Who are the heroes of crime and punishment lawyer. F.M

The works of F.M. Dostoevsky are included in the golden fund of world literature, his novels are read all over the world, so far they have not lost their relevance. "Crime and Punishment" is one of these timeless works, touching on the themes of faith and unbelief, strength and weakness, humiliation and greatness. The author skillfully draws the situation, immerses the reader into the atmosphere of the novel, helping to better understand the characters and their actions, making them think.

In the center of the plot is Rodion Raskolnikov, a student who is mired in poverty. And it's not just the lack of money for some pleasure, it's poverty, which destroys, drives you crazy. It's a closet like a coffin, rags and not knowing if you're going to eat tomorrow. The hero is forced to leave the university, but he cannot improve his affairs in any way, he feels the injustice of his position, he sees around him the same destitute and humiliated.

Raskolnikov is proud, sensitive and intelligent, the atmosphere of poverty and injustice presses on him, which is why a terrible and destructive theory is born in his head. It lies in the fact that people are divided into lower (“ordinary”) and higher (“actually people”). The former are needed only to maintain the population of people, they are useless. But the latter move civilization forward, put forward completely new ideas and goals that can be achieved by any means. For example, the hero compares himself with Napoleon and comes to the conclusion that he is also able to change the world and set his own price for changes. In this sense, he is no different from the old pawnbroker who evaluated the things brought to her. Be that as it may, Rodion decided to test this theory on himself (“Am I a trembling creature or do I have rights?”), Killing an old pawnbroker and not only, saving thousands of people from her arbitrariness, and improving his own financial situation.

Why did Raskolnikov still kill the old pawnbroker?

The hero hesitates for a long time and nevertheless affirms his decision after meeting with the official Marmeladov, who drinks black, impoverishing himself, his wife Katerina Ivanovna, her children, and daughter Sonya (she is generally forced to work as a prostitute to help her family) . Marmeladov understands his fall, but he cannot help himself. And when a horse crushed him drunk, the situation of the family turned out to be even more disastrous. It was to these people who were ruined by poverty that he decided to help. Comparing their plight with the unfair contentment of Alena Ivanovna, the hero came to the conclusion that his theory is correct: society can be saved, but this salvation will require human sacrifice. Having decided and committed the murder, Raskolnikov falls ill and feels lost to people (“I didn’t kill the old woman ... I killed myself”). The hero cannot accept the love of his mother and sister Dunya, the care of his friend Razumikhin.

Raskolnikov's twins: Luzhin and Svidrigailov

Also a double is Svidrigailov, who tried to seduce Dunya. He is the same criminal, guided by the principle of "a single evil is permissible" if the end goal is good." It would seem that it is similar to the theory of Rodion, but it was not there: his goal should be good only from a hedonistic point of view and for Svidrigailov himself. If the hero did not see pleasure in her for himself, then he did not notice anything good. It turns out that he did evil for the benefit of himself, moreover, for the benefit of his depravity. If Luzhin wanted a caftan, that is, material well-being, then this hero longed to satisfy his base passions and nothing more.

Raskolnikov and Sonya Marmeladova

Tortured and languishing, Raskolnikov draws closer to Sonya, who also broke the law, like the hero. But the girl remained pure in her soul, she is more of a martyr than a sinner. She sold her innocence for a symbolic 30 rubles, just as Judas sold Christ for 30 pieces of silver. At this price, she saved the family, but betrayed herself. The vicious environment did not prevent her from remaining a deeply religious girl and perceiving what was happening as a necessary sacrifice. Therefore, the author notes that the vice did not touch her spirit. With her timid demeanor, her incessant shame, the girl contradicted the vulgarity and impudence of the representatives of her profession.

Sonya reads to Rodion about the resurrection of Lazarus, and he confesses to the murder, believing in his own resurrection. He did not confess to the investigator Porfiry Petrovich, who already knew about his guilt, did not confess to his mother, sister, Razumikhin, but chose Sonya, feeling salvation in her. And this intuitive feeling was confirmed.

The meaning of the epilogue in the novel "Crime and Punishment"

However, Raskolnikov did not repent at all, he was only upset that he could not stand the moral torment and turned out to be an ordinary person. Because of this, he again experiences a spiritual crisis. Once in hard labor, Rodion looks down on the prisoners and even on Sonya, who followed him. The convicts answer him with hatred, but Sonya is trying to make life easier for Raskolnikov, because she loves him with all her pure soul. The prisoners sensitively responded to the caress and kindness of the heroine, they understood her silent feat without words. Sonya remained a martyr to the end, trying to atone for both her sin and the sin of her lover.

In the end, the truth is revealed to the hero, he repents of the crime, his soul begins to revive, and he is imbued with "endless love" for Sonya. The readiness of the hero for a new life is symbolically expressed by the author in a gesture when Rodion joins the sacraments of the Bible. In Christianity, he finds the consolation and humility necessary for his proud character to restore inner harmony.

"Crime and Punishment": the history of the creation of the novel

F.M. Dostoevsky did not immediately come up with a title for his work, he had options “Under Trial”, “The Criminal's Tale”, and the title known to us appeared already at the end of the work on the novel. The meaning of the title "Crime and Punishment" is revealed in the composition of the book. At the beginning, Raskolnikov, seized by the delusions of his theory, kills an old pawnbroker, violating moral laws. Further, the author debunks the hero's delusions, Rodion himself suffers, then ends up in hard labor. This is his punishment for putting himself above everyone around him. Only repentance gave him a chance to save his soul. The author also shows the inevitability of punishment for any crime. And this punishment is not only legal, but also moral.

In addition to the variability in the title, the novel originally had a different concept. Being in hard labor, the writer conceived the novel as Raskolnikov's confession, wanting to show the hero's spiritual experience. Further, the scale of the work became larger, it could not be limited to the feelings of one hero, so F.M. Dostoevsky burned the almost finished novel. And he began anew, already the way the modern reader knows him.

The subject of the work

The main themes of "Crime and Punishment" are the themes of poverty and oppression of the majority of society, on which no one gives a damn, as well as the themes of rebellion and delusions of the individual under the yoke of social disorder and suffocating poverty. The writer wanted to convey to the readers his Christian ideas about life: for harmony in the soul, one must live morally, according to the commandments, that is, not to yield to pride, selfishness and lust, but to do good to people, love them, sacrificing even their own interests for the good of society. That is why at the end of the epilogue Raskolnikov repents and comes to faith. The problem of false beliefs raised in the novel is still relevant today. The theory of the protagonist about permissiveness and the crime of morality for the sake of good goals leads to terror and arbitrariness. And if Raskolnikov overcame a split in his soul, repented and came to harmony, having overcome the problem, then in larger cases this is not so. Wars began because some rulers decided that the lives of a thousand people could easily be sacrificed for their goals. That is why a novel written in the 19th century does not lose its sharpness of meaning to this day.

"Crime and Punishment" is one of the greatest works of world literature, imbued with humanism and faith in man. Despite the seeming depressiveness of the narrative, there is hope for the best, that one can always be saved and saved.

.) In the draft notes of "Crime and Punishment" (see the summary and full text of the novel), this hero is called A-ov, by the name of one of the convicts of the Omsk prison Aristov, who in "Notes from the Dead House" is characterized as the limit of "moral fall ... decisive debauchery and ... impudent baseness. “This was an example of what one bodily side of a person could reach, not internally restrained by any norm, by any legality ... It was a monster, moral Quasimodo. Add to the fact that he was cunning and smart, handsome, even somewhat educated, had abilities. No, better fire, better pestilence and famine, than such a person in society!” Svidrigailov was supposed to be the embodiment of such complete moral deformity. However, this image itself and the author’s attitude towards it turned out to be incomparably more complex: along with cheating, dirty debauchery and cruelty, which brought his victim to suicide, he turns out to be unexpectedly capable of good deeds, of philanthropy and generosity. Svidrigailov is a man of great inner strength who has lost the sense of boundaries between good and evil.

Crime and Punishment. 1969 feature film 1 episode

The image of Lebezyatnikov in "Crime and Punishment"

All other images of the novel were not subjected to much processing. The businessman and careerist Luzhin, who considers any means acceptable to achieve his selfish goals, the vulgar Lebezyatnikov, who, according to Dostoevsky, “sticks to the most fashionable walking idea in order to trivialize, caricature everything that they most sincerely serve ”, were conceived the same as we see them in the final edition of the novel. Incidentally, in emphasizing the typicality of Lebezyatnikov's image, Dostoevsky even coined the term "fawning". According to some reports, some personal traits of the famous Russian critic V. Belinsky were reflected in the character of Lebezyatnikov, who at first welcomed the writings of the young Dostoevsky, and then criticized them from clumsy and primitive “materialistic” positions. (See Lebezyatnikov's description, Lebezyatnikov's theory - quotes from Crime and Punishment.)

The image of Razumikhin in "Crime and Punishment"

The image of Razumikhin in the process of working on Crime and Punishment also remained unchanged in its ideological content, although according to the initial outlines, he should have taken a much larger place in the novel. Dostoevsky saw him as a positive hero. Razumikhin expresses soil views inherent in Dostoevsky himself. He opposes revolutionary Western trends, defends the meaning of "soil", the Slavophile understood folk foundations - patriarchy, religious and moral foundations, patience. Razumikhin's reasoning Porfiry Petrovich, his objections to the supporters of the “environmental theory”, who explained human actions by the social conditions of life, objections Fourierists and materialists, who allegedly seek to level human nature, to eliminate free will, Razumikhin's assertions that socialism- a Western idea, alien to Russia - all this directly echoes Dostoevsky's journalistic and polemical articles.

Razumikhin is a spokesman for the author's positions on a number of issues and is therefore especially dear to him.

Crime and Punishment. Feature film 1969 episode 2

The image of Sonya Marmeladova in "Crime and Punishment"

But already in the next notebook, Sonya Marmeladova appears to the reader the same as in the final text of the novel, the embodiment of the Christian idea: “NB. She considers herself constantly a deep sinner, a fallen debauchee who cannot beg for salvation ”(First Zap. Book, p. 105). The image of Sonya is the apotheosis of suffering, an example of the highest asceticism, complete oblivion of one's own personality. Life for Sonya is unthinkable without faith in God and the immortality of the soul: “What was I without God,” she says. Marmeladov also expressed this idea very vividly in the rough sketches for the novel. In response to Raskolnikov’s remark that there may not be a god, Marmeladov says: “That is, there is no god, and there will be no coming ... then ... then you can’t live ... Too bestial ... then I would immediately rush to the Neva. But, gracious sir, it will be, it is promised, for the living, well, then what will be left for us... actually living then he suffers, and therefore he needs Christ, and therefore there will be Christ. Lord, what did you say? The only ones who do not believe in Christ are those who have no need for him, who live little and whose soul is like an inorganic stone” (Second Notebook, p. 13). These words of Marmeladov did not find a place in the final edition, obviously because after combining the two ideas - the novel "The Drunk" and the story about Raskolnikov - the image of Marmeladov faded into the background.

At the same time, the hard life of the lower classes of the city, depicted by Dostoevsky with such brightness and relief, cannot but arouse protest, which manifests itself in one form or another. So, Katerina Ivanovna, dying, refuses to confess: “I have no sins on me! .. God must forgive even without that ... He knows how I suffered! .. But if he doesn’t forgive, it’s not necessary! ..”

During the publication of "Crime and Punishment" in the "Russian Bulletin" between the writer and the editors of this journal, there were differences. The editors demanded the removal of the chapter of the novel in which Sonya reads the gospel to Raskolnikov (chapter 4 of part 4 according to a separate edition), with which Dostoevsky did not agree.

In July 1866, Dostoevsky informed A.P. Milyukov about his disagreements with the editors of the Russkiy Vestnik: “I explained to them both [Lubimov and Katkov] - they stand their ground! I can't say anything about this chapter myself; I wrote it in real inspiration, but it may be bad; but their point is not in literary merit, but in fear for moral. In this I was right - there was nothing against morality and even overly opposite, but they see something else, and in addition they see traces nihilism. Lyubimov announced resolutely, what needs to be changed. I took it, and this alteration of a large chapter cost me at least three new chapters of work, judging by the work and longing, but I sent it over and passed it.

Sending the revised chapter to the editor, Dostoevsky wrote to N. A. Lyubimov: “Evil and Kind highly divided, and it will no longer be possible to mix them up and misuse them. Even the other amendments indicated by you, I did everything, and, it seems, with interest ... Everything that you said, I fulfilled, everything is divided, demarcated and clear. gospel reading given a different color.

In the novel "Crime and Punishment" by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, the main characters are complex and contradictory characters. Their fate is closely connected with the conditions of life, the environment in which life takes place, and individual characteristics. It is possible to characterize the heroes of Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" only on the basis of their actions, since we do not hear the voice of the author in the work.

Rodion Raskolnikov - the main character of the novel

Rodion Raskolnikov- the central character of the work. The young man has an attractive appearance. “By the way, he was remarkably good-looking, with beautiful dark eyes, dark-haired, taller than average, thin and slender.” An outstanding mind, a proud character, sick pride and a beggarly existence are the reasons for the criminal behavior of the hero. Rodion highly appreciates his abilities, considers himself an exceptional person, dreams of a great future, but his financial situation depresses him. He has nothing to pay for his studies at the university, he does not have enough money to pay off his landlady. The young man's clothes attract the attention of passers-by with their shabby and old look. Trying to cope with the circumstances, Rodion Raskolnikov goes to kill the old pawnbroker. Thus, he tries to prove to himself that he belongs to the highest category of people and can step over blood. “Am I a trembling creature, or do I have a right,” he thinks. But one crime leads to another. An innocent poor woman dies. The hero theory of the right of a strong personality leads to a dead end. Only Sonya's love awakens in him faith in God, revives him to life. Raskolnikov's personality consists of opposite qualities. An indifferent cruel killer gives his last pennies for the funeral of an unfamiliar person, intervenes in the fate of a young girl, trying to save her from dishonor.

Minor characters

The images of the characters who play the main role in the narrative become fuller and brighter as a result of the description of their relationships with other people. Family members, friends, acquaintances, episodic persons that appear in the plot help to better understand the idea of ​​the work, to understand the motives of actions.

To make the appearance of the characters in the novel clearer to the reader, the writer uses various techniques. We get acquainted with a detailed description of the characters, delve into the details of the dreary interior of the apartments, consider the dull gray streets of St. Petersburg.

Sofia Marmeladova

Sofia Semyonovna Marmeladova- a young unfortunate creature. "Sonya was short, about eighteen years old, thin, but rather pretty blonde, with wonderful blue eyes."

She is young, naive and very kind. Drunk father, sick stepmother, hungry stepsisters and brother - this is the environment in which the heroine lives. She is a shy and timid person, unable to stand up for herself. But this fragile creature is ready to sacrifice itself for the sake of loved ones. She sells the body, engaging in prostitution to help the family, goes after the convicted Raskolnikov. Sonya is a kind, selfless and deeply religious person. This gives her strength to cope with all the trials and find well-deserved happiness.

Semyon Marmeladov

Marmeladov Semyon Zakharovich- no less significant character of the work. He is a former official, father of a family with many children. A weak and weak-willed person solves all his problems with the help of alcohol. A man dismissed from service dooms his wife and children to starvation. They live in a walk-through room in which there is almost no furnishings. Kids do not go to school, do not have a change of clothes. Marmeladov is able to drink away the last money, take the pennies earned from his eldest daughter in order to get drunk and get away from problems. Despite this, the image of the hero evokes pity and compassion, since the circumstances turned out to be stronger than him. He himself suffers from his vice, but cannot cope with it.

Avdotya Raskolnikova

Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova is the sister of the protagonist. A girl from a poor, but honest and decent family. Dunya is smart, well-educated, well-mannered. She is "remarkably pretty", which, unfortunately, attracts the attention of men. Character traits "she looked like a brother." Avdotya Raskolnikova, a proud and independent nature, resolute and purposeful, was ready to marry an unloved person for the sake of her brother's well-being. Self-esteem and hard work will help her to arrange her fate and avoid irreparable mistakes.

Dmitry Vrazumikhin

Dmitry Prokofievich Vrazumikhin- the only friend of Rodion Raskolnikov The poor student, unlike his friend, does not drop out of school. He earns a living by all available means and never ceases to hope for good luck. Poverty does not prevent him from making plans. Razumikhin is a noble man. He disinterestedly tries to help a friend, takes care of his family. Love for Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova inspires a young man, makes him stronger and more determined.

Pyotr Luzhin

Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin- a respectable, respectable middle-aged man of pleasant appearance. He is a successful businessman, the happy fiance of Dunya Raskolnikova, a rich and self-confident gentleman. In fact, under the mask of integrity hides a low and vile nature. Taking advantage of the girl's plight, he proposes to her. In his actions, Pyotr Petrovich is guided not by disinterested motives, but by his own benefit. He dreams of a wife who would be slavishly submissive and grateful until the end of her days. For the sake of his own interests, he pretends to be in love, tries to slander Raskolnikov, accuse Sonya Marmeladova of stealing.

Arkady Svidrigailov

Svidrigailov Arkady Ivanovich- one of the most mysterious faces in the novel. The owner of the house where Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova worked. He is cunning and dangerous to others. Svidrigailov is a vicious person. Being married, he tries to seduce Dunya. He is accused of killing his wife, seducing young children. The terrible nature of Svidrigailov is capable, oddly enough, of noble deeds. He helps Sonya Marmeladova justify herself, arranges the fate of orphaned children. Rodion Raskolnikov, having committed a crime, becomes like this hero, as he transgresses the moral law. It is no coincidence that in a conversation with Rodion, he says: "We are one field of berries."

Pulcheria Raskolnikova

Raskolnikova Pulcheria Alexandrovna- mother of Rodion and Dunya. The woman is poor, but honest. The person is kind and sympathetic. A loving mother, ready for any sacrifice and deprivation for the sake of her children.

F. M. Dostoevsky pays very little attention to some of his heroes. But they are necessary in the course of the story. Thus, the investigation process cannot be imagined without the smart, cunning, but noble investigator Porfiry Petrovich. The young doctor Zosimov treats and understands the psychological state of Rodion during his illness. An important witness to the weakness of the protagonist in the police station is the assistant to the quarter warden Ilya Petrovich. Luzhin's friend Andrei Semenovich Lebezyatnikov returns the good name to Sonya and exposes the false groom. The seemingly insignificant events associated with the names of these heroes play an important role in the development of the plot.

The meaning of episodic persons in the work

On the pages of the great work of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, we also meet other characters. The list of heroes of the novel is supplemented by episodic characters. Katerina Ivanovna, Marmeladov's wife, unfortunate orphans, a girl on the boulevard, Alena Ivanovna, the greedy old pawnbroker, ill Lizovet. Their appearance is not accidental. Each, even the most insignificant image, carries its own semantic load and serves to embody the author's intention. Important and necessary are all the heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment", the list of which can be continued further.

Artwork test

In the novel "Crime and Punishment" by Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, the main characters are complex and contradictory characters. Their fate is closely connected with the conditions of life, the environment in which life takes place, and individual characteristics. It is possible to characterize the heroes of Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" only on the basis of their actions, since we do not hear the voice of the author in the work.

Rodion Raskolnikov - the main character of the novel

Rodion Raskolnikov- the central character of the work. The young man has an attractive appearance. “By the way, he was remarkably good-looking, with beautiful dark eyes, dark-haired, taller than average, thin and slender.” An outstanding mind, a proud character, sick pride and a beggarly existence are the reasons for the criminal behavior of the hero. Rodion highly appreciates his abilities, considers himself an exceptional person, dreams of a great future, but his financial situation depresses him. He has nothing to pay for his studies at the university, he does not have enough money to pay off his landlady. The young man's clothes attract the attention of passers-by with their shabby and old look. Trying to cope with the circumstances, Rodion Raskolnikov goes to kill the old pawnbroker. Thus, he tries to prove to himself that he belongs to the highest category of people and can step over blood. “Am I a trembling creature, or do I have a right,” he thinks. But one crime leads to another. An innocent poor woman dies. The hero theory of the right of a strong personality leads to a dead end. Only Sonya's love awakens in him faith in God, revives him to life. Raskolnikov's personality consists of opposite qualities. An indifferent cruel killer gives his last pennies for the funeral of an unfamiliar person, intervenes in the fate of a young girl, trying to save her from dishonor.

Minor characters

The images of the characters who play the main role in the narrative become fuller and brighter as a result of the description of their relationships with other people. Family members, friends, acquaintances, episodic persons that appear in the plot help to better understand the idea of ​​the work, to understand the motives of actions.

To make the appearance of the characters in the novel clearer to the reader, the writer uses various techniques. We get acquainted with a detailed description of the characters, delve into the details of the dreary interior of the apartments, consider the dull gray streets of St. Petersburg.

Sofia Marmeladova

Sofia Semyonovna Marmeladova- a young unfortunate creature. "Sonya was short, about eighteen years old, thin, but rather pretty blonde, with wonderful blue eyes."

She is young, naive and very kind. Drunk father, sick stepmother, hungry stepsisters and brother - this is the environment in which the heroine lives. She is a shy and timid person, unable to stand up for herself. But this fragile creature is ready to sacrifice itself for the sake of loved ones. She sells the body, engaging in prostitution to help the family, goes after the convicted Raskolnikov. Sonya is a kind, selfless and deeply religious person. This gives her strength to cope with all the trials and find well-deserved happiness.

Semyon Marmeladov

Marmeladov Semyon Zakharovich- no less significant character of the work. He is a former official, father of a family with many children. A weak and weak-willed person solves all his problems with the help of alcohol. A man dismissed from service dooms his wife and children to starvation. They live in a walk-through room in which there is almost no furnishings. Kids do not go to school, do not have a change of clothes. Marmeladov is able to drink away the last money, take the pennies earned from his eldest daughter in order to get drunk and get away from problems. Despite this, the image of the hero evokes pity and compassion, since the circumstances turned out to be stronger than him. He himself suffers from his vice, but cannot cope with it.

Avdotya Raskolnikova

Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova is the sister of the protagonist. A girl from a poor, but honest and decent family. Dunya is smart, well-educated, well-mannered. She is "remarkably pretty", which, unfortunately, attracts the attention of men. Character traits "she looked like a brother." Avdotya Raskolnikova, a proud and independent nature, resolute and purposeful, was ready to marry an unloved person for the sake of her brother's well-being. Self-esteem and hard work will help her to arrange her fate and avoid irreparable mistakes.

Dmitry Vrazumikhin

Dmitry Prokofievich Vrazumikhin- the only friend of Rodion Raskolnikov The poor student, unlike his friend, does not drop out of school. He earns a living by all available means and never ceases to hope for good luck. Poverty does not prevent him from making plans. Razumikhin is a noble man. He disinterestedly tries to help a friend, takes care of his family. Love for Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova inspires a young man, makes him stronger and more determined.

Pyotr Luzhin

Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin- a respectable, respectable middle-aged man of pleasant appearance. He is a successful businessman, the happy fiance of Dunya Raskolnikova, a rich and self-confident gentleman. In fact, under the mask of integrity hides a low and vile nature. Taking advantage of the girl's plight, he proposes to her. In his actions, Pyotr Petrovich is guided not by disinterested motives, but by his own benefit. He dreams of a wife who would be slavishly submissive and grateful until the end of her days. For the sake of his own interests, he pretends to be in love, tries to slander Raskolnikov, accuse Sonya Marmeladova of stealing.

Arkady Svidrigailov

Svidrigailov Arkady Ivanovich- one of the most mysterious faces in the novel. The owner of the house where Avdotya Romanovna Raskolnikova worked. He is cunning and dangerous to others. Svidrigailov is a vicious person. Being married, he tries to seduce Dunya. He is accused of killing his wife, seducing young children. The terrible nature of Svidrigailov is capable, oddly enough, of noble deeds. He helps Sonya Marmeladova justify herself, arranges the fate of orphaned children. Rodion Raskolnikov, having committed a crime, becomes like this hero, as he transgresses the moral law. It is no coincidence that in a conversation with Rodion, he says: "We are one field of berries."

Pulcheria Raskolnikova

Raskolnikova Pulcheria Alexandrovna- mother of Rodion and Dunya. The woman is poor, but honest. The person is kind and sympathetic. A loving mother, ready for any sacrifice and deprivation for the sake of her children.

F. M. Dostoevsky pays very little attention to some of his heroes. But they are necessary in the course of the story. Thus, the investigation process cannot be imagined without the smart, cunning, but noble investigator Porfiry Petrovich. The young doctor Zosimov treats and understands the psychological state of Rodion during his illness. An important witness to the weakness of the protagonist in the police station is the assistant to the quarter warden Ilya Petrovich. Luzhin's friend Andrei Semenovich Lebezyatnikov returns the good name to Sonya and exposes the false groom. The seemingly insignificant events associated with the names of these heroes play an important role in the development of the plot.

The meaning of episodic persons in the work

On the pages of the great work of Fyodor Mikhailovich Dostoevsky, we also meet other characters. The list of heroes of the novel is supplemented by episodic characters. Katerina Ivanovna, Marmeladov's wife, unfortunate orphans, a girl on the boulevard, Alena Ivanovna, the greedy old pawnbroker, ill Lizovet. Their appearance is not accidental. Each, even the most insignificant image, carries its own semantic load and serves to embody the author's intention. Important and necessary are all the heroes of the novel "Crime and Punishment", the list of which can be continued further.

Artwork test

Crime and Punishment is the most famous novel by F.M. Dostoevsky, who made a powerful revolution in public consciousness. Writing a novel symbolizes the discovery of a higher, new stage in the work of a brilliant writer. In the novel, with the psychologism inherent in Dostoevsky, the path of the restless human soul through the thorns of suffering to comprehend the Truth is shown.

History of creation

The path of creation of the work was very difficult. The idea of ​​the novel with the underlying theory of the "superman" began to emerge during the writer's stay in hard labor, he matured over many years, but the very idea of ​​revealing the essence of "ordinary" and "extraordinary" people crystallized during Dostoevsky's stay in Italy .

The beginning of work on the novel was marked by the merging of two drafts - the unfinished novel "Drunk" and the outline of the novel, the plot of which is based on the confession of one of the convicts. Subsequently, the plot was based on the story of a poor student Rodion Raskolnikov, who killed an old pawnbroker for the benefit of his family. The life of the big city, full of dramas and conflicts, became one of the main images of the novel.

Fyodor Mikhailovich worked on the novel in 1865-1866, and almost immediately after graduating in 1866 it was published in the Russky Vestnik magazine. The response among reviewers and the literary community of that time was very stormy - from stormy admiration to sharp rejection. The novel was subjected to repeated dramatization and was subsequently filmed. The first theatrical production in Russia took place in 1899 (it is noteworthy that it was staged abroad 11 years earlier).

Description of the artwork

The action takes place in a poor area of ​​St. Petersburg in the 1860s. Rodion Raskolnikov, a former student, pawns the last valuable thing to an old pawnbroker. Filled with hatred for her, he plots a terrible murder. On the way home, he looks into one of the drinking establishments, where he meets the completely degraded official Marmeladov. Rodion listens to painful revelations about the unfortunate fate of his daughter, Sonya Marmeladova, forced by her stepmother to earn a living from her family by prostitution.

Soon Raskolnikov receives a letter from his mother and is horrified by the moral violence against his younger sister Dunya, which was perpetrated by the cruel and depraved landowner Svidrigailov. Raskolnikov's mother hopes to arrange the fate of her children by marrying Pyotr Luzhin, a very wealthy man, her daughter, but at the same time everyone understands that there will be no love in this marriage and the girl will again be doomed to suffering. Rodion's heart is torn with pity for Sonya and Dunya, and the thought of killing the hated old woman is firmly fixed in his mind. He is going to spend the pawnbroker's money, earned in an unrighteous way, for a good cause - the deliverance of suffering girls and boys from humiliating poverty.

Despite the aversion to bloody violence rising in his soul, Raskolnikov nevertheless commits a grave sin. In addition, in addition to the old woman, he kills her meek sister Lizaveta, an unwitting witness to a serious crime. Rodion barely manages to escape from the scene of the crime, while he hides the old woman's wealth in a random place, without even assessing their real value.

Raskolnikov's mental suffering causes social alienation between him and those around him, Rodion falls ill from experiences. Soon he learns that another person is accused of the crime he committed - a simple village boy Mikolka. A painful reaction to the conversations of others about the crime becomes too noticeable and suspicious.

Further, the novel describes the hard ordeals of the soul of a murderous student who is trying to find peace of mind, to find at least some moral justification for the crime committed. A light thread runs through the novel, Rodion's communication with the unfortunate, but at the same time kind and highly spiritual girl Sonya Marmeladova. Her soul is restless from the discrepancy between inner purity and the sinful way of life, and Raskolnikov finds a kindred spirit in this girl. Lonely Sonya and university friend Razumikhin become a support for the tortured former student Rodion.

Over time, the investigator in the murder case, Porfiry Petrovich, finds out the detailed circumstances of the crime and Raskolnikov, after long moral torment, recognizes himself as a murderer and goes to hard labor. Selfless Sonya does not leave her closest friend and goes after him, thanks to the girl, the spiritual transformation of the protagonist of the novel takes place.

The main characters of the novel

(Illustration by I. Glazunov Raskolnikov in his closet)

The duality of spiritual impulses lies in the name of the protagonist of the novel. His whole life is permeated with the question - will violations of the law be justified if they are committed in the name of love for others? Under the pressure of external circumstances, Raskolnikov in practice goes through all the circles of moral hell associated with murder in order to help loved ones. Catharsis comes thanks to the dearest person - Sonya Marmeladova, who helps to find peace for the soul of a restless student killer, despite the difficult conditions of hard labor.

Wisdom and humility bear the image of this amazing, tragic, and at the same time sublime heroine. For the sake of the well-being of her neighbors, she trampled on the most precious thing that she has - her female honor. Despite her way of earning, Sonya does not cause the slightest contempt, her pure soul, adherence to the ideals of Christian morality delight the readers of the novel. Being a faithful and loving friend of Rodion, she goes with him to the very end.

The mysteriousness and ambiguity of this character makes us once again think about the versatility of human nature. A cunning and vicious person on the one hand, by the end of the novel he shows his care and concern for his orphaned children and helps Sonya Marmeladova restore her damaged reputation.

A successful entrepreneur, a person with a respectable appearance, makes a deceptive impression. Luzhin is cold, greedy, does not shun slander, he does not want love from his wife, but exclusively servility and humility.

Analysis of the work

The compositional construction of the novel is a polyphonic form, where the line of each of the main characters is multifaceted, self-sufficient, and at the same time actively interacts with the themes of other characters. Also, the features of the novel are the amazing concentration of events - the time frame of the novel is limited to two weeks, which, with such a significant volume, is a rather rare occurrence in the world literature of that time.

The structural composition of the novel is quite simple - 6 parts, each of which, in turn, is divided into 6-7 chapters. A feature is the lack of synchronization of Raskolnikov's days with a clear and concise structure of the novel, which emphasizes the confusion of the main character's internal state. The first part describes three days of Raskolnikov's life, and from the second, the number of events increases with each chapter, reaching an amazing concentration.

Another feature of the novel is the hopeless doom and tragic fate of most of its characters. Until the end of the novel, only young characters will remain with the reader - Rodion and Dunya Raskolnikov, Sonya Marmeladova, Dmitry Razumikhin.

Dostoevsky himself considered his novel "a psychological record of one crime", he is sure that mental anguish prevails over legal punishment. The protagonist departs from God and is carried away by the ideas of nihilism, popular at that time, and only by the end of the novel there is a return to Christian morality, the author leaves the hero with a hypothetical possibility of repentance.

Final conclusion

Throughout the novel "Crime and Punishment", the worldview of Rodion Raskolnikov is transformed from close to Nietzsche, who was obsessed with the idea of ​​​​a "superman", to a Christian one - with his doctrine of Divine love, humility and mercy. The social concept of the novel is closely intertwined with the gospel doctrine of love and forgiveness. The whole novel is imbued with a true Christian spirit and makes you perceive all the events and actions of people taking place in life through the prism of the possibility of spiritual transformation of mankind.