"Ancient Rus'. The origin of the terms "Rus" and "Russia" Ancient authors called the word Rus
Russia of the 7th-12th centuries (ancient and medieval Rus')
1 option
Ancient authors used the word "Rus" to refer to the state formation that had developed in the region.
2. The god of thunder and lightning among the Eastern Slavs
1) Stribog 2) Yarilo 3) Perun 4) Veles
3. The ritual holiday of the Eastern Slavs, from which they began the annual cycle, was called
1) Harvest festival 2) Maslenitsa 3) Trinity 4) Christmas time
4. The neighbors of the Eastern Slavs were
1) Pechenegs 2) Germans 3) Italians 4) Bedouin Arabs
5. Specify the East Slavic tribes
1) Vyatichi 2) Khazars 3) street 4) Avars 5) Volhynians
(multiple answers)
What period does the emergence of statehood among the Slavs belong to?
^ 7. What event happened before all the others?
1) the baptism of Rus' 3) the creation of Russian Truth
2) the calling of the Varangians 4) the congress of princes in Lyubech
8. With what event in the history of Rus' is the beginning of the Rurik dynasty connected?
1) the campaign of Prince Oleg against Kyiv 3) the baptism of Rus'
2) the calling of the Varangians 4) the publication of Russian Pravda
^ 9. According to chronicle evidence, Rurik ruled in the second half of the 10th century A
1) in Vladimir 2) in Kyiv 3) in Novgorod 4) in Smolensk
10) The oldest Russian chronicle was called
1) Russian Truth 3) Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh
^ 11) Which of the following refers to the prerequisites for the formation of the Old Russian state?
1) the baptism of Rus' 3) the adoption of Russian Truth
2) the beginning of the Great Migration of Nations 4) the need to repel external enemies
^ 12. The uprising of the Drevlyans was caused
1) the unwillingness of the Drevlyans to accept Christianity
2) an attempt by Prince Igor to re-take tribute from the Drevlyans
3) tribal strife of the Drevlyans and Vyatichi
4) the reluctance of the Drevlyans to participate in the campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav
^ 13. The adoption of Christianity by Russia occurred as a result of
1) the spread of the new faith by Byzantine missionaries
2) decisions of the Grand Duke of Kyiv
3) agreements with the Pope
4) decision of veche meetings in Novgorod and Pskov
^ 14. The congress of Russian princes in Lyubech in 1097 was convened with the aim
1) establish a new procedure for collecting tribute
2) accept Russian Truth
3) stop strife
4) decide on the introduction of Christianity in Rus'
^ 15. Write general definitions for the terms, names given in the rows
1) warrior, tiun, key keeper -
2) Svarog, Perun, Veles -
3) Krivichi, Radimichi, Vyatichi -
Russia 1X - 11 centuries
Option 2
^ 1. As in the Old Russian state, a detour was called by a prince with a squad of subject lands who paid tribute
1) quitrent 2) polyudie 3) exit 4) yasak
2. To the monuments of architecture of Ancient Rus' of the 9th - 11th centuries. applies
1) St. Basil's Cathedral in Moscow
2) Hagia Sophia in Novgorod
3) Church of the Ascension in the village of Kolomenskoye
4) Trinity-Sergius Monastery
^ 3. What year does the baptism of Rus' belong to?
1) 882 2) 988 3) 945 4) 962
4. Hereditary land holdings in Ancient Rus' were called
1) land 2) patrimony 3) settlement 4) estate
^ 5. The establishment in Ancient Rus' of a new tribute collection system: “lessons”, “graveyards”, “carriage”, instead of “polyudya” - was the result
1) the activities of Princess Olga 3) the adoption of the "Charter" of Vladimir Monomakh
2) the adoption of "Russian Truth" 4) the campaigns of Prince Svyatoslav
^ 6. What was the name of the district of the city inhabited by artisans of the same specialty in Ancient Rus'
1) settlement 2) patrimony 3) graveyard 4) inheritance
7. Establish a correspondence between terms and their definitions. For each number, select the appropriate element from those indicated by letters.
^ Read an excerpt from a historian's work and write what the association of warriors in question was called in Rus'.
Which of the following applies to the 11th century?
the reign of Yaroslav the Wise 3) the invasion of Rus' by Batu Khan
Prince Oleg's campaign against Byzantium 4) the struggle of Alexander Nevsky with the Germans and Swedes
Which prince sent an invitation to his ally in 1147: “Come to me, brother, to Moscow!”?
Yuri Dolgoruky 3) Alexander Nevsky
Ivan Kalita 4) Dmitry Donskoy
Painting based on the use of water-based paints applied to wet plaster during the construction of temples in Ancient Rus' was called
^ 12. In ancient Rus', a fine for a crime was called
1) vira 2) elderly 3) polyudie 4) lesson
Russia 1X-X11 centuries
3 option
1. Read the passage from the chronicle and indicate what event the chronicler tells about.
“... Why did they destroy the Russian land, bringing quarrels on themselves? And the Polovtsy plunder our land and rejoice that we are torn apart by internecine wars. Yes, from now on, let us unite and protect the Russian land, and let everyone own his fatherland.
vocation of the Varangians by the Novgorodians
congress of princes in Lyubech
conclusion of an agreement between Vladimir Svyatoslavovich and Byzantium
Council of princes before the battle on Kalka
The baptism of Rus' took place under the prince
^ 3. Read the passage from the chronicle and write the name of the prince in question.
“In the year 6472 (964). When (the prince) grew up and matured, he began to gather many brave warriors, and easily went on campaigns, like a pardus, and fought a lot. On campaigns, he did not carry carts or cauldrons with him, did not cook meat, but thinly sliced horse meat, or beast, or beef, and roasted it on coals, so he ate; he did not even have a tent, but slept, spreading a sweatshirt with a saddle in his head - the same were all his other soldiers. And sent to other lands with the words: "I want to go to you." And he went to the Oka River and the Volga, and met the Vyatichi, and said to the Vyatichi: “To whom do you give tribute?” They answered: “We give Khazars a crack from a plow”.
In the year 6473(965). Went (prince) to the Khazars. Having heard, the Khazars went out to meet them, led by their prince Kagan, and agreed to fight, and in the battle the (prince) Khazars defeated and took their capital Belaya Vezha. And he defeated the yas and kasogs ...
In the year 6475 (967), the (prince) went to the Danube against the Bulgarians ... "
^ 4. To the social groups of Kievan Rus X1 - X111 centuries. can be attributed
1) purchases, ryadoviches, nobles 3) princes, boyars, nobles
2) princes, clergy, peasants 4) purchases, ryadoviches, serfs
^ 5. Are the following statements correct?
In Ancient Rus', such unique jewelry techniques were developed as:
A) granulation, filigree B) niello, “cloisonne enamel”
1) only a) is true 2) only b) is true 3) a) and b) are true 4) both are wrong
^ 6. Insert the missing name of the cathedral in question in the text.
But the pearl of ancient Kyiv - ..., located on the high bank of the Dnieper. Shining with lead domes, ... as if dominating the surroundings. The walls are made of plyphna bricks, its rows interspersed with thick layers of white lime. .this mighty, majestic building with open galleries and many domes that completes it strikes with some kind of quivering and at the same time smooth rhythm. "The Tale of Bygone Years" tells about the laying of the cathedral in 1037 on the site where the soldiers of Yaroslav the Wise defeated the Pechenegs.
^
7. Establish a correspondence between concepts and their definitions. Write your answer in letters.
Russia in the 10th - 11th centuries.
Test 4
^ 1. Which of these events are associated with the activities of Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (Saint Vladimir)?
A) the adoption of Christianity by Russia
B) the conquest of the tribes of Vyatichi, Radimichi
C) the creation of codes of laws - Russian Truth
D) reprisal against the Drevlyans for the murder of Prince Igor
D) convening a congress of princes in Lyubech
E) the conclusion of an alliance with Byzantium
^
2. Establish a correspondence between the events of the history of Ancient Rus' and the names of their participants. Write your answer in letters
.
^ Complete the missing names in the row.
^ 4. The oldest Russian chronicle was called
1) "Russian Truth" 3) "Teachings of Vladimir Monomakh"
2) "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" 4) "The Tale of Bygone Years"
^ 5. Which of the above terms denoted the categories of people dependent on large landowners in Ancient Rus'?
A) smerd B) ryadovich C) monk D) purchase E) serf E) sorcerer
Choose the correct answer
1) ABE 2) AGD 3) BGD 4) BVE
^ 6. To which of the named persons do the words of N.M. Karamzin refer: “The oldest collection of our civil foundations is attributed to this prince”?
1) Oleg Veshchem 2) Yuri Dolgoruky 3 ) Yaroslav the Wise 4) Alexander Nevsky
^ 7. Which of the following applies to the 11th century?
1) the reign of Yaroslav the Wise 3) the invasion of Rus' by Batu Khan
2) the campaign of Prince Oleg against Byzantium 4) the struggle of Alexander Nevsky with the Germans and Swedes
^ 8) Read an excerpt from The Tale of Bygone Years and indicate which old Russian prince we are talking about.
“I went to the Oka and the Volga; on the Oka he found the Vyatichi and asked them: “To whom do you give tribute?” Vyatichi answered: "Khazars." Then (the prince) went to the Khazars, defeated them and took their city; ... finally went to the Danube, to the Bulgarians, defeated them, took the cities along the Danube and sat down to reign here in Pereyaslavets. Meanwhile, the Pechenegs came to the Russian land for the first time, and (the prince) was in Pereyaslavets, Olga closed herself in Kyiv with her grandchildren ... "
Vladimir Monomakh 3) Svyatoslav Igorevich
Yuri Dolgoruky 4) Yaroslav the Wise
^ Answers
Ancient Rus' 1X - 11 centuries.
1 test:
1- 4; 2 - 3; 3 - 2; 4 – 1; 5 – 1,3,5; 6 – 2; 7 – 2; 8 – 2; 9 – 3; 10 – 4;
11 - 4; 12 - 2; 13 - 2; 14 - 3; 15 - social groups, Gods, names of tribes.
^2 test:
12; 2 - 2; 3 - 2; 4 - 2; 5 - 1; 6 - 1; 7 - VDBA; 8 - squad; 9 - 1; 10 - 1; 11 - 1; 12-1.
3 test:
12; 2 - 3; 3 - Svyatoslav; 4 - 4; 5 - 3; 6 - Sofia; 7 - GADB.
4 test:
12; 2 - HDBA; 3 - in Kyiv, St. Sophia; 4 - 4; 5 - 2; 6 - 3; 7 - 1,8,3; 8 - 3;
| ^ General characteristics |
|
| - prince as a military leader, supreme judge, tax collector |
|
| - veche gatherings in all cities and lands |
|
| - squad as armed detachments under the prince |
|
| Differences |
|
| Old Russian state under the first princes | Old Russian state under Yaroslav the Wise |
| - polyudie | - lessons, wagon, churchyards |
| - common law | - "Russian Truth" |
| - tribal leaders are at the head of individual lands | - at the head of individual lands - governors appointed by the prince |
| - the functions of princely power become more complicated |
|
Causes and features of the formation of the state among the Eastern Slavs. The role of Norman influence.
The emergence of the state is a natural stage in the development of society. Preconditionsthe emergence of the Old Russian stateamong the Eastern Slavs were: territory, population, tax system, presence of public authority, army, sovereignty.
The Norman theory is that statehood in Rus' appeared thanks to the Scandinavians (Varangians), who were called to reign in Novgorod (in particular, Rurik). According to the Old Russian chronicle of the XII century "The Tale of Bygone Years", in 862 the Varangian Rurik and his brothers were invited to reign in Novgorod. This event, from which the beginning of the statehood of the Eastern Slavs is traditionally counted, has received a conditional name in historiography. Supporters of the Norman theory deny the origin of the ancient Russian state as a result of internal socio-economic development.
The Norman theory was formulated by German scientists - Bayer, Miller.
The political meaning of the Norman theory was to present Ancient Rus' as a backward country incapable of independent state development, and the Normans (Varangians) as a force that from the very beginning of Russian history influenced the development of Russia, its economy and culture.
Even in the days of noble historiography, Normanists fully accepted the chronicle legend about the emergence of the Old Russian state and the origin of the dynasty of Russian princes as a result of the calling of the Varangians, who were called "Rus". Anti-Normanists tried to prove that the called "Rus" was not the Scandinavians. Some considered them Slavs from the Neman region, others saw in the Varangians a Slavic tribe of Vagrs from the Baltic Sea. It should be emphasized that in both cases we are talking about Slavic tribes that have already largely adopted the way of life of the non-Slavic peoples surrounding them. A similar root was found in the name of one of the Gothic tribes that clashed with the Slavs. Judging by the "TALE OF TIME YEARS", treaties with the Greeks and the testimony of Constantine Porphyrogenitus, initially Rus' meant Kyiv, Chernigov, Pereyaslav lands - the most ancient territorial core of the state. Academician B. A. Rybakov calls Russia the indigenous land of the Eastern Slavs, the region of the Middle Dnieper. It was a small area in the form of a triangle, the base of which was Porosie, that is, the course of the Ros River and its tributary Rosava, the top was Kiev, and one of the sides was the right bank of the Dnieper.
It is necessary to take into account the difference in the sound of the terms "Rus" and "dew". The root "rus" was deposited in the north: Porusie, Okolorusie. Old Russa. Perhaps the Baltic origin of a number of names with the root "rus" - "russ" in the areas of Meta, Ilmen, Volkhov: Lake Prusa, the Prusynya River, Lake Vrusskoe, the Russkaya River. But in the Middle Dnieper, the root “rose” is common: Ros, Rostava, Porosye. These roots are found in lands inhabited by different peoples.
Most modern scholars are inclined to believe that the terms “Rus” in the north and “Ros” in the south of Eastern Europe may co-exist.
8.Kyiv state in the 11th-12th centuries: device, features of development.
The ancient Russian Kievan state reached its greatest power and glory in 11th - 12th centuries under Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich and his son Prince Yaroslav.
Vladimir's board
Prince Vladimir began to reign in Kyiv after he defeated his brothers in the struggle for power. At the beginning of his reign, Vladimir waged numerous wars. He returned the lands of the Dulebs and Tivertsy under his rule, conquered the land of the Lithuanian tribe of the Yotvingians. Having strengthened the state in the west, Vladimir went with his army south to the steppe, from where the nomadic tribes of the Pechenegs made raids. To protect the borders, on the orders of Vladimir, defensive ramparts, fortresses were built, new lands were settled. In order to strengthen the state, Prince Vladimir made the following changes: instead of the princes who ruled in subordinate cities, he planted his sons and governor, streamlined the collection of tribute, and strengthened his own army. Under Vladimir, the first coins began to be minted - golden coins and pieces of silver.
Prince Vladimir married the sister of the Byzantine emperor Anna, proving to the whole world that Byzantium recognizes the Kievan state as equal to itself. Kyiv ascended to a new, higher level of its development.
Orthodox believers during the year 2020 keep a number of fasts, both one-day and multi-day. associated not only with food restrictions, but also with the voluntary rejection of all kinds of entertainment. For example, during multi-day fasts, it is not customary to "play" weddings.In this material, we will list all the Orthodox fasts of 2020 (one-day and multi-day) and tell you when they will be (dates and dates).
In 2020, after the end of Advent on January 6 and the holidays associated with Christmas and Christmas time, the first one-day post will be on January 18, 2020 on Epiphany Christmas Eve.
Further, after Baptism (after January 19, 2020), one day posts believers hold every Wednesday and Friday for three consecutive weeks (until Friday 7 February 2020). These days, you should stick to plant foods, but you can cook it in vegetable oil. Fast days are canceled on February 12, 2020 (Wed) and February 14, 2020 (Fri), in connection with a continuous week in memory of the divine parable of the publican and the Pharisee. Again next week Wednesday 19 February 2020 and Friday 21 February 2020.
After Easter Week during which there is no fast on Wednesday and Friday) to the Trinity, i.e. from April 27, 2020 to June 7, 2020, every Wednesday and Friday fast, but with a license to fish.
After the Trinity and the festive Trinity week ( when fasting on Wednesday and Friday is canceled) from June 15, 2020 Petrov post 2020 is coming. Petrov fast in 2020 lasts almost a month, more precisely 27 days, ending on Saturday June 11 before the day of the holy Apostles Peter and Paul. During this fast, on many days it is allowed to add oil to the dishes and eat fish, so this fast is very mild. Only on the first Monday of Lent, June 15, 2020, on Fridays, June 26, 2020, and July 3, 2020, a strict fasting diet should be followed.
On the following summer days after the day of the holy Apostles Peter and Paul (July 12, 2020), Orthodox believers adhere to fast days only Wednesdays and Fridays(but with permission to consume vegetable oil), up to before Dormition Fast.
Dormition Fast 2020 starts on Friday 14 August 2020 and lasts until Friday, August 28, 2020, ending on the day of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary. The Dormition Fast lasts 15 days and is strict. All his days are truly fast except Saturdays and Sundays, when oil is allowed. On the holidays of August 19, 2020 (Transfiguration of the Lord or Apple Savior) and August 28, 2020 (Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary), dishes with fish are added.
September, October and November 2020 one day posts follow Wednesdays and Fridays when dairy products, meat and eggs are not eaten, but vegetable oil is allowed. Strict one day posts expects believers September 11, 2020 on the Day of the Beheading of John the Baptist and September 27, 2020(Exaltation of the Cross of the Lord).
From November 28, 2020, the Christmas (or Filippov) post 2020 begins, last long post 20 years. It continues until Christmas 2021, ending on Christmas Eve, January 6, 2021. The Advent fast lasts 40 days, but is not strict. Fish is allowed on holidays and weekends, and oil is allowed on almost all days. It should be noted only four days when you need to fast strictly. These are Monday 7 and 21 December 2020, Wednesday 9 December 2020 and Friday 25 December 2020.
All Orthodox fasts of 2020 (briefly):
* All Wednesdays and Fridays 2020, except for Christmas time and continuous weeks (Publican and Pharisee, Cheese / Shrovetide, Easter, Trinity).
* Epiphany Christmas Eve- one-day, January 18, 2020
* great post- multi-day, from March 2, 2020 to April 18, 2020
* Petrov post- multi-day, from June 15, 2020 to July 11, 2020;
* Assumption post- multi-day, from August 14, 2020 to August 28, 2020
* The Beheading of John the Baptist- one-day, September 11, 2020
* Exaltation of the Holy Cross- one-day, September 27, 2019
* Christmas (Filippov) post- multi-day, from November 28, 2020 to January 6, 2021.
During the VI-IX centuries. among the Eastern Slavs there was a process of class formation and the creation of the prerequisites for feudalism. The territory on which the ancient Russian statehood began to take shape was located at the intersection of the paths along which the migration of peoples and tribes took place, nomadic routes ran. The southern Russian steppes were the scene of an endless struggle of moving tribes and peoples. Often Slavic tribes attacked the border regions of the Byzantine Empire.
In the 7th century in the steppes between the Lower Volga, the Don and the North Caucasus, a Khazar state was formed. Slavic tribes in the regions of the Lower Don and Azov fell under his dominion, retaining, however, a certain autonomy. The territory of the Khazar kingdom extended to the Dnieper and the Black Sea. At the beginning of the 8th century the Arabs inflicted a crushing defeat on the Khazars, and deeply invaded the north through the North Caucasus, reaching the Don. A large number of Slavs - allies of the Khazars - were taken prisoner.
From the north, the Varangians (Normans, Vikings) penetrate into the Russian lands. At the beginning of the 8th century they settle around Yaroslavl, Rostov and Suzdal, establishing control over the territory from Novgorod to Smolensk. Part of the northern colonists penetrates into southern Russia, where they mix with the Rus, taking their name. In Tmutarakan, the capital of the Russian-Varangian Khaganate was formed, which ousted the Khazar rulers. In their struggle, the opponents turned to the Emperor of Constantinople for an alliance.
In such a complex ooetanovka, the consolidation of the Slavic tribes into political unions took place, which became the embryo of the formation of a single East Slavic statehood.
In the ninth century as a result of the centuries-old development of the East Slavic society, the early feudal state of Rus was formed with its center in Kyiv. Gradually, all the East Slavic tribes united in Kievan Rus.
The theme of the history of Kievan Rus considered in the work is not only interesting, but also very relevant. Recent years have passed under the sign of changes in many areas of Russian life. The way of life of many people has changed, the system of life values has changed. Knowledge of the history of Russia, the spiritual traditions of the Russian people, is very important for raising the national consciousness of Russians. A sign of the revival of the nation is the ever-increasing interest in the historical past of the Russian people, in its spiritual values.
FORMATION OF THE OLD RUSSIAN STATE IN THE IX CENTURY
The time from the 6th to the 9th centuries is still the last stage of the primitive communal system, the time of the formation of classes and the imperceptible, at first glance, but steady growth of the prerequisites of feudalism. The most valuable monument containing information about the beginning of the Russian state is the chronicle "The Tale of Bygone Years, where did the Russian land come from, and who in Kiev began to reign first and where did the Russian land come from," compiled by the Kiev monk Nestor around 1113.
Starting his story, like all medieval historians, with the Flood, Nestor tells about the settlement of Western and Eastern Slavs in Europe in antiquity. He divides the East Slavic tribes into two groups, the level of development of which, according to his description, was not the same. Some of them lived, in his words, in a “bestial way”, preserving the features of the tribal system: blood feud, remnants of matriarchy, the absence of marriage prohibitions, “kidnapping” (kidnapping) of wives, etc. Nestor contrasts these tribes with glades, in whose land Kiev was built. Glades are "smart men", they have already established a patriarchal monogamous family and, obviously, blood feuds have been outlived (they are "distinguished by a meek and quiet disposition").
Next, Nestor tells how the city of Kyiv was created. Prince Kiy, who reigned there, according to Nestor's story, came to Constantinople to visit the emperor of Byzantium, who received him with great honors. Returning from Constantinople, Kiy built a city on the banks of the Danube, intending to settle here for a long time. But the locals were hostile to him, and Kiy returned to the banks of the Dnieper.
Nestor considered the formation of the Polyan principality in the Middle Dnieper region to be the first historical event on the path to the creation of the Old Russian states. The legend about Kii and his two brothers spread far to the south, and was even brought to Armenia.
Byzantine writers of the 6th century paint the same picture. During the reign of Justinian, huge masses of Slavs advanced to the northern borders of the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine historians colorfully describe the invasion of the empire by Slavic troops, who took away prisoners and rich booty, and the settlement of the empire by Slavic colonists. The appearance on the territory of Byzantium of the Slavs, who dominated communal relations, contributed to the eradication of the slave-owning order here and the development of Byzantium along the path from the slave-owning system to feudalism.
The successes of the Slavs in the fight against powerful Byzantium testify to the relatively high level of development of Slavic society for that time: material prerequisites for equipping significant military expeditions had already appeared, and the system of military democracy made it possible to unite large masses of Slavs. Distant campaigns contributed to the strengthening of the power of the princes in the indigenous Slavic lands, where tribal principalities were created.
Archaeological data fully confirm the words of Nestor that the core of the future Kievan Rus began to take shape on the banks of the Dnieper when the Slavic princes made trips to Byzantium and the Danube, in the times preceding the attacks of the Khazars (VII century).
The creation of a significant tribal union in the southern forest-steppe regions facilitated the advancement of the Slavic colonists not only in the southwest (to the Balkans), but also in the southeast direction. True, the steppes were occupied by various nomads: Bulgarians, Avars, Khazars, but the Slavs of the Middle Dnieper (Russian land) apparently managed to protect their possessions from their invasions and penetrate deep into the fertile black earth steppes. In the VII-IX centuries. Slavs also lived in the eastern part of the Khazar lands, somewhere in the Azov region, participated together with the Khazars in military campaigns, were hired to serve the kagan (Khazar ruler). In the south, the Slavs lived, apparently, as islands among other tribes, gradually assimilating them, but at the same time perceiving elements of their culture.
During the VI-IX centuries. productive forces were growing, tribal institutions were changing, and the process of class formation was going on. As the most important phenomena in the life of the Eastern Slavs during the VI-IX centuries. it should be noted the development of arable farming and the development of handicrafts; the disintegration of the tribal community as a labor collective and the separation of individual peasant farms from it, forming a neighboring community; the growth of private land ownership and the formation of classes; the transformation of the tribal army with its defensive functions into a squad that dominates the tribesmen; capture by princes and nobility of tribal land in personal hereditary property.
By the 9th century everywhere on the territory of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs, a significant area of arable land cleared from the forest was formed, testifying to the further development of productive forces under feudalism. An association of small tribal communities, which is characterized by a certain unity of culture, was an ancient Slavic tribe. Each of these tribes gathered a national assembly (veche). The power of the tribal princes gradually increased. The development of intertribal ties, defensive and offensive alliances, the organization of joint campaigns and, finally, the subordination of weaker neighbors by strong tribes - all this led to the enlargement of the tribes, to their unification into larger groups.
Describing the time when the transition from tribal relations to the state took place, Nestor notes that in various East Slavic regions there were "their reigns." This is also confirmed by archeological data.
The formation of an early feudal state, which gradually subjugated all the East Slavic tribes, became possible only when the differences between the south and north were somewhat smoothed out in terms of agricultural conditions, when there was a sufficient amount of plowed land in the north and the need for hard collective labor for cutting and uprooting of the forest has decreased significantly. As a result, the peasant family emerged as a new production team from the patriarchal community.
The decomposition of the primitive communal system among the Eastern Slavs took place at a time when the slave-owning system had already outlived itself on a world-historical scale. In the process of class formation, Rus' came to feudalism, bypassing the slaveholding formation.
In the IX-X centuries. antagonistic classes of feudal society are formed. The number of combatants is increasing everywhere, their differentiation is intensifying, there is a separation from their midst of the nobility - boyars and princes.
Important in the history of the emergence of feudalism is the question of the time of the appearance of cities in Rus'. Under the conditions of the tribal system, there were certain centers where tribal councils met, a prince was chosen, trade was carried out, fortune-telling was carried out, court cases were decided, sacrifices were made to the gods and the most important dates of the year were celebrated. Sometimes such a center became the focus of the most important types of production. Most of these ancient centers later turned into medieval cities.
In the IX-X centuries. the feudal lords created a number of new cities, which served both for the purposes of defense against nomads and for the purposes of domination over the enslaved population. Handicraft production was also concentrated in the cities. The old name "city", "city", denoting a fortification, began to be applied to a real feudal city with a citadel-kremlin (fortress) in the center and an extensive craft and trading settlement.
With all the gradualness and slowness of the process of feudalization, one can still point out a certain line, starting from which there are grounds for talking about feudal relations in Rus'. This line is the 9th century, when a feudal state was already formed among the Eastern Slavs.
The lands of the East Slavic tribes united into a single state were called Rus. The arguments of the "Norman" historians who tried to declare the founders of the Old Russian state the Normans, who were then called Varangians in Rus', are unconvincing. These historians stated that under Russia the chronicles meant the Varangians. But as has already been shown, the prerequisites for the formation of states among the Slavs developed over many centuries and by the 9th century. gave a noticeable result not only in the West Slavic lands, where the Normans never penetrated and where the Great Moravian state arose, but also in the East Slavic lands (in Kievan Rus), where the Normans appeared, robbed, destroyed representatives of local princely dynasties and sometimes became princes themselves. Obviously, the Normans could neither assist nor seriously interfere with the process of feudalization. The name Rus began to be used in sources in relation to part of the Slavs 300 years before the appearance of the Varangians.
For the first time, the mention of the people of Ros is found in the middle of the 6th century, when information about it had already reached Syria. The glades, called, according to the chronicler, Rus, become the basis of the future Old Russian people, and their land - the core of the territory of the future state - Kievan Rus.
Among the news belonging to Nestor, one passage has survived, which describes Rus' before the appearance of the Varangians there. “These are the Slavic regions,” Nestor writes, “that are part of Rus' - the glades, the Drevlyans, the Dregovichi, the Polochans, the Novgorod Slovenes, the northerners ...”2. This list includes only half of the East Slavic regions. The composition of Rus', therefore, at that time did not yet include the Krivichi, Radimichi, Vyatichi, Croats, Ulichi and Tivertsy. At the center of the new state formation was the Glade tribe. The Old Russian state became a kind of federation of tribes, in its form it was an early feudal monarchy
ANCIENT Rus' IN THE END OF THE IX - BEGINNING OF THE XII CENTURIES
In the second half of the ninth century Novgorod prince Oleg united in his hands the power over Kiev and Novgorod. The chronicle dates this event to 882. The formation of the early feudal Old Russian state (Kievan Rus) as a result of the emergence of antagonistic classes was a turning point in the history of the Eastern Slavs.
The process of unification of the East Slavic lands as part of the Old Russian state was complex. In a number of lands, the Kyiv princes met with serious resistance from local feudal and tribal princes and their "husbands". This resistance was crushed by force of arms. In the reign of Oleg (late IX - early X century), a constant tribute was already levied from Novgorod and from the lands of the North Russian (Novgorod or Ilmen Slavs), Western Russian (Krivichi) and northeastern. Prince Igor of Kiev (beginning of the 10th century), as a result of a stubborn struggle, subjugated the lands of the streets and Tivertsy. Thus, the border of Kievan Rus was advanced beyond the Dniester. A long struggle continued with the population of the Drevlyane land. Igor increased the amount of tribute levied from the Drevlyans. During one of Igor's campaigns in the Drevlyane land, when he decided to collect a double tribute, the Drevlyans defeated the prince's squad and killed Igor. During the reign of Olga (945-969), Igor's wife, the land of the Drevlyans was finally subordinated to Kyiv.
The territorial growth and strengthening of Rus' continued under Svyatoslav Igorevich (969-972) and Vladimir Svyatoslavich (980-1015). The composition of the Old Russian state included the lands of the Vyatichi. The power of Rus' spread to the North Caucasus. The territory of the Old Russian state also expanded to the west, including the cities of Cherven and Carpathian Rus.
With the formation of the early feudal state, more favorable conditions were created for maintaining the security of the country and its economic growth. But the strengthening of this state was connected with the development of feudal property and the further enslavement of the previously free peasantry.
The supreme power in the Old Russian state belonged to the great Kievan prince. At the princely court there lived a squad, divided into "senior" and "junior". The boyars from the prince's combat comrades-in-arms turn into landowners, his vassals, and estates. In the XI-XII centuries. there is a registration of the boyars as a special estate and the consolidation of its legal status. Vassalage is formed as a system of relations with the prince-suzerain; its characteristic features are the specialization of the vassal service, the contractual nature of relations and the economic independence of the vassal4.
The princely combatants took part in the administration of the state. So, Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich, together with the boyars, discussed the issue of introducing Christianity, measures to combat "robbery" and decided other matters. In some parts of Rus', their own princes ruled. But the great Kiev prince sought to replace the local rulers with his proteges.
The state helped to strengthen the rule of the feudal lords in Rus'. The apparatus of power ensured the flow of tribute, collected in money and in kind. The working population also performed a number of other duties - military, underwater, participated in the construction of fortresses, roads, bridges, etc. Individual princely combatants received entire regions in control with the right to collect tribute.
In the middle of the X century. under Princess Olga, the sizes of duties (tributes and quitrents) were determined and temporary and permanent camps and churchyards were established in which tribute was collected.
The norms of customary law developed among the Slavs from ancient times. With the emergence and development of class society and the state, along with customary law and gradually replacing it, written laws appeared and developed to protect the interests of the feudal lords. Already in Oleg's treaty with Byzantium (911), "Russian law" is mentioned. The collection of written laws is the "Russian Truth" of the so-called "Short Edition" (end of the 11th - beginning of the 12th century). In its composition, the “Ancient Truth” was preserved, apparently written down at the beginning of the 11th century, but reflecting some norms of customary law. It also speaks of the survivals of primitive communal relations, for example, blood feuds. The law considers cases of replacing revenge with a fine in favor of the relatives of the victim (subsequently in favor of the state).
The armed forces of the Old Russian state consisted of the retinue of the Grand Duke, the retinues, which were brought by the princes and boyars subordinate to him, and the people's militia (wars). The number of troops with which the princes went on campaigns sometimes reached 60-80 thousand. An important role in the armed forces continued to be played by the foot militia. In Rus', detachments of mercenaries were also used - nomads of the steppes (Pechenegs), as well as Polovtsy, Hungarians, Lithuanians, Czechs, Poles, Norman Varangians, but their role in the armed forces was insignificant. The ancient Russian fleet consisted of ships hollowed out of trees and sheathed with boards along the sides. Russian ships sailed the Black, Azov, Caspian and Baltic seas.
The foreign policy of the Old Russian state expressed the interests of the growing class of feudal lords, who expanded their possessions, political influence and trade relations. In an effort to conquer individual East Slavic lands, the Kyiv princes came into conflict with the Khazars. The advance to the Danube, the desire to master the trade route along the Black Sea and the Crimean coast led to the struggle of the Russian princes with Byzantium, which tried to limit the influence of Rus' in the Black Sea region. In 907 Prince Oleg organized a campaign by sea against Constantinople. The Byzantines were forced to ask the Russians to make peace and pay an indemnity. According to the peace treaty of 911. Rus' received the right of duty-free trade in Constantinople.
The Kyiv princes undertook campaigns to more distant lands - beyond the Caucasus Range, to the western and southern coasts of the Caspian Sea (campaigns of 880, 909, 910, 913-914). The expansion of the territory of the Kyiv state began to be carried out especially actively under the reign of the son of Princess Olga, Svyatoslav (campaigns of Svyatoslav - 964-972). He dealt the first blow to the Khazar empire. Their main cities on the Don and Volga were captured. Svyatoslav even planned to settle in this region, becoming the successor to the empire he had destroyed6.
Then the Russian squads marched to the Danube, where they captured the city of Pereyaslavets (formerly owned by the Bulgarians), which Svyatoslav decided to make his capital. Such political ambitions show that the princes of Kyiv did not yet associate the idea of the political center of their empire with Kiev.
The danger that came from the East - the invasion of the Pechenegs, forced the Kyiv princes to pay more attention to the internal structure of their own state.
ACCEPTANCE OF CHRISTIANITY IN Rus'
At the end of the tenth century Christianity was officially introduced in Rus'. The development of feudal relations prepared for the replacement of pagan cults by a new religion.
Eastern Slavs deified the forces of nature. Among the gods revered by them, the first place was occupied by Perun - the god of thunder and lightning. Dazhd-bog was the god of the sun and fertility, Stribog was the god of thunder and bad weather. Volos was considered the god of wealth and trade, the creator of all human culture - the blacksmith god Svarog.
Christianity began to penetrate early into Rus' among the nobility. Even in the IX century. Patriarch Photius of Constantinople noted that Rus' had changed "pagan superstition" to "Christian faith"7. Christians were among Igor's combatants. Princess Olga converted to Christianity.
Vladimir Svyatoslavich, having been baptized in 988 and appreciating the political role of Christianity, decided to make it the state religion in Rus'. The adoption of Christianity by Russia took place in a difficult foreign policy situation. In the 80s of the X century. the Byzantine government turned to the prince of Kyiv with a request for military assistance to suppress uprisings in subject lands. In response, Vladimir demanded an alliance with Russia from Byzantium, offering to seal it with his marriage to Anna, the sister of Emperor Basil II. The Byzantine government was forced to agree to this. After the marriage of Vladimir and Anna, Christianity was officially recognized as the religion of the Old Russian state.
Church institutions in Rus' received large land grants and tithes from state revenues. During the 11th century Bishoprics were founded in Yuryev and Belgorod (in the land of Kyiv), Novgorod, Rostov, Chernigov, Pereyaslavl-Yuzhny, Vladimir-Volynsky, Polotsk and Turov. Several large monasteries arose in Kyiv.
The people met with hostility the new faith and its ministers. Christianity was forcibly planted, and the Christianization of the country dragged on for several centuries. Pre-Christian (“pagan”) cults continued to live among the people for a long time.
The introduction of Christianity was an advance over paganism. Together with Christianity, the Russians received some elements of a higher Byzantine culture, joined, like other European peoples, to the heritage of antiquity. The introduction of a new religion increased the international significance of ancient Rus'.
DEVELOPMENT OF FEUDAL RELATIONS IN Rus'
Time from the end of the X to the beginning of the XII century. is an important stage in the development of feudal relations in Rus'. This time is characterized by the gradual victory of the feudal mode of production over a large area of the country.
The agriculture of Rus' was dominated by sustainable field farming. Cattle breeding developed more slowly than agriculture. Despite a relative increase in agricultural production, harvests were low. Shortage and famine were frequent occurrences, undermining the Kresgyap economy and contributing to the enslavement of the peasants. Hunting, fishing, and beekeeping remained of great importance in the economy. Furs of squirrels, martens, otters, beavers, sables, foxes, as well as honey and wax went to the foreign market. The best hunting and fishing areas, forests with side lands were seized by feudal lords.
In the 11th and early 12th centuries part of the land was exploited by the state by collecting tribute from the population, part of the land area was in the hands of individual feudal lords as estates that could be inherited (later they became known as estates), and possessions received from the princes in temporary conditional holding.
The ruling class of feudal lords was formed from local princes and boyars, who fell into dependence on Kiev, and from the husbands (combatants) of the Kiev princes, who received land, “tortured” by them and the princes, into administration, possession or patrimony. The Kievan Grand Dukes themselves had large land holdings. The distribution of land by the princes to combatants, while strengthening feudal production relations, was at the same time one of the means used by the state to subjugate the local population to its power.
Land property was protected by law. The growth of boyar and ecclesiastical landownership was closely connected with the development of immunity. The land, which used to be peasant property, fell into the ownership of the feudal lord “with tribute, virs and sales”, that is, with the right to collect taxes and court fines from the population for murder and other crimes, and, consequently, with the right to court.
With the transfer of land into the ownership of individual feudal lords, the peasants fell into dependence on them in various ways. Some peasants, deprived of the means of production, were enslaved by the landowners, using their need for tools, implements, seeds, etc. Other peasants, who were sitting on land subject to tribute, who owned their tools of production, were forced by the state to transfer their land under the patrimonial power of the feudal lords. With the expansion of estates and the enslavement of smerds, the term servants, which previously denoted slaves, began to spread to the entire mass of the peasantry dependent on the landowner.
Peasants who fell into bondage to the feudal lord, legally formalized by a special agreement - nearby, were called purchases. They received from the landowner a plot of land and a loan, which they worked out in the feudal lord's household with the master's inventory. For escaping from the master, the zakuns turned into serfs - slaves deprived of any rights. Labor rent - corvee, field and castle (construction of fortifications, bridges, roads, etc.), was combined with natural quitrent.
The forms of social protest of the masses against the feudal system were varied: from fleeing from their owner to armed “robbery”, from violating the boundaries of feudal estates, setting fire to the side trees belonging to the princes, to open rebellion. The peasants fought against the feudal lords and with weapons in their hands. Under Vladimir Svyatoslavich, “robbery” (as the armed uprisings of the peasants were often called at that time) became a common phenomenon. In 996, Vladimir, on the advice of the clergy, decided to apply the death penalty to the "robbers", but then, having strengthened the apparatus of power and, needing new sources of income to support the squad, he replaced the execution with a fine - vira. The princes paid even more attention to the struggle against popular movements in the 11th century.
At the beginning of the XII century. further development of the craft took place. In the countryside, under the dominance of natural economy, the manufacture of clothing, footwear, utensils, agricultural implements, etc., was a domestic production that had not yet separated from agriculture. With the development of the feudal system, part of the communal artisans became dependent on the feudal lords, others left the village and went under the walls of princely castles and fortresses, where handicraft settlements were created. The possibility of a break between the artisan and the countryside was due to the development of agriculture, which was able to provide the urban population with food, and the beginning of the separation of handicrafts from agriculture.
Cities became centers for the development of handicrafts. In them by the XII century. There were over 60 handicraft specialties. Russian artisans of the XI-XII centuries. produced more than 150 types of iron and steel products, their products played an important role in the development of trade relations between the city and the countryside. Old Russian jewelers knew the art of minting non-ferrous metals. In craft workshops, tools, weapons, household items, and jewelry were made.
The foreign trade of Rus' was more developed. Russian merchants traded in the possessions of the Arab Caliphate. The Dnieper path connected Rus' with Byzantium. Russian merchants traveled from Kiev to Moravia, the Czech Republic, Poland, South Germany, from Novgorod and Polotsk - along the Baltic Sea to Scandinavia, the Polish Pomerania and further to the west. With the development of handicrafts, the export of handicraft products increased.
Silver bars and foreign coins were used as money. Princes Vladimir Svyatoslavich and his son Yaroslav Vladimirovich issued (albeit in small quantities) minted silver coins. However, foreign trade did not change the natural character of the Russian economy.
With the growth of the social division of labor, cities developed. They arose from fortresses-castles, gradually overgrown with settlements, and from trade and craft settlements, around which fortifications were erected. The city was connected with the nearest rural district, the products of which he lived and the population of which he served with handicrafts. In chronicles of the IX-X centuries. 25 cities are mentioned, in the news of the 11th century -89. The heyday of ancient Russian cities falls on the XI-XII centuries.
Craft and merchant associations arose in the cities, although the guild system did not develop here. In addition to free artisans, patrimonial artisans, who were serfs of princes and boyars, also lived in the cities. The urban nobility was the boyars. The large cities of Rus' (Kyiv, Chernigov, Polotsk, Novgorod, Smolensk, etc.) were administrative, judicial and military centers. At the same time, having grown stronger, the cities contributed to the process of political fragmentation. This was a natural phenomenon in the conditions of the dominance of subsistence farming and the weakness of economic ties between individual lands.
PROBLEMS OF STATE UNITY OF Rus'
The state unity of Rus' was not strong. The development of feudal relations and the strengthening of the power of the feudal lords, as well as the growth of cities as centers of local principalities, led to changes in the political superstructure. In the XI century. the Grand Duke still stood at the head of the state, but the princes and boyars dependent on him acquired large land holdings in different parts of Rus' (in Novgorod, Polotsk, Chernigov, Volhynia, etc.). The princes of individual feudal centers strengthened their own apparatus of power and, relying on local feudal lords, began to regard their reigns as ancestral, that is, hereditary possessions. Economically, they almost did not depend on Kyiv, on the contrary, the Kiev prince was interested in their support. Political dependence on Kyiv weighed heavily on local feudal lords and princes who ruled in certain parts of the country.
After the death of Vladimir in Kyiv, his son Svyatopolk became prince, who killed his brothers Boris and Gleb and began a stubborn struggle with Yaroslav. In this struggle, Svyatopolk used the military assistance of the Polish feudal lords. Then a mass popular movement against the Polish invaders began in the Kyiv land. Yaroslav, supported by Novgorod citizens, defeated Svyatopolk and occupied Kyiv.
During the reign of Yaroslav Vladimirovich, nicknamed the Wise (1019-1054), around 1024, a great uprising of smerds broke out in the northeast, in the Suzdal land. The reason for it was severe hunger. Many participants in the suppressed uprising were imprisoned or executed. However, the movement continued until 1026.
During the reign of Yaroslav, the strengthening and further expansion of the borders of the Old Russian state continued. However, the signs of the feudal fragmentation of the state became more and more distinct.
After the death of Yaroslav, state power passed to his three sons. Seniority belonged to Izyaslav, who owned Kiev, Novgorod and other cities. His co-rulers were Svyatoslav (who ruled in Chernigov and Tmutarakan) and Vsevolod (who reigned in Rostov, Suzdal and Pereyaslavl). In 1068, nomadic Polovtsy attacked Rus'. Russian troops were defeated on the Alta River. Izyaslav and Vsevolod fled to Kyiv. This hastened the anti-feudal uprising in Kyiv, which had long been brewing. The rebels defeated the princely court, released from prison and elevated to the reign of Vseslav of Polotsk, previously (during the inter-princely strife) imprisoned by his brothers. However, he soon left Kyiv, and Izyaslav a few months later, with the help of Polish troops, resorting to deceit, again occupied the city (1069) and committed a bloody massacre.
Urban uprisings were associated with the movement of the peasantry. Since the anti-feudal movements were also directed against the Christian church, the rebellious peasants and townspeople were sometimes led by wise men. In the 70s of the XI century. there was a major popular movement in the Rostov land. Popular movements also took place in other places in Rus'. In Novgorod, for example, the masses of the urban population, led by the Magi, opposed the nobility, headed by a prince and a bishop. Prince Gleb, with the help of military force, dealt with the rebels.
The development of the feudal mode of production inevitably led to the political fragmentation of the country. Class contradictions intensified noticeably. The ruin from exploitation and princely strife was exacerbated by the consequences of crop failures and famine. After the death of Svyatopolk in Kyiv, there was an uprising of the urban population and peasants from the surrounding villages. Frightened, the nobility and the merchants invited Vladimir Vsevolodovich Monomakh (1113-1125), Prince of Pereyaslavsky, to reign in Kyiv. The new prince was forced to make some concessions in order to suppress the uprising.
Vladimir Monomakh pursued a policy of strengthening the grand ducal power. Owning, in addition to Kiev, Pereyaslavl, Suzdal, Rostov, ruling Novgorod and part of Southwestern Rus', he simultaneously tried to subjugate other lands (Minsk, Volyn, etc.). However, contrary to the policy of Monomakh, the process of fragmentation of Rus', caused by economic reasons, continued. By the second quarter of the XII century. Rus' finally fragmented into many principalities.
CULTURE OF ANCIENT Rus'
The culture of ancient Rus' is the culture of the early feudal society. Oral poetic creativity reflected the life experience of the people, captured in proverbs and sayings, in the rituals of agricultural and family holidays, from which the cult pagan beginning gradually disappeared, the rites turned into folk games. Buffoons - wandering actors, singers and musicians, who came from the people's environment, were the bearers of democratic trends in art. Folk motifs formed the basis of the remarkable song and musical creativity of the "prophetic Boyan", whom the author of "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" calls "the nightingale of the old time."
The growth of national self-consciousness found a particularly vivid expression in the historical epic epic. In it, the people idealized the time of the political unity of Rus', although still very fragile, when the peasants were not yet dependent. In the image of the "peasant son" Ilya Muromets, a fighter for the independence of the motherland, the deep patriotism of the people is embodied. Folk art had an impact on the traditions and legends that developed in the feudal secular and ecclesiastical environment, and helped the formation of ancient Russian literature.
The appearance of writing was of great importance for the development of ancient Russian literature. In Rus', writing arose, apparently, quite early. The news has been preserved that the Slavic enlightener of the 9th century. Konstantin (Cyril) saw in Chersonese books written in "Russian characters". Evidence of the existence of written language among the Eastern Slavs even before the adoption of Christianity is an earthen vessel discovered in one of the Smolensk barrows of the beginning of the 10th century. with an inscription. Significant distribution of writing received after the adoption of Christianity.
4) under the reign of Mstislav Vladimirovich
The Russian princes considered the ancestor of their dynasty:
1) Askold
6. The people's assembly among the Eastern Slavs was called
3) Anthony
4) Hilarion
8. The oldest chronicle code, which has become the main historical source on the history of Ancient Rus' -
1) "The Tale of Igor's Campaign"
2) "Russian Truth"
3) "The Tale of Bygone Years"
4) "Izbornik Svyatoslav"
2) Carpathians
4) Middle Dnieper
10. The first set of laws "Russian Truth" is associated with the name
1) Vladimir Monomakh
2) Yaroslav the Wise
3) Vladimir Svyatoslavich
4) Svyatoslav Igorevich
11. "Ladder law" in Rus' assumed
1) the principle of succession of power "in turn", by tribal eldership
2) the election of princes
3) the vertical principle of inheritance of princely power, from father to son
4) occupation of positions by nobility
12. What element is superfluous in the series "Dependent population of Ancient Rus'"?
4) ryadovich
13. “And if the fireman is killed like a robber, and people do not look for the murderer, then the rope where the murdered was found pays the virva.” Vira is
1) payment in favor of the prince for the murder of a free man.
2) a fine to the relatives of the deceased
3) funds to find the killer
4) punishment of community members for a crime committed
A. Subsistence farming dominated in ancient Rus'.
B. The main occupation of the inhabitants of Rus' is nomadic cattle breeding.
1) Only A is true
2) Only B is true
3) Both A and B are true
4) Neither A nor B is correct.
A. During the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, St. Sophia Cathedral was built in Kyiv.
B. The biggest victory of Rus' during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise was the defeat of the Pechenegs.
1) Only A is true
2) Only B is true
3) Both A and B are true
4) Neither A nor B is correct
16. During what period was Vladimir Monomakh a great prince of Kyiv?
17. The reasons for the conversion of Rus' to Christianity were
1) lack of writing; intensification of the struggle between representatives of the nobility
2) the location of Rus' in Eurasia; the difficulty of establishing contacts with the Christian world
3) the established unified Old Russian nationality; the desire of Vladimir Svyatoslavich to intermarry with the royal houses
4) non-compliance of pagan religion with the level of development of ancient Russian society; destruction of cultural ties with Byzantium.
18. The congress of princes in Lyubech was convened with the aim
1) adoption of the all-Russian code of laws
2) stop strife
3) establishing a new procedure for collecting tribute
4) an agreement on a joint struggle against the Polovtsy
19. What is the significance of the baptism of Rus'?
1) overcoming alienation in relation to Christian countries; introduction to the cultural values of Byzantium; affirmation of universal human values in Russian society.
2) establishment of written laws; urban growth; strengthening of princely power.
3) alienation from European countries; affirmation of universal human values in Russian society.
4) the development of handicrafts and the growth of cities; establishing written laws; establishment of an autocephalous church.
20. Match
3) Svyatoslav
4) Vladimir I
A) Treaty with Tsargrad 911
B) The defeat of the Pechenegs in 1036
C) the defeat of Khazaria
D) Establishment of "lessons and graveyards"
D) Construction of border fortress cities
21. Who are we talking about?
“Taking tribute, he went to his city. When he was walking back, after thinking, he said to his squad: “Go home with tribute, and I will return and look like more.” And he sent his retinue home, and he himself returned with a small part of the retinue, desiring more wealth. ______________
22. Distribute which acts can be attributed to the activities of Prince Svyatoslav (1), and which - VladimirI Svyatoslavich (2).
A) Danube campaigns
B) Creation of several lines of defense on the border of Rus' with the Pechenegs
C) Victory over the Volga Bulgaria
D) Construction of St. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv
D) The defeat of the Khazar Khaganate
E) An attempt to reform paganism
G) Exit to Korsun
H) Completion of the defeat of the Polovtsians.
Polycentrism in Rus': Russian lands and principalities inXII- earlyXIIIcenturies (§§ 8-9)
No. of test items
Causes of the collapse of the Old Russian state.
Vladimir-Suzdal principality,
Novgorod the Great,
Galicia-Volyn principality:
political system, economic development,
culture.
7, 9,10,13,14,16,18,21.
3, 4, 5,11, 15, 19.
Choose the correct answer
The Old Russian state entered the final phase of land isolation
at the beginning of the 12th century.
in the second quarter of the 12th century.
by the end of the 12th century.
at the beginning of the thirteenth century.
All-Russian table in Rus' in the XII century. was NOT
Pereyaslav principality
Kiev principality
Chernihiv Principality
Velikiy Novgorod
During the period of polycentrism in Rus', boyar republics existed in
Kyiv and Vladimir
Vladimir and Novgorod
Novgorod and Pskov
Pskov and Galich
The most extensive in Rus' XII-XIII centuries. was the territory
Vladimir-Suzdal Rus
Galicia-Volyn land
Smolensk principality
Novgorod land
His position in Novgorod became elective from the end of the 12th century. He collected taxes, negotiated with foreigners, and possibly performed some military functions. Who are we talking about?
Posadnik
Tysyatsky
Archbishop
A fertile region with fertile soils and a mild climate, vast forests, significant deposits of rock salt -
Suzdal Principality
Pskov land
Galicia-Volyn principality
Kiev principality
In which principality did large patrimonial landownerships, powerful fortified boyar estates exist?
Galicia-Volyn
Smolensk
Kiev
Pereyaslavl
What is the main feature of the political structure of Vladimir-Suzdal Rus'?
Involvement of foreigners in domestic affairs
Strong princely power
Contractual relations between the prince and the boyars
The unity of the princely family and the absence of serious strife
Which of the listed princes was NOT the ruler of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality?
Andrey Bogolyubsky
Yury Dolgoruky
Vsevolod Big Nest
Yaroslav Osmomysl
The archbishop was not only the head of the church, but also controlled the standards of weights and measures in
Chernihiv
Novgorod
Which principality bordered the kingdoms of Poland and Hungary?
Galicia-Volyn
Kyiv
Ryazan
Church of the Intercession on the Nerl, Assumption Cathedral, Golden Gate - architectural monuments
Southwestern Rus'
Novgorod land
Northeast Rus'
Kievan Rus
In the XII-XIII centuries. Novgorod primarily developed as
farming center
shopping mall
religious center of Rus'
all-Russian political center
The years of the reign of Yuri Dolgoruky
The prince transferred the capital from Suzdal to Vladimir
Vsevolod Big Nest
Vladimir Monomakh
Yury Dolgoruky
Andrey Bogolyubsky
The first birch bark letters were found by archaeologists in
Novgorod
A) Fragmentation - "the time of the political, economic and cultural flourishing of many Russian principalities"
B) Fragmentation is “disintegration”, “crisis”, “weakening of Rus'”
Only A is true
Only B is true
True A and B
Neither A nor B is correct
What is the name of the icon taken out by Andrei Bogolyubsky from Kyiv?
"Unbreakable Wall"
"Vladimir Mother of God"
"Our Lady of Oranta"
"Our Lady of the Great Panagia"
Choose the correct answers
List the important advantages of the geographical location of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality
distance from the Steppe
had access to the Baltic and the Black Sea
border protection by impenetrable forests
long borders with foreign states
developed river system
The reasons for the formation of a polycentric state structure in Rus' were
intricate system of transfer of princely power according to seniority in the family
an increase in the number of Polovtsian raids
natural character of the economy
differences in the cultural development of the lands
preservation of pagan beliefs
Fill in the blank
What Volyn prince (he was killed in the war with Poland) did the chronicler write about?
“____________ rushed at the Polovtsy like a lion, was angry like a lynx, and raced across their land like an eagle, he was brave like a tour! He competed in pursuit of glory with his great-grandfather Monomakh!”
Culture of pre-Mongol Rus (X-StartXIIIcenturies)
Checked Content Elements
No. of test items
Culture of Ancient Rus'
Christian culture and pagan traditions
1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 11, 22.
4, 5, 7, 9, 12, 13, 16.
Choose the correct answer
Which of the works is chronicle?
Ostromir gospel
A word about Igor's regiment
Izbornik
Tale of Bygone Years
The writing "Words about Igor's Campaign" refers to
end of the 10th century
the beginning of the 11th century.
end of the 12th century.
the beginning of the 13th century.
What event is described in the Tale of Igor's Campaign?
On the campaign of the Seversk princes against the Polovtsians in 1185.
On the strife of the Novgorod-Seversky and Chernigov princes
About the death of the princes - saints Boris and Gleb
The Tale of Boris and Gleb
A Word on Law and Grace
A word about Igor's regiment
Radziwill Chronicle
The first stone building in Rus' was
Sophia Cathedral in Novgorod
Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv
Prince's tower in Chernihiv
Tithe Church in Kyiv
Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv was built with
end of the 10th century
The temple art of Ancient Rus' was subordinated to the style that prevailed in
Greek architecture
pagan tradition
Byzantine tradition
Volga Bulgaria
The most ancient Russian code of laws that has come down to us
Pocon virny
The Truth of the Yaroslavichs
Russian Truth
The split of the Christian Church into Roman Catholic and Greek Orthodox occurred immediately after the death of Yaroslav the Wise in
The main elements of ancient Russian women's clothing were
Sundress, saffiano boots
kokoshnik, korzno, bast shoes
shirt, ports, pistons
epancha, shirt, kika
Mosaics, frescoes and iconography belong to
arts and crafts
monumental painting
hagiographic genre
architecture
St. George and St. Irina, Vydubitsky, Kiev-Pechersky -
chronicles
For the first time a Russian metropolitan was appointed
Vladimir I
Yaroslav the Wise
Vladimir Monomakh
Yuri Dolgoruky
Eliminate the extra element in the row:
Filigree
Painting on wet plaster with paints diluted in water -
miniature
What was condemned by the church as pagan, "filthy" customs?
buffoonery
Brotherhood
Legends and songs
grave lamentations
"Poem in stone" is called the carving on the facade of this cathedral
Kyiv Sofia
Dmitrievsky
Georgievsky
Novgorod Sofia
The Slavic alphabet was created
1) Hilarion, Anthony
2) Boris, Gleb
3) Cyril, Methodius
4) Cyril of Turovsky, John Chrysostom
Choose the correct answers
The folk genre is
sayings and proverbs
annals
riddles and fairy tales
historical legends and songs
Cultural monuments of pre-Mongolian Rus include
Demetrius Cathedral in Vladimir
"Trinity" by Andrei Rublev
"Ostromir Gospel"
"The Tale of the Devastation of Ryazan by Batu"
"Journey beyond three seas" Afanasy Nikitin
"Titular"
The characteristic features of the ancient Russian city are
planned development of the city
predominance of stone buildings
free, manor building
cramped, narrow streets, during the development of which the “spear rule” was in effect
the predominance of wooden one-story buildings
the presence of settlements and streets
urban artisans lived on a guild basis
22. Match
1. Vladimir architecture
A. Church of the Savior on Nereditsa
2. Novgorod architecture
B. Pyatnitskaya Church
V. Demetrius Cathedral
G. Sophia Cathedral
E. Church of the Intercession on the Nerl
1- _________ 2- __________
Chapter 2. RUSSIAN LANDS AND PRINCIPALITIES INXIII-mid15th century
Russian lands in the era of foreign conquests13th century and under the yoke of the Golden Horde
(§ 11-12)
Checked Content Elements
No. of test tasks
Mongol conquest and its influence on the history of our country.
Expansion from the West and its role in the history of the peoples of Rus' and the Baltic states
1, 7, 8, 11, 12, 18, 20.
5, 6, 13, 14, 17
Formation of the Golden Horde. Rus' and the Horde
2, 3, 4, 9, 10, 15, 16, 19, 21, 22
Choose the correct answer
1. Which principality was the first to be attacked by the Mongol hordes in 1237?
1) Vladimirskoye
2) Chernihiv
3) Kiev
4) Ryazan
2. The foundation of the Mongolian state is associated with the name
1) Genghis Khan
4) Subedea
3. What answer can be put in place of the question mark?
Policy methods of the Horde khans
Divide and Conquer policy? Dealing with the unruly
1) convening princely congresses
2) planting their cultural traditions and religious views
3) maintaining friendly relations with the Catholic West
4) exemption from paying tribute to the Orthodox clergy
4. Horde exit is
1) a tenth of all income in favor of the Golden Horde
2) theft of the Russian population in the Horde
3) Horde raids on Rus'
4) a trip of Russian princes for a label to the Russian reign in the Golden Horde
5. The task of Christianizing the peoples of the Baltic states was entrusted to
1) Order of Malta
2) Knights Templar
3) Teutonic Order
4) Livonian Order
6. What battle forced the crusaders to abandon the rapid conquest of the north-west of Rus'?
1) Neva battle
2) Battle on the river. City
3) Battle on the Ice
4) Battle of Rakovor
7. The first clash of the Russian army with the Mongolian troops took place in 1223 on the river
1) Kozelskoe
2) Ryazan
3) Chernihiv
4) Kiev
9. In what year was the Horde dominion over Russia established?
10. The resulting Golden Horde was part of
1) the states of Khorezmshahs
2) Polovtsian steppe
3) Mongol Empire
4) Crimean Khanate
11. What Russian lands did not fall under the dominion of the Horde?
1) Southwestern Rus'
2) Western Rus'
3) Southern Rus'
4) Northwestern Rus'
12. Eliminate the excess in the series "Cities that put up stubborn resistance to the army of Batu":
3) Vladimir
4) Kozelsk
13. Alexander Nevsky in the battle on Lake Peipus defeated
1) the combined forces of the Swedes, Norwegians, Finns
2) Teutonic Order
3) the united army of the Swedes
4) knights of the Livonian Order
14. Gavrila Oleksich, Savva, Yakov-Polotchanin, Misha from Novgorod, Ratmir -
1) participants in the battle on Lake Peipsi
2) organizers of the defense of Russian cities during the Horde invasion
3) heroes of the Neva battle
4) instigators of the uprising against the Horde yoke
15. What was NOT a form of Rus''s dependence on the Horde?
1) the issuance of a label to the great reign by the khans
2) control over the Orthodox clergy
3) paying tribute
4) the obligation to expose soldiers to the Mongolian troops
16. Daniil Galitsky in the fight against the Horde
1) tried to rely on the Catholic powers
2) achieved a ransom for independent collection of tribute
3) actively negotiated with the khans to reduce tribute
4) supported the policy of Alexander Nevsky
Choose the correct answers
17. What are the main reasons for the victory of the troops under the leadership of Prince Alexander Yaroslavich in the Battle of the Ice?
A) a strategically advantageous place for a battle
B) a significant numerical superiority of the Russian troops
C) the courage of Russian soldiers
D) autumn weather conditions
D) the youth and prowess of the prince
E) the erroneous tactics of the knights
18. Specify the reasons for the defeat of Rus' in the fight against the Mongols
A) the absence of fortified cities in Rus'
B) the political fragmentation of Rus'
C) going over to the side of the Horde princes of the southern lands
D) strife between Russian princes
E) the need to combat the invasion of the crusaders in the north-west of Rus'
E) in terms of fighting qualities, the Mongolian army was one of the best in the world
19. The consequences of the Horde invasion and the yoke
A) part of the city crafts disappeared, some forever
B) stone defensive construction stopped forever
C) North-Western Rus' was deserted
D) representatives of the unprivileged strata appeared in the princely environment
D) civil strife of Russian princes
G) domestic and foreign trade has sharply weakened
H) the creation by the Horde of their own administration in Rus'
20. Arrange the events in chronological order
A) The election of Temujin as the supreme ruler, the great khan
B) Creation of the Order of the Sword
C) The Mongol invasion of Central Europe
D) Batu's campaign against Rus'
21. Match
A. Central Asian merchants
2) Baskaki
B. Population census takers
3) Bessermen
C. Representatives of the Horde Khan in Rus' controlled the collection of tribute for the Horde
4) Numbers
D. Mongolian warriors
D. Tribal nobility
22. Who are we talking about?
He subjugated everyone to his will, choosing a new name, meaning "sent by heaven", "... all the Tatars, who used to be at enmity, became his single submissive army. He himself divided the Tatars into thousands, hundreds and tens, and he himself appointed his thousands, centurions, and tenths over them, rejecting the tribal khans if he did not trust them. ________________
Struggle for leadership in North-Eastern Rus'. Rise of Moscow. Internecine war in Rus' in the second quarter 15th century (§ 13-15)
Checked Content Elements
No. of test items
The struggle for political hegemony in North-Eastern Rus'.
Moscow as the center of the unification of Russian lands. Moscow princes and their politics
1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 15.
2, 6, 8, 11, 12, 14, 16, 17, 19, 21
Until the end of the XV century. in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania remained (axis)
strong princely power
strong influence of the Catholic clergy
veche tradition
the power of the Horde khans
According to the form of government, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was
unitary
federation
autonomy
The joint Lithuanian-Russian army defeated the Mongols in 1362 in the battle
at the river Drunk
at the river Vorskla
at the Blue Waters
Identify a pair related as cause and effect
Union of Krevo
Union of Horodil
Stopped the advance of the Teutonic Order to the east
Catholicism became the official religion of Lithuania
The official, obligatory language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was
Lithuanian
Polish
all named languages
The Battle of Grunwald took place in
In the Lithuanian-Russian state on the newly annexed Russian lands
strict control was established over the lands
customs, religion, the former order of government were preserved
3) a big tribute is set
the Russian population was supposed to supply soldiers to the Lithuanian army
In the absence of the sovereign, the supreme power in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania belonged to
steward
4) Rade of gentlemen
Bishop of Vilna
In the civil war of the XV century. Grand Duke Svidrigailo relied on
Catholic clergy
Orthodox population
5) Catholic Lithuanians
Polish gentry
The first all-zemstvo privilege was issued under the prince
Casimir IV
6) Sigismund
Svidrigailo
Choose the correct answers
In the XIV century. as a result of the victory of the Lithuanian-Russian army over the Horde in the battle of Blue Waters, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was assigned
A) Tver principality
B) Kyiv land
C) Pskov land
D) Chernihiv-Seversk land
D) Galicia-Volyn land
According to the first common land privilege
non-Catholics could not hold the highest positions in the state
Slavic lands seceded from the Principality of Lithuania
Principality gained independence from Poland
Orthodox Christians received equal rights with Catholics
Noble people of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, as well as Poland, in the 15th century. had a number of important privileges:
take full control of your slaves
full right to dispose of their property and lands
be punished only by a court decision, and class
the ability to go to the service of any sovereign of Europe
participate in the election of the king and members of the Sejm
Fill the gaps
20. Privilege is ____________________________________________________________
21. The Union of Kreva was concluded between Lithuania and ____________ in _________.
22. According to the ____________ union, the Lithuanian prince could not be elected without the consent of the Polish king.
Culture of Rus' XIII-XV centuries. (§§ 17–18)
Checked Content Elements
No. of test items
Russian culture.
Literacy, literature.
Painting.
Architecture.
1, 2, 16, 17, 20, 21.
3, 14, 6, 7, 11, 15, 19, 22.
4, 10, 12, 13, 18.
Choose the correct answer
The bulk of the townspeople (merchants, artisans) lived in
estates
settlements
The first mention of the use of cannons in Rus' was given in the annals
about the defense of Ryazan
about the capture of Moscow by Tokhtamysh in 1382.
about the Battle of Kulikovo
about the battle of Grunwald
INXIV century in Rus' appears
parchment
printed book
Who was a contemporary of Andrei Rublev?
Metropolitan Hilarion
Yury Dolgoruky
Sergius of Radonezh
Prince Mindovg
Under which Moscow prince was the white-stone Kremlin built?
Ivan Kalita
Basil I
Dmitry Ivanovich (Donskoy)