Stages of socialization of the individual according to a in Petrovsky. In social psychology, this problem is present as a problem of the post-labor stage.
Socialization is the process and result of human social development.
Socialization can be considered from the point of view of the assimilation and reproduction of social experience by an individual in the process of life (G. M. Andreeva).
Essence process of socialization lies in the fact that a person gradually learns social experience and uses it to adapt to society. Socialization refers to those phenomena through which a person learns to live and interact effectively with other people. It is directly related to social control, since it includes the assimilation of knowledge, norms, values of a society that has all types of formal and informal sanctions.
Purposeful, socially controlled processes of influencing the personality are realized primarily in education and training.
The two-sidedness of the process of socialization is manifested in the unity of its internal and external content:
External Process- the totality of all social influences on a person that regulate the manifestation of impulses and drives inherent in the subject.
internal process- the process of forming a holistic personality.
A. V. Petrovsky distinguishes three stages of personality development in the process of socialization: adaptation, individualization and integration.
At the stage of adaptation, which usually coincides with the period of childhood, a person acts as an object of social relations, to which a huge amount of effort is directed by parents, educators, teachers and other people who surround the child and are in varying degrees of proximity to him.
There is an entry into the world of people: mastery of some sign systems created by mankind, elementary norms and rules of behavior, social roles; assimilation of simple forms of activity.
A person learns to be a person. It is not so easy. Feral people are an example of this. Feral people are those who, for some reason, did not go through the process of socialization, that is, they did not assimilate, did not reproduce social experience in their development. These are those individuals who grew up in isolation from people and were brought up in the community of animals (K. Linnaeus).
At the stage of individualization, there is a certain isolation of the individual, caused by the need for personalization. Here the individual is the subject of social relations.
A person who has already mastered certain cultural norms of society is able to manifest himself as a unique individuality, creating something new, unique, something in which, in fact, his personality is manifested.
If at the first stage the most important was assimilation, then at the second - reproduction in individual and unique forms.
Individualization is largely determined by the contradiction that exists between the achieved result of adaptation and the need for maximum realization of one's individual characteristics.
Integration implies the achievement of a certain balance between the individual and society, the integration of the subject of object relations of the individual with society.
A person finds the best option for life, which contributes to the process of his self-realization in society, as well as his acceptance of his changing norms.
This process is very complicated, since modern society is characterized by many conflicting trends in its development.
However, there are optimal ways of life that most contribute to the adaptation of a particular person.
At this stage, socially typical personality traits are formed, i.e., such properties that indicate that a given person belongs to a certain social group.
Thus, in the process of socialization, the dynamics of the passive and active position of the individual is carried out.
Passive position - when he learns the norms and serves as an object of social relations; active position - when he reproduces social experience and acts as a subject of social relations; active-passive position - when he is able to integrate subject-object relations.
Pessimistic
optimistic
Love as a reflection of personal inadequacy. So,
Theory of love a. Afanasiev.
Love is a normal feeling of an adequate person.
Theory of love r. mea. R.
Question 11 suggestion
Stereotypes happen
ethnic stereotypes
Classification and functions
Question 13 altruistic behavior in social psychology
Question 14 approaches to the study of values in social psychology
Question 15 social attitudes and their influence on human behavior
Question 16 social cognition and human health
Question 17 The nature of social prejudice
Question 18 psychology of friendship
Question 20 effective business negotiation
Question 21 socio-psychological causes of deviant behavior.
Question 22 of the theory of aggressive behavior
Question No. 23 socio-psychological typology of personality E Fromm
Question 24 theoretical and applied questions of the study of social thinking (the most vague question)
Question No. 26 research in the field of gender psychology
Question No. 27 Study of personality conformism in foreign psychology
Question number 28 culture and climate of social organizations.
1.Socialization of personality: mechanisms, aspects, stages.
Man is a social being. From the first days he is already included in social relations and interaction. In the process of interaction, a person receives a certain social experience, which, being subjectively learned, becomes part of the personality.
Socialization- this is the process and result of the assimilation and subsequent active reproduction by the individual of social experience.
From the point of view of psychology, socialization cannot be regarded as a simple, mechanical reflection by the individual of the social experience directly experienced or obtained as a result of observation. The assimilation of this experience is subjective. The same social situations are perceived differently, experienced differently by different individuals. Therefore, different personalities can endure different individual experiences from objectively identical situations. This position underlies two different processes – socialization And individualization .
In socialization, two sides are distinguished: the reproduction of social experience and the assimilation of social experience. The concept of socialization is associated with the concepts of "development", "training", "development of the psyche". Socialization occurs both in the conditions of targeted educational actions, and in the conditions of the spontaneous influence of life circumstances on the individual.
According to domestic psychologists, socialization occurs in three areas of human life : in activity, in communication, in the sphere of self-consciousness.
Socialization in activity. The concept of leading activity was introduced by A.N. Leontiev. B.D. Elkonin developed and deepened this concept by studying children. Modern knowledge of the human psyche in ontogenesis allows us to distinguish the types of leading activities:
1. Direct communication of the child with adults;
2. Subject-manipulative activity;
3. Role-playing game, typical for preschool children;
4. Educational activities;
5. Socially useful activity;
6. Vocational and educational activities;
7. Labor activity.
Leading activity does not arise immediately in a developed form, but passes through certain stages of formation. Its formation is carried out under the influence of the microenvironment, in the process of training and education.
Socialization in communication. In the sphere of communication, socialization takes place in the course of a gradual expansion of the circle of communication, deepening of the very process of communication associated with a change in its content and forms. M.I. Lisitsina developed a concept for the development of communication between a child and adults, in which communication is considered as a special type of communicative activity. The content of communication parameters, in her opinion, depends on the period of mental development in which the child is.
In the sphere of self-consciousness, socialization acts in terms of the formation of a self-concept, the formation of an image of oneself - this is a very broad problem that affects a variety of studies. Self-concept will be discussed in the next lecture.
Socialization in the sphere of self-consciousness. The following mechanisms are considered in the sphere of self-awareness formation: identification and separation.
Identification- is a process of emotional and other self-identification of a person with another person, group, model.
This is a mechanism of socialization of the individual, carrying out the “appropriation” by the individual of his human essence. Identification is usually opposed separation process - the mechanism of individualization of the personality, embodied in the desire of a person to stand out from among others, to close, to move away. Isolation gives you the opportunity to preserve your individuality, self-esteem.
In general, there are much more socialization mechanisms. For example, to The main mechanisms of socialization include:
1) identification,
2) imitation,
3) suggestion,
4) social facilitation;
5) conformism.
social facilitation- an increase in the speed (or productivity) of an individual's activity due to the actualization in his mind of the image of another person acting as a rival or observer:
Identification has a double effect on the personality: on the one hand, it forms the ability to establish significant qualities, on the other hand, it can contribute to the dissolution of the individual in another person, the emasculation of the individual.
Imitation- a method of influence in which the object of influence, on its own initiative, begins to follow the way of thinking or actions of the subject influencing it (for example, a child imitates an adult). Such cases are examples of non-directional influence.
conformism (from Latin conformis - similar, consistent) - a manifestation of personality activity, which is distinguished by the implementation of a distinctly adaptive reaction to group pressure (more precisely, to the pressure of the majority of group members) in order to avoid negative sanctions - censure or punishment for demonstrating disagreement with the generally accepted and generally proclaimed opinion and the desire not to look like everyone else.
Suggestion - this is the process of presenting information that is perceived without critical evaluation and has an impact on a number of human mental processes. Psychological suggestion is used to change a person's behavior while blocking his thinking. This method becomes especially powerful with repeated repetition. From the first time, a person may not perceive the information suggested to him, but after listening to the same thing several times, he will take it for granted.
According to psychologist A.V. Petrovsky stages of socialization just three:
Adaptation;
Individualization;
3) integration.
Adaptation– development of existing norms and activities in the group. At the same time, in group activity, favorable conditions may arise for the emergence of personality neoplasms that this individual did not have before, but which are already taking shape in other members of the group and which correspond to the level of group development and maintain this level.
Individualization- search for means and ways for the manifestation of one's individuality, self-expression.
This stage is generated by the growing contradictions between the achieved result of adaptation and the unsatisfied need of the individual for maximum personalization.
Integration- mutual adaptation of the individual and the group: the individual retains those individual traits that meet the need for group development and his own need to contribute to the life of the group.
This stage is determined by the contradictions between the aspirations of the subject that developed at the previous stage to be ideally represented in their characteristics and significant differences and to comply with the values and standards of the group that contribute to successful joint activities.
Up to 3 years, the adaptation process dominates, adolescence is the era of individualization, youth is the era of integration.
There are approaches to identifying the stages of socialization, when they are tied to the periods of a person's life. For example, the author of the textbook A.L. Sventinsky adheres to such a nominal position. He names the stages of socialization:
1) early (from birth to school entry);
2) education (from the moment of entering the school until graduation);
3) social maturity;
4) completion of the life cycle (from the moment of termination of permanent labor activity to death).
Stages of socialization, according to social psychologist G.M. Andreeva:
a) early socialization, covering the period from birth to entering school, that is, the period that in developmental psychology is called the period of childhood;
b) the stage of learning, which includes the entire period of adolescence in the broadest sense of the term. This stage includes all the time of schooling.
c) labor stage - covers the period of a person's maturity.
d) post-work stage - a period of old age associated with retirement, a change in the social environment, the completion of the life cycle.
To the institutions of socialization G.M. Andreeva refers to: preschool children's institutions, school, family, university, workforce.
It should be noted that at present, psychologists do not limit the process of socialization only to childhood and adolescence. It is generally accepted that socialization continues throughout life. This implies the continuity of the social development of the individual.
These stages roughly correspond to the accepted age periodization of human life - childhood, youth, maturity, old age.
Socialization factors:
Mesofactors- these are the social and natural conditions for the development and socialization of the individual, which are due to her living in the composition of large social communities, such as a country, a state. Meso-factors include culture - a system of material and spiritual values that ensure the vital activity and socialization of a person.
Microfactors- these are the institutions of society that carry out the process of socialization itself (for example, the family) and for which a person is primarily an object of influence. According to their status, these institutions can be formal and informal. For example: school is formal and peer group is informal.
Individual-personal factors- this is the level of development of the intellectual sphere of the individual, the level of the individual's abilities, personal qualities, the character of a person, etc. In fact, socialization is the process of personality formation.
The main directions of socialization:
a) behavioral
b) emotional-sensual,
c) educational
d) moral and ethical,
e) interpersonal,
e) existential.
In the process of socialization, people learn how to emotionally respond to various situations, experience various feelings, in addition, in the process of socialization, people learn social attitudes and norms.
Social attitude (attitude)- this is the predisposition (inclination) of the subject to certain social behavior.
Sometimes it happens that the socialization of the individual is not successful, in which case they speak of resocialization.
Resocialization is called the assimilation of new values, roles, skills instead of the old, insufficiently assimilated or outdated. Resocialization covers many activities - from classes to correct reading skills to professional retraining of workers.
The phenomenon of group pressure. This phenomenon has received in social psychology the name of the phenomenon of conformism. The very word "conformity" in ordinary language has a very definite content and means "adaptation". Therefore, in everyday speech, the concept acquires a certain negative connotation, which is extremely harmful to research, especially if they are conducted at the applied level. The matter is aggravated by the fact that the concept of "conformity" has acquired a specific negative connotation in politics as a symbol of conciliation and conciliation. In order to somehow separate these different meanings, in the socio-psychological literature more often they talk not about conformism, but about conformity or conforming behavior meaning purely psychological characteristics of the position of the individual in relation to the position of the group, acceptance or rejection by him of a certain standard, opinion characteristic of the group, the measure of the individual's subordination to group pressure. In the works of recent years, the term "social influence" is often used.
Conformity is stated there and then, where and when the existence of a conflict between the opinion of the individual and the opinion of the group is fixed and the overcoming of this conflict in favor of the group. Measure of conformity - this is a measure of subordination to the group in the case when the opposition of opinions was subjectively perceived by the individual as a conflict.
Distinguish external conformity , when the opinion of the group is accepted by the individual only externally, but in fact he continues to resist it, and internal (sometimes this is what is called true conformism), when the individual really assimilates the opinion of the majority.
Internal conformity and is the result of overcoming the conflict with the group in its favor.
In studies of conformity, another possible position was discovered, which turned out to be available to be fixed at the experimental level. This - negativism. When a group puts pressure on an individual, and he resists this pressure in everything, demonstrating at first glance an extremely independent position, by all means denying all the standards of the group, then this is a case of negativism. Only at first glance, negativism looks like an extreme form of negation of conformity. In fact, as has been shown in many studies, negativism is not true independence. On the contrary, we can say that this is a specific case of conformity, so to speak, “conformity inside out”: if an individual sets as his goal at any cost to resist the opinion of the group, then he is in fact again dependent on the group, because he has to actively produce anti-group behavior, an anti-group position or norm, i.e. be tied to group opinion, but only with the opposite sign (numerous examples of negativism are demonstrated, for example, by the behavior of adolescents). Therefore, the position that opposes conformity is not negativism, but independence, independence.
For example, you can talk about salty porridge, pyramids in experiments with children. (in the 1st year they watched the video "Me and others")
60. The concept of socialization. Stages of socialization (according to A. V. Petrovsky)
Socialization is the process and result of human social development.
Socialization can be considered from the point of view of the assimilation and reproduction of social experience by an individual in the process of life (G. M. Andreeva).
Essence process of socialization lies in the fact that a person gradually learns social experience and uses it to adapt to society. Socialization refers to those phenomena through which a person learns to live and interact effectively with other people. It is directly related to social control, since it includes the assimilation of knowledge, norms, and values of a society that has all types of formal and informal sanctions.
Purposeful, socially controlled processes of influencing the personality are realized primarily in education and training.
The two-sidedness of the process of socialization is manifested in the unity of its internal and external content:
External process- the totality of all social influences on a person that regulate the manifestation of impulses and drives inherent in the subject.
internal process- the process of forming a holistic personality.
A. V. Petrovsky distinguishes three stages of personality development in the process of socialization: adaptation, individualization and integration.
At the stage of adaptation, which usually coincides with the period of childhood, a person acts as an object of social relations, to which a huge amount of effort is directed by parents, educators, teachers and other people who surround the child and are in varying degrees close to him.
There is an entry into the world of people: mastery of some sign systems created by mankind, elementary norms and rules of behavior, social roles; assimilation of simple forms of activity.
A person learns to be a person. It is not so simple. Feral people are an example of this. Feral people are those who, for some reason, did not go through the process of socialization, that is, they did not assimilate, did not reproduce social experience in their development. These are those individuals who grew up in isolation from people and were brought up in the community of animals (K. Linnaeus).
At the stage of individualization, there is a certain isolation of the individual, caused by the need for personalization. Here the individual is the subject of social relations.
A person who has already mastered certain cultural norms of society is able to manifest himself as a unique individuality, creating something new, unique, something in which, in fact, his personality is manifested.
If at the first stage the most important was assimilation, then at the second - reproduction in individual and unique forms.
Individualization is largely determined by the contradiction that exists between the achieved result of adaptation and the need for maximum realization of one's individual characteristics.
The stage of individualization contributes to the manifestation of differences between people.
Integration implies the achievement of a certain balance between the individual and society, the integration of the subject of object relations of the individual with society.
A person finds the best option for life, which contributes to the process of his self-realization in society, as well as his acceptance of his changing norms.
This process is very complicated, since modern society is characterized by many conflicting trends in its development.
However, there are optimal ways of life that most contribute to the adaptation of a particular person.
At this stage, socially typical personality traits are formed, i.e., such properties that indicate that a given person belongs to a certain social group.
Thus, in the process of socialization, the dynamics of the passive and active position of the individual is carried out.
Passive position - when he learns the norms and serves as an object of social relations; active position - when he reproduces social experience and acts as a subject of social relations; active-passive position - when he is able to integrate subject-object relations.
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In social psychology, this problem is present as a problem post-labor stage
socialization. The main positions in the discussion are polar opposites: one of them believes that the very concept of socialization is simply meaningless when applied to that period of a person's life when all his social functions are curtailed. From this point of view, the indicated period cannot be described at all in terms of “acquisition of social experience” or even in terms of its reproduction. The extreme expression of this point of view is the idea of "desocialization" following the completion of the process of socialization. The other position, on the contrary, actively insists on a completely new approach to understanding the psychological essence of old age. Quite a number of experimental studies of the continuing social activity of the elderly speak in favor of this position, in particular, old age is considered as an age that makes a significant contribution to the reproduction of social experience. The question is raised only about the change in the type of activity of the individual during this period.
An indirect recognition of the fact that socialization continues in old age is the concept of E. Erickson about the presence of eight human ages (infancy, early childhood, play age, school age, adolescence and adolescence, youth, middle age, maturity
). Only the last of the ages - "maturity" (the period after 65 years) can, according to Erickson, be designated by the motto "wisdom", which corresponds to the final formation of identity. If we accept this position, then it should be recognized that the post-labor stage of socialization does exist.
According to A.V. Petrovsky, personality development can be represented as a unity of continuity and discontinuity. "Continuity in the development of a personality expresses the relative stability in the patterns of its transition from one phase to another in a given community, which is referential for it. interaction with others, connected by systems. In this case, with the education system accepted in society.
A.V. Petrovsky, attempting a socio-psychological approach to the age periodization of the social development of the individual, identified three so-called macrophases, which, according to the content and nature of personality development, are defined as:
childhood - adaptation of the individual, expressed in the mastery of norms and social adaptation in society;
adolescence - individualization, expressed in the individual's need for maximum personalization, in the need to "be a person";
youth - integration
The process when personality traits and properties are formed that meet the needs and requirements of group and own development.
As S.L. Rubinshtein, “the child develops by being brought up and trained, and does not develop and is brought up and trained. This means that upbringing and education lies in the very process of the child’s development, and does not build on it; the child’s personal mental properties, his abilities, character traits, etc. not only manifest themselves, but are also formed in the course of the child's own activity. However, today's school process, educational activities are going through a rather difficult period, like our entire society.
The maturation and development of a person is due to the interaction of the processes of socialization and individualization, in the depths of which a psychological adaptation is formed in him in the unity of its social and personal aspects. The desire of the individual to determine individual ways of interacting with the surrounding reality
In the process of socialization, a person acts as a subject and an object of social relations. A.V. Petrovsky identifies three stages of personality development in the process of socialization: adaptation, individualization and integration. An analysis of the features of these stages in relation to modern concepts was made by E.V. Andrienko. At the stage adaptation, which usually coincides with the period of childhood, a person acts as an object of social relations, on which a huge amount of effort is directed by parents, educators, teachers and other people who surround the child and are in varying degrees of proximity to him. At this stage, entry into the world of people takes place: mastery of some sign systems created by mankind, elementary norms and rules of behavior, social roles; assimilation of simple forms of activity. Man, in fact, learns to be a person. This is not at all as simple as it seems at first glance. Feral people are an example of this.
Feral people are those who, for some reason, have not gone through the process of socialization, i.e. did not assimilate and did not reproduce social experience in his development. These are those individuals who grew up in isolation from people and were brought up in the community of animals (C. Linnaeus's definition). When such children were found, it turned out that no processes of upbringing and education are already effective enough. Children have not been able to adapt to human society. They could not, for example, learn the language, simple social habits and norms of behavior. But they behaved as is customary among animals. And only after numerous efforts of researchers aimed at the social learning of fertile children, some results were obtained. Such children somehow could communicate with their peers in boarding schools for the mentally retarded.
It is obvious that a child who has not passed the stage of adaptation and has not mastered the basics of social life practically cannot be taught this later. In contrast to an adult who, even after spending a lot of time alone (Robinson Crusoe's model of social life), remains a person as a person, easily returns to people and recreates his social habits associated with the culture of the society where he grew up. The stage of adaptation in the process of socialization is very important, since the sensitive periods of childhood are irreversible.
On the stage individualization there is some isolation of the individual, caused by the need for personalization. Here the individual is the subject of social relations. A person who has already mastered certain cultural norms of society is able to manifest himself as a unique individuality, creating something new, unique, something in which, in fact, his personality is manifested. If at the first stage the most important was assimilation, then at the second - reproduction, and in individual and unique forms. Individualization is largely determined by the contradiction that exists between the achieved result of adaptation and the need for maximum realization of one’s individual characteristics. This is a process of realizing one’s Self, self-manifestation of both individuality (at the level of temperament, typological properties of higher nervous activity, individual characteristics) and personality ( at the level of beliefs, values, interests, social and personal characteristics). The stage of individualization contributes to the manifestation of exactly what one person differs from another. At the same time, the individual approaches the problem of resolving the contradiction between the individual and society, but so far this contradiction has not been fully resolved, since an appropriate balance has not been achieved, and the individual is not sufficiently integrated into the surrounding social world.
Integration- the third stage of human development in the process of its socialization. It involves the achievement of a certain balance between the individual and society, the integration of subject-object relations of the individual with society. A person, finally, finds that optimal variant of life activity, which contributes to the process of his self-realization in society, as well as his acceptance of its changing norms. Obviously, this process is very complicated, since modern society is characterized by many conflicting trends in its development. However, there are optimal ways of life that most contribute to the adaptation of a particular person. At this stage, in addition, the so-called socio-typical personality traits are formed, i.e. such properties that indicate the belonging of a given person to a particular social group. B. G. Ananiev attributed the formation of socially typical character traits, as well as the formation of social attitudes of the individual, to psychological effects that indicate the extent and depth of socialization.
Thus, in the process of socialization, the dynamics of the passive and active position of the individual is carried out. Passive - when he learns the norms and serves as an object of social relations; active - when he reproduces social experience and acts as a subject of social relations; active-passive - when he is able to integrate subject-object relations. This triple cycle can be repeated many times throughout life and is associated with the need for resocialization of the individual in a changing world. We can observe the same triple cycle in specific social conditions that require the adaptation of the subject, for example, when he enters a new social group. The process of such adaptation is referred to as primary socialization in specific conditions.