its wing and disappeared, melted over the horizon.

Andrey Vasilievich Entaltsev

In early 1826, Lieutenant Colonel Entaltsev was arrested for participating in an anti-government conspiracy and convicted as a state criminal in the IV category. He was also “lucky”: he was sentenced to only a year of hard labor, followed by a link to a settlement in remote regions of Siberia.
Andrei Vasilyevich Entaltsev considered himself an innocent victim. Yes, he was a member of a secret society, attended meetings of conspirators, but did not participate either in the uprising on Senate Square in St. Petersburg on December 14, 1825, or in the events of January 3, 1826 near Belaya Tserkov. However, out of a hundred and twenty-one convicted in the case of an anti-government conspiracy, there were a majority like him. In fact, they were punished for not reporting.
Alexandra Vasilievna had little choice: to remain in Moscow as the wife of a state criminal, alone, without a family, without friends, without a livelihood, or to follow her husband to Chita, where he was sent to hard labor, and a year later share a link with him.
Nothing kept Entaltseva in Moscow. She was thirty-six years old, and she could not count on the fact that she would be able to start life anew, for the third time. In Siberia, there was a chance to lead, although not a metropolitan, albeit difficult, but still family life. Alexandra Vasilievna achieved the highest permission to follow her husband.

In 1826, the Siberian governor-general Lavinsky issued an order to the Irkutsk governor Zeidler, in which he announced the arrival in Irkutsk of two wives of the Decembrists, Naryshkina and Entaltseva, and ordered that all possible measures be taken to convince the ladies to abandon their intentions. To do this, he advised first to act with affectionate persuasion, presenting to travelers that, upon returning to Russia, they would retain their class and property rights, and would not become disenfranchised wives of convicts. In the event that Zeidler did not achieve his goal by persuasion, he was instructed to change his affectionate tone to a sharp one, act with intimidation and not skimp on exaggerations and the blackest colors. The governor general gave the most detailed instructions on how to intimidate two weak women. None flinched.
Naryshkina and Entaltseva were not the first to come to Chita. Ekaterina Trubetskaya and Maria Volkonskaya paved the way for them. Entaltseva, despite the fact that she was "rootless", the two princesses accepted with joy.
"This beautiful woman- Maria Volkonskaya wrote in her memoirs, - 44 years have already passed (here Maria Nikolaevna was mistaken, in 1827 Alexandra Vasilievna was 37 years old). She was smart, read everything that was published in Russian, and her conversation was pleasant. She was devoted soul to her gloomy husband, a former lieutenant colonel of artillery ... "
Alexandra Vasilievna stayed in Chita for only a few months. In the same 1827, the Entaltsevs were transferred to Beryozov, which was wild at that time - the place of exile of an associate of Peter I, His Serene Highness Prince Alexander Menshikov. By this time, two Decembrists were already serving their exile in Berezovo - I.F. Focht and A.I. Cherkasov. The arrival of the Yentaltsevs brought a fresh air to their boring, monotonous life. And, first of all, thanks to the light, cheerful nature of Alexandra Vasilievna.

View of Chita, taken from under the mountain. Watercolor N.A. Bestuzhev. 1829 - 1830

In Berezovo, the Entaltsevs bought a small three-room house. They did not need funds - the money was sent from Russia by Andrei Vasilyevich's relatives. So the spouses had the opportunity to help both comrades in misfortune, and even local residents.

By the way. One can talk a lot about the cruelty of the autocrat in relation to state criminals, although it cannot be compared with the cruelty of the future bloody rulers of Russia, but the fact remains: Nicholas I was more than loyal not only to the relatives of the Decembrists who remained in Russia, but and to their wives, who followed the convicts to Siberia. If we talk about the Entaltsevs, then Alexandra Vasilievna brought with her three serfs belonging to her sisters, although persons convicted by the Supreme Criminal Court did not have the right to keep serfs belonging to their wives or other relatives. In addition, since 1829, by the highest permission, Alexandra Vasilyevna received an annual allowance from the treasury - 250 rubles in banknotes. This allowance was issued to Entaltseva until the amnesty of 1856, when she was finally allowed to leave Siberia. But more on that later.

House of one of the exiled Decembrists in Siberia.

The Entaltsevs did not live long in Berezovo - two years. Thanks to the lively and sociable nature of Alexandra Vasilievna, their small house became a kind of club, a circle of three Decembrists. And everything would be fine if not for the poor health of Andrei Vasilyevich. The year spent in the cell of the Peter and Paul Fortress, the Nerchinsk mines, the harsh northern climate - all this could not but affect his condition. Physical ailments were exacerbated by moral suffering. It is difficult to understand why, perhaps due to an unrestrained, quick-tempered character, but Yentaltsev, like no one else, was subjected to endless nit-picking and police checks. Symptoms of a future serious illness appeared already in Berezovo, and Alexandra Vasilievna began to write letters to the governor with a request to transfer her husband to a settlement in a place with a milder climate. In 1829, the spouses were transferred to Yalutorovsk.

Yalutorovsk.

"Alexandra Vasilievna,- recalled Augusta Sozonovich, a pupil of the Decembrist
M.I. Muravyov-Apostol, - ... in her youth she was famous for her beauty. She was a lively, intelligent, very well-read woman, who apparently had worked hard on her education, and a woman of a rather independent character. With her manners and ability to dress simply and with taste, she has long been considered a model in the Yalutorovsk women's society, young girls used her special disposition and good advice.
First, the Entaltsevs bought a house, which consisted of one room with an annex for the kitchen, a cellar and a pantry, owned by the merchant Minaev, and two years later - a more spacious house of collegiate adviser Shenshin.
Whether from the fact that he could not boast of good health, or because he needed to occupy himself with something, but in Yalutorovsk Andrei Vasilyevich became interested in medicine. Having bought all kinds of medical reference books, he began to collect herbs and prepare simple, harmless medicines from them. Moreover, he not only accepted them himself, but also did not refuse the good residents of Yalutorovsk.
“The old man, despite his ill health, practiced medicine with youthful fervour,- recalled a contemporary of the Decembrists, a resident of Yalutorov N. Golodnikov, - without refusing to help either the rich or the poor, and sometimes buying the household means necessary for this, even from his own property. The poor have long remembered this complacent unmercenary.”
The "old man", by the way, at that time was barely fifty years old ...
“Andrei Vasilievich and character was more in line with the duties of a doctor than a soldier,- wrote A. Sozonovich, - always even, with everyone equally friendly, he was not only kind, but was also the most humble person in the world.

However, not everything in the life of the Entaltsevs went as smoothly as we would like. Firstly, the persecution of the police did not stop, there were too many denunciations accusing Andrei Vasilyevich of anti-state plans. They could not but affect the health and mental balance of Entaltsev and inexorably pushed him to the edge, beyond which madness begins. Secondly, already at the beginning of the 30s, money from relatives from Russia stopped coming, and need knocked on the cozy, lovingly furnished house of the resilient Alexandra Vasilievna. And if the denunciations, in the end, sorted out - “Yentaltsev has no friendly ties with anyone,- wrote to A. Benckendorff the colonel of the gendarme corps Kulchevsky after another inquiry, - and does not go anywhere, leads a closed life, that insanity more and more often made itself felt.

Benkendorf Alexander Khristoforovich

How else can one explain the sudden infatuation of a middle-aged exile with the serf girl Pelageya, who belonged to his wife? One can only imagine what a sense of shame and humiliation Alexandra Vasilievna must have experienced.
"At home,- reported Kulchevsky to Benkendorf, - (Entaltsev) behaves indecently: his wife, sharing his fate, brought with her to Siberia a man and a girl for servants, and Entaltsev, having fallen in love with this girl, and being jealous of this man for her, cruelly treats both of them.
However, high authorities the fact of adultery due to the impossibility of proving it - do not take your wife as a witness! - left without attention. Pelageya was offered to sell or send to Russia.

And Andrei Vasilievich's illness progressed. In June 1841, he apparently suffered a stroke - "felt a slight paralysis", and soon fell into dementia. Alexandra Vasilievna, as best she could, fought for her husband. She obtained permission to take him for treatment to Tobolsk, to the "capital" city in the hope that local doctors would be able to help her husband, who was losing his mind before our eyes. In order to get money, she sold the house along with all the furnishings and household utensils. The treatment did not help, and the Entaltsevs returned to Yalutorovsk. The homeless were sheltered by the Decembrist Tizenhausen, later Alexandra Vasilievna was able to buy a small wooden outbuilding.

“Somehow we got to our Kurgan ...- wrote I.I. Pushchin N.V. Basargin in March 1842, - we spent more than three days in Yalutorovsk ... Yentaltsev struck me - his paralysis affected the brain and made him an idiot - he looks into his eyes, smiles and slowly says nonsense.
Consciousness decreased every day. Not understanding his actions, Andrei Vasilyevich ran away from home, wandered through the forests. Alexandra Vasilievna had to hire a nurse for her husband.
This torment continued for several years. In January 1845, the former lieutenant colonel of artillery A.V. Entaltsev died.

It would seem that with the death of her husband came liberation. From mental anguish - yes, maybe. But not from Siberia. According to the existing situation, the widow of the criminal had the right to return to European Russia. With such a request, Entaltseva turned to the governor. However, if she returned, she would be deprived of funds for maintenance. And they were not small. By law, she received 400 rubles annually as long as she was in Siberia. In addition, by the Highest order, Entaltseva received another 250 rubles. With this money in Siberia, with the cheapness of products, labor and an established economy, one could live comfortably. Alexandra Vasilievna took all this into account. She was not embarrassed by the fact that police supervision was established behind her, which was not the case throughout her life in Siberia. She was included in the general list of persons under police supervision, like other widows of state criminals.

For another eleven long years, Alexandra Vasilievna lived in Yalutorovsk, retaining, despite the hardships of life, her kindness and cheerful character. And, in fact, who was waiting for her in Moscow? The only native person is a daughter, but she was also brought up in enmity to her mother. Here, in the small town that became her home, she had a family - her Decembrist friends, once and for all the established order of life: on Thursday - at Pushchin, on Sunday - at the Muravyovs - Apostles. Here she was loved, although, sometimes, they made fun of her, but they were always ready to help.

In 1856, after the Manifesto of Alexander II, which granted forgiveness to the Decembrists, Alexandra Vasilievna Entaltseva returned to Moscow, where she died two years later, all alone.

***
From time immemorial, and even now,
The fate of all women is this:
Keep the hearth of the beloved family,
And loyalty to her husband forever.

And wives need to be ready,
Anywhere to go for a husband:
That be cold snow with fog,
Ile trails dark taiga.

People rise up for freedom
Doomed to hard labor.
But their wives did not abandon them -
They followed them to Siberia.

That was a special moment in history
There have been so many hardships.
Revolt of the Freemasons-Decembrists,
Nineteenth and twenty-fifth century.

Diana Mustafina

Special thanks to Nikita Kirsanov for kindly providing a photo from his personal archive.

Self-sacrifice during the war years has been described by many world writers, sung by great composers and captured by talented artists. The theme of heroism never ceases to be interesting.

Arguments in the direction of "Heroism and self-sacrifice"

Abstracts

Self-sacrifice is not always associated with a risk to life.
To commit heroic deeds of a person is motivated by love for the Motherland.
A person is ready to sacrifice himself for the one he really loves.
To save a child, it is sometimes not a pity to sacrifice the most valuable thing that a person has - his own life.
Only a moral person is capable of committing a heroic deed
Readiness for self-sacrifice does not depend on the level of income and social status
Heroism is expressed not only in deeds, but also in the ability to be true to one's word even in the most difficult life situations.
People are ready for self-sacrifice even in the name of saving a stranger

Arguments

L.N. Tolstoy". Sometimes we do not suspect that this or that person can commit a heroic deed. This is confirmed by an example from this work: Pierre Bezukhov, being a rich man, decides to stay in Moscow besieged by the enemy, although he has every opportunity to leave. He is a real person who does not put his financial situation in the first place. Not sparing himself, the hero saves a little girl from the fire, performing a heroic deed. You can also refer to the image of Captain Tushin. At first, he does not make a good impression on us: Tushin appears before the command without boots. But the battle proves that this man can be called a real hero: the battery under the command of Captain Tushin selflessly repels enemy attacks, having no cover, sparing no effort. And it doesn’t matter at all what impression these people make on us when we first meet them.

A.S. Pushkin "". Love for Marya Mironova, the captain's daughter, more than once prompted Pyotr Grinev to endanger his life. He went to the Belogorsk fortress captured by Pugachev to snatch the girl from the hands of Shvabrin. Pyotr Grinev understood what he was doing: at any moment Pugachev's people could catch him, he could be killed by enemies. But nothing stopped the hero, he was ready to save Marya Ivanovna even at the cost of his own life. Readiness for self-sacrifice also manifested itself when Grinev was under investigation. He did not talk about Marya Mironova, whose love led him to Pugachev. The hero did not want to make the girl involved in the investigation, although this would allow him to justify himself. Pyotr Grinev, by his actions, showed that he was ready to endure anything for the happiness of a person dear to him.

F.M. Dostoevsky "". The fact that Sonya Marmeladova went on a “yellow ticket” is also a kind of self-sacrifice. The girl decided on this herself, consciously, in order to feed her family: her father, a drunkard, her stepmother and her little children. No matter how dirty her “profession” is, Sonya Marmeladova is worthy of respect. Throughout the work, she proved her spiritual beauty.

N.V. Gogol "". If Andriy, the youngest son of Taras Bulba, turned out to be a traitor, then Ostap, the eldest son, showed himself as a strong personality, a real warrior. He did not betray his father and Motherland, he fought to the last. Ostap was executed in front of his father. But no matter how hard, painful and scary he was, during the execution he did not make a sound. Ostap is a true hero who gave his life for his Motherland.

V. Rasputin "". Lydia Mikhailovna, an ordinary French teacher, was capable of self-sacrifice. When her student, the hero of the work, came to school beaten, and Tishkin said that he was playing for money, Lidia Mikhailovna was in no hurry to tell the director about this. She found out that the boy was playing because he did not have enough money for food. Lidia Mikhailovna began to study French with a student, which was not given to him, at home, and then offered to play “zamyashki” with her for money. The teacher knew that this should not be done, but the desire to help the child was more important to her. When the director found out about everything, Lidia Mikhailovna was fired. Her seemingly wrong act turned out to be noble. The teacher sacrificed her reputation to help the boy.

A. Platonov “Sand teacher". From the village of Khoshutovo, located in the desert, Maria Naryshkina helped to make a real green oasis. She devoted herself to work. But the nomads passed - not a trace remained of the green spaces. Maria Nikiforovna left for the district with a report, where she was offered to transfer to work in Safuta in order to teach the culture of the sands to the nomads who were moving to settled life. She agreed, which showed her readiness for self-sacrifice. Maria Naryshkina decided to devote herself to a good cause, not thinking about her family or the future, but helping people in their difficult struggle with the sands.

M.A. Bulgakov "". For the sake of the Master, Margarita was ready for anything. She made a deal with the devil, was the queen at the ball with Satan. And all in order to see the Master. True love forced the heroine to make self-sacrifice, to pass all the trials prepared for her by fate.

A.T. Tvardovsky "". The protagonist of the work is a simple Russian guy who honestly and selflessly fulfills his soldier's duty. His crossing the river was a real heroic deed. Vasily Terkin was not afraid of the cold: he knew that he needed to convey the lieutenant's request. What the hero has done seems impossible, unbelievable. This is a feat of a simple Russian soldier.

The problem of self-sacrifice during the war years - essay

Option 1

War. How much pain, fear and hopelessness is behind this word? But this is only one side of the coin. Heroism, patriotism and self-sacrifice - that's what makes people live on and not give up.

Let's turn to the text. The author reveals the problem of readiness for self-sacrifice during the war years. It is thanks to the heroes of this text that we learn what drives people who are ready to sacrifice their own lives. Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin writes a story about two scouts who need to blow up the battery, since the Soviet army suffers "considerable losses" from it. But the price of a selfless act is great - the lives of the main characters.

Kornev and Tumik agree immediately. This is a deliberate decision that was born out of love for the Fatherland. In the last hours, Tumik recalls his childhood and home. “It was not for nothing that I lived on earth” - thus he defines the purpose of his existence. The reason for the second selfless act is love for a friend. Tumik is ready to sacrifice his life for Kornev, who "had a wife and a little son."

Such a feat cannot be underestimated. Veniamin Alexandrovich Kaverin admires the dedication of the main characters. The author believes that people who are ready for self-sacrifice are driven by the desire to protect their loved ones and the Fatherland. The position of Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin is close and understandable to me: a loving person is capable of great deeds. A sense of duty to the Fatherland and respect for people are the main motives for self-sacrifice during the war.

Of course, selfless deeds are worthy of respect and eternal memory. I would like to give an example of self-sacrifice of people for the sake of the Fatherland from literature.

During the war, not only men were famous for their exploits. The fair sex also selflessly embarked on the path of defending the Motherland. The work of Boris Lvovich Vasiliev "The Dawns Here Are Quiet" is known for its brave heroines. Five girls responded to the duty of defending the Fatherland. Their dedication has made a great contribution to the victory over the enemies.

So, self-sacrifice for the sake of relatives and the Motherland is an act that requires incredible willpower. Not everyone will be able to say goodbye to life, so it is important to remember the exploits of our compatriots and honor their blessed memory.

Option 2

Russian Soviet writer - Vladimir Maksimovich Bogomolov in his text discusses the problem of self-sacrifice, heroism during the war years.

The text tells about the story that took place during the Great Patriotic War: it was necessary to deliver ammunition. The people on the job understood. that they could die under German shells at any moment. Despite this, everyone continued to carry out the task. And when the barge caught fire from a mine, the fighters and Irina bravely began to extinguish it.

V. M. Bogomolov believes that people perform heroic deeds during the war, because they are driven by feelings of patriotism, love for the Motherland.

Discussing this problem, I recall Vasiliev's work “The Dawns Here Are Quiet,” in which the characters show heroism and courage. They understood that in no case should they retreat, they should hold on to the last.

Zoya Kosmodemyanskaya is the most famous partisan who, having been captured by the Germans. despite all the terrible torture, she did not even tell the enemy her name. Nikolai Gastello is a pilot who sent a burning plane to the enemy, sacrificing his own life.

It is very difficult to talk about what people who went through the war had to endure. I believe that every person who is truly proud of his homeland, country, should strive to ensure that the country is proud of him.

“Enemy bombers hovered over the Volga day and night. They chased not only tugs, self-propelled guns, but also fishing boats, small rafts - sometimes the wounded were transported to them. But the rivermen of the city and the sailors of the Volga flotilla, in spite of everything, delivered the goods.

Option 3

What is self-sacrifice? Is it necessary to sacrifice yourself for the sake of others? It is these questions that B. Vasiliev reflects on in his text. In it, the writer raises the important issue of self-sacrifice. The author, discussing this topic, gives a life example from the life of Dr. Jansen, who saved the children at the cost of his life, showing courage and heroism. The publicist is delighted with the act of the protagonist, who knows how to "live not for himself, think not about himself", but about the people around him.

Thanks to this quality, he was nicknamed "the saint of the city of Smolensk." Saving teenagers, Dr. Jansen suffocated in a well, which shows readers the vast inner world of a man who was not afraid to die for the life of others. The writer draws our attention to the fact that "the whole of Smolensk ... buried its Doctor", thereby showing the attitude of people towards a person who knows how to sacrifice himself. The position of the author can be formulated as follows: a brave and courageous person is capable of self-sacrifice, ready to sacrifice himself. One cannot but agree with the point of view of B. Vasiliev.

Indeed, a person capable of death in the name of saving others is worthy of respect and admiration. A vivid proof of sacrifice is the image of the hero of the story of M. Gorky "". The protagonist led his people through the forest to defeat the darkness, but along the way, many people began to lose heart, and some even die. The hero, out of love for the people, tore his heart out of his chest, illuminating the path for them. The feat of Danko is a true manifestation of mercy and humanism.

Confirmation of this problem can be found in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky "Crime and Punishment". Sonya Marmeladova, a young girl from a dysfunctional family, was forced to sacrifice herself in order to save loved ones. She earned her bread with her own body, but at the same time she remained responsive and morally pure.

Thus, the problem raised by the prose writer makes each of us think about the price of people's self-sacrifice, about their fortitude and courage, which push them to conscious death in order to save other people.

Self-sacrifice for the sake of the Fatherland

When war breaks into the peaceful life of people, it always brings grief and misfortune to families, violates the usual order of things. The Russian people experienced the hardships of many wars, but they never bowed their heads before the enemy and courageously endured all hardships. The Great Patriotic War, which dragged on for five long years, became a real disaster for many peoples and countries, and especially for Russia. The fascists transgressed human laws, so they themselves found themselves outside of all laws.

Both young men, and men, and even old people rose to defend the Fatherland. The war gave them the opportunity to show all their best human qualities, to show strength, courage and courage. It so happened historically that war is a man's business, requiring courage, stamina, self-sacrifice and even sometimes hardness of heart from a warrior. But if a person is indifferent to the misfortunes of others, then he will not be able to perform a heroic deed; his selfish nature will not allow him to do so. Therefore, many writers who touched on the theme of war, the feat of man in war, have always paid much attention to the problem of humanity, humanity. War cannot harden an honest, noble person; it only reveals the best qualities of his soul.

Among the works written about the war, the books of Boris Vasiliev are especially close to me. All his heroes are warm-hearted, sympathetic people with a tender soul. Some of them behave heroically on the battlefield, fighting bravely for their homeland, others are heroes at heart, their patriotism is not evident to anyone.

Vasiliev's novel "Not on the Lists" is dedicated to the young lieutenant Nikolai Pluzhnikov, who fought heroically in the Brest Fortress. A young lone fighter personifies a symbol of courage and perseverance, a symbol of the spirit of a Russian person.

At the beginning of the novel, Pluzhnikov is an inexperienced graduate of a military school. The war dramatically changes the life of a young man. Nikolay falls into the thick of it - in the Brest Fortress, the first Russian frontier on the path of the fascist hordes. The defense of the fortress is a titanic battle with the enemy, in which thousands of people die, because the forces are not equal. And in this bloody human mess, among the ruins and corpses, a youthful feeling of love between the young lieutenant Pluzhnikov and the crippled girl Mirra is born. It is born as a spark of hope for a brighter future. Without the war, perhaps they would not have met. Most likely, Pluzhnikov would have risen to a high rank, and Mirra would have led a modest life of an invalid. But the war brought them together, forced them to gather strength to fight the enemy. In this struggle, each of them accomplishes a feat.

When Nikolai goes on reconnaissance, he goes to remind him that the defender is alive, that the fortress has not surrendered, has not submitted to the enemy, he does not think about himself, he is worried about the fate of Mirra and those fighters who are fighting next to him. There is a fierce, mortal battle with the Nazis, but Nikolai's heart did not harden, he did not harden. He carefully takes care of Mirra, realizing that without his help the girl will not survive. But Mirra doesn't want to be a burden to a brave soldier, so she decides to come out of hiding. The girl knows that these are the last hours of her life, but she is driven by only one feeling: the feeling of love. She does not think about herself, she is concerned about the fate of Nikolai. Mirra does not want him to see her suffering and blame himself for it. This is not just an act - it is a feat of the heroine of the novel, a moral feat, a self-sacrifice feat. "A military hurricane of unprecedented strength" closes the heroic struggle of the young lieutenant. Nikolai courageously meets his death, even the enemies appreciated the courage of this Russian soldier, who "was not on the lists."

The war did not bypass Russian women, the Nazis forced to fight mothers, present and future, in which the very nature of hatred for the murder. Women in the rear work steadfastly, providing the front with clothing and food, caring for sick soldiers. And in battle, women were not inferior to experienced fighters in strength and courage.

Vasiliev's story "..." is dedicated to the heroic struggle of women and girls in the war. Five completely different girlish characters, five different destinies. Anti-aircraft gunner girls are sent to reconnaissance under the command of foreman Vaskov, who "has twenty words in reserve, and even those from the charters." Despite the horrors of the war, this "mossy stump" retained the best human qualities. He did everything to save the lives of the girls, but his soul still cannot calm down.

He realizes his guilt before them for the fact that "the men married them with death." The death of five girls leaves a deep wound in the soul of the foreman, he cannot find an excuse for her even in his soul. In the sorrow of this simple man lies the highest humanism. He accomplished the feat of capturing German intelligence officers, he can be proud of his actions. Trying to capture the enemy, the foreman does not forget about the girls, he always tries to lead them away from the impending danger. The foreman made a moral feat, trying to protect the girls.

The behavior of each of the five girls is also a feat, because they are completely unsuited to military conditions. Terrible and at the same time sublime is the death of each of them. The dreamy Liza Brichkina is dying, wanting to quickly cross the swamp and call for help. This girl is dying with the thought of her tomorrow. The impressionable Sonya Gurvich, a lover of Blok's poetry, also dies, returning for the pouch left by the foreman. And these two "non-heroic" deaths, for all their seeming accident, are associated with self-sacrifice. The writer pays special attention to two female images: Rita Osyanina and Evgenia Komelkova.

According to Vasiliev, Rita is "strict, never laughs." The war broke her happy family life, Rita is constantly worried about the fate of her little son. Dying, Osyanina entrusts the care of her son to the reliable and wise Vaskov, she leaves this world, realizing that no one can accuse her of cowardice. Her friend is killed with a weapon in her hands. The writer is proud of the mischievous, impudent Komelkova, who was sent away after a staff romance. This is how he describes his heroine: “Tall, red-haired, white-skinned. And the eyes are childish, green, round, like saucers. And this wonderful girl dies, dies undefeated, performing a feat for the sake of others.

Many generations, reading this story by Vasiliev, will remember the heroic struggle of Russian women in this war, they will feel pain for the interrupted threads of human birth. We learn about the exploits of the Russian people from ancient Russian epics and legends, and from the famous epic novel L.N. In this work, the feat of the modest captain Tushin is not even noticed by anyone. Heroism and courage seize a person suddenly, one single thought possesses him - to defeat the enemy. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to unite the generals and the people, the moral victory of a person over his fear, over the enemy is necessary. The motto of all brave, brave people can be proclaimed by the words of General Bessonov, the hero of Yuri Bondarev's work "Hot Snow": "Stand - and forget about death!"

Thus, showing the feat of man in the war, writers of different times pay special attention to the strength of the Russian national spirit, moral stamina, and the ability to sacrifice for the sake of saving the Fatherland. This theme is eternal in Russian literature, and therefore we will more than once witness the appearance of literary examples of patriotism and morality to the world.

Vasiliev was not interested in the war itself, not in the battles, but in the life and death of the human soul in the war. There are few characters in the work, the time of action is compressed. And in such a narrow area, an in-depth study of the characters, actions and motives of these actions is being conducted. The characters in the story “The Dawns Here Are Quiet…” find themselves in dramatic situations, their fates are optimistic tragedies. Heroes - yesterday's schoolchildren, and now participants in the war. Vasiliev, as if testing the characters for strength, puts them in extreme circumstances. The writer believes that in such situations, the character of a person is most clearly manifested.

B. Vasiliev brings his hero to the last line, to the choice between life and death. Die with a clear conscience or stay alive, staining yourself. The hero could save his life. But at what cost? You just need to step back a little from your own conscience. But Vasiliev's heroes do not recognize such moral compromises. What is needed to save the girls? Quit without Vaskov's help and leave. But each of the girls performs a feat in accordance with her character. The girls were somehow offended by the war. Rita Osyanina's beloved husband was killed. The child was left without a father. The Germans shot the whole family in front of Zhenya Komelkova.

Almost no one knows about the exploits of heroes. What is a feat? In this cruel, inhumanly difficult struggle with enemies, remain human. Achievement is overcoming oneself. We won the war not only because there were brilliant commanders, but there were also such invisible heroes as Fedot Baskov, Rita Osyanina, Zhenya Komelkova, Liza Brichkina, Sonya Gurvich.

Truly human relations between the "fighters" will be shown by B. Vasiliev. The commandant of the section, the foreman of the Basques, takes care of every girl. He makes sure that they do not sit on stones, do not get their feet wet, do not get sick. Do not forget to praise and say sincerely. “I brought her a spruce. He covered it with his overcoat:

Rest, comrade soldier.

And how are you without an overcoat?

And I'm healthy, don't worry. Get better by tomorrow. I beg you, get well." “I wanted to sit on the stones, but Gurvich suddenly delayed, quickly slipped her overcoat.” The heroes - Rita and Zhenya - are surprisingly conscientious: they did not leave the foreman in trouble, but said goodbye, hugged and accepted their last fight. Personally, this book was very difficult for me to read. Soldiers are killed in war, but people have gotten used to the idea that soldiers are masculine. This is a brother, a son, this is a husband and father, this is a beloved, this is a friend and comrade. It is always a man. In the war, not only men were killed, but women and children. And by killing them, the war committed a crime against humanity, against conscience, against reason. By killing women, the war committed a crime against the future. Because together with the woman she killed children and grandchildren. By killing women, fascism cut the roots of humanity.

The forties are fatal in our history. Russia was not prepared for war. There were few trained men, and women and children went into battle. The government did not provide materially to the people. People without shelter, without family, hungry. This is a terrible picture.

I liked that the story didn't end tragically. Vasiliev shows us that good always triumphs over evil. There is still hope for salvation. The girls died, but the foreman of the Basques remained. Rita's son lives with a good man who is raising him. Baskov and Ritin's son will tell this tragic story to the next generation. And these courageous, strong-willed girls will forever remain in the memory of mankind as heroes of the Great Patriotic War.

The problem of self-sacrifice during the war years (according to the text of V. A. Kaverin)

Original text according to V. A. Kaverin

(1) The night before, the commissar called Kornev and Tumik to his cabin and started talking about this long-range battery, which fired at the front line and depth and which everyone had long been tired of.

- (2) We suffer considerable losses from her, - he said, - and, besides, she interferes with one planned operation. (3) This battery must be destroyed.

(4) Then he asked what they think about self-sacrifice, because otherwise it cannot be destroyed. (5) He did not ask right away, but began with the feat of twenty-eight Panfilovites who gave their young lives for the Fatherland. (6) Now this question is before them - Kornev and Tumik - as the best scouts, awarded orders and medals.

(7) Tumik was the first to say that he agreed. (8) Kornev also agreed, and it was decided to land on the shore at nine o'clock in the morning. (9) At night, the Germans launched rockets, although it was December and it was as dark during the day as at night.

(10) Suddenly it turned out to be a lot of time, and you could lie down and think, especially since this is probably the last time, and more, perhaps, you won’t have to.

(11) Tumik fought for a year and a half and was wounded twice. (12) He participated in the capture of the famous Kolpak hill, when eighty sailors held out against two battalions for seven hours, and the ammunition ran out, and the sailors began to fight back with stones. (13) Like yesterday, he saw in front of him a small house, a porch with a failed step and his father in the garden - short-haired, gray-haired, with a thin nose and still so slender, dexterous, when he quickly walked towards the guests, leaning on a cane, in his Kubanka sideways and with his three orders.

(14) When the war began, he sent Tumik a letter: "Fight for yourself and for me."

(15) Then Tumik remembered his whole life, the most important thing, the most interesting thing in life. (16) Father - it was a home, childhood and school, the girl Shura was love, and Misha Rubin was a friend who always said that maybe there is love in the world, but what is true in the world is true friendship forever.

(17) They were with him throughout the war - father, that girl and Misha - and they were now, when he was lying on his bed under the porthole and it was heard how a wave, splashing, runs on board. (18) It was his Fatherland!

(19) And suddenly everything became so clear to him that he even sat down on the bed, clasping his knees with his hands.

- (20) No wonder I lived on earth, - he said to himself.

(21) He saw Kornev writing a letter by the light of the candle, and he wanted to tell Kornev that there was no death for them and that this solemn, last night had come for them, when all the light froze and only under a light wind a wave, splashing, runs on Board. (22) But he didn't say anything. (23) Kornev had a wife and a little son. (24) He wrote to them, and who knows what he was thinking now, frowning his large black eyebrows ...

(25) In the morning, they realized at a glance that it was impossible to lay down the roof and leave: the battery was working, and there were too many people around. (26) It was only possible to do as the commissar said: blow it up and blow it up yourself. (27) And it was easy: shells lay in piles not far from the battery.

(28) They began to draw lots, because it was enough to blow one up, and the other could return to his own. (29) They agreed: the one who pulls out the whole match will return. (30) And Tumik took two whole matches in both hands and said in a whisper:

Well, Kornev, drag.

(31) Kornev had a wife and a little son...

(32) They hugged, kissed. (33) At parting, Tumik gave Kornev his photograph, where he was shot with a machine gun, lying down, aiming, - the guys said that they came out great. (34) And Kornev left. (35) He was about forty meters from the battery, when an explosion rang out and the flame rushed to the very sky, illuminating the desert region - snow and dark gorges between rocks, wild rocks of the Fatherland ...

(According to V. A. Kaverin *)

Veniamin Aleksandrovich Kaverin (1902-1989) - Russian Soviet writer, playwright and screenwriter, author of the adventure novel "Two Captains".

Essay option 1

What is the role of memories during the war years? Why do thoughts about home, about loved ones help to survive during the war years? These questions are asked by Veniamin Kaverin in this text.

Answering the questions posed, the author tells the story of the feat of a soldier during the Great Patriotic War. The commander summoned two scouts Tumik and Kornev and "asked what they thought about self-sacrifice", then outlined his plan to destroy the fascist battery, which prevented the advance of the Russian army forward. The scouts understood that in one night one of them must decide to die. And that night each of them spent in thought and reminiscence. Tumik remembered his home: “Like yesterday, he saw in front of him a small house, a porch with a fallen step and his father in the garden - short-haired, gray-haired, with a thin nose and still so slender, dexterous, when he quickly walked towards the guests, leaning on a cane , in his Kubanka on one side and with his three orders. Here the author shows how thoughts about the house, the words of his father: “Fight for yourself and for me”, memories of his friend Misha, the girl Shura formed a single picture in Tumik’s head. “It was his Fatherland!” - this is something for which it is not scary to die. The reader sees that the memories eased Tumik's condition, helped him to do the impossible - to give his life for the happiness of others, for the Motherland: "there was an explosion and the flame rushed to the very sky, illuminating the desert land - snow and dark gorges between the rocks, the wild rocks of the Fatherland ..." .

It is difficult to disagree with this position. Hundreds, and maybe thousands of soldiers, remembering their home and family in the intervals between battles, they understood that tomorrow they might not return from battle. But the readiness to give one's life for the children to grow up peacefully in a peaceful environment in their native country gave them courage and stamina. How many examples are known when the fighters covered themselves with mines and grenades, thus dying, but saving the lives of fellow soldiers. Everyone knows about the feat of Alexander Matrosov, who covered the German bunker with his body, about the feat of Alexander Talalikhin, who died directing his plane in the air at a Nazi bomber. And there are thousands and thousands of such examples, during the war years twelve thousand people received the title of Hero of the Soviet Union, some became Heroes twice, or even three times. But it is quite clear and understandable that a person performs all the feats for the sake of someone or something, each hero was supported by thoughts about the house, memories of something dear and close.

In conclusion, the lines of Alexander Pavlogradsky are recalled:

I remember. I'm proud. And I'll kneel

By the marble wall... By the Eternal Flame...

And many, like me, will bow without fail,

After all, everyone who died, died for me ...

Essay option 2

The problem of readiness for self-sacrifice during the war.

What drives people who are ready to sacrifice their own lives? Why are they willing to sacrifice their own lives? It is these questions that arise when reading the text of V. A. Kaverin.

Revealing the problem of readiness for self-sacrifice during the war years, the author tells about one episode from the history of the Great Patriotic War. The commissar summoned two of the best scouts, awarded orders and medals - Kornev and Tumik, setting them a combat mission - to destroy a long-range battery that was shelling the front line, interfering with one planned operation. From the activities of this battery, the Soviet division suffered heavy losses.

But this battery could not be destroyed without self-sacrifice, which is why the commissar asked the scouts what they thought about self-sacrifice, first starting with the feat of twenty-eight Panfilovites who gave their young lives for the Fatherland. Kornev and Tumik agreed. The author shows how on the last night before completing the task, Tumik recalled the most important thing in his life: his father, his home, childhood, school, his girlfriend Shura, his friend Misha Rubin. This was his Fatherland. He realized that he had not lived his life in vain. And in the morning Tumik suggested that Kornev draw lots, holding two long matches. He knew that his comrade had a wife and a small son, and therefore he decided to blow up the battery and blow himself up, saving the life of a family friend.

In conclusion, I want to say that the feat of the Soviet people during the Great Patriotic War evokes a reverent and sacred feeling of respect. You must always remember him. Remember and sacredly honor the names of those who sacrificed their lives saving the world from fascism.

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