Orwell barnyard about what. Barnyard

Dystopia is one of the most striking genres of science fiction literature. And a prominent master of this direction was George Orwell. The books written by him are still associated with total control and state dictatorship. We will see in more detail what is remarkable about his works "Animal Farm" and "1984"

Fantastic. The word, fraught with the brightest genre of art. Fantasy consists entirely of the amazing, the unknown, the amazing. For decades, it has thrilled the minds of millions of readers around the world.

Unfortunately, this genre often has to endure the attacks of snobs due to the fact that this is a “low” art that has nothing to do with real works. Proponents of this view like to say that in science fiction there is nothing but robots, spaceships, scary monsters and distant planets - meaningless fantasies, that's all! Hobbibook authors are quick to express their strong disagreement.

In advance, it is worth bracketing bad literature, but the question of quality is in no way connected with the genre - the realistic direction is full of passing examples no less than the fantastic one. At the very least, it should be noted that in the part where we are really talking about the expanses of the Universe, technical revolutions and alien civilizations, science fiction tries to comprehend the achievements of human thought in the field of science. In many ways, this is why scientists often became science fiction writers: astronomer Arthur C. Clarke, biochemist Isaac Asimov, biologist Herbert Wells.

Soviet literary critic Yuli Kagarlitsky in his study "What is fantasy?" makes an interesting remark:

“Once upon a time, a scientist who wanted to speak on issues beyond his narrow field wrote a philosophical essay. Today he writes science fiction. Entering this area, he becomes a writer, while remaining a scientist..

But there is another feature of fantasy. The writer, using fantastic categories, can raise sharp questions about the problems of contemporary society. Thus, with the help of allegory, he gets the opportunity to designate social problems that concern him. One of the absolute expressions of social fiction can be called dystopia. And here, having overcome the stretched, but necessary introduction about the genre as a whole, we are approaching the subject of our conversation - George Orwell, Animal Farm and 1984.

Strictly speaking, only the novel "1984" can be called a fantastic dystopia, because "Animal Farm" by the same George Orwell is much more a parable, but these two works should be considered in close connection with each other. And below we will verify this.

George Orwell, biography

George Orwell

Eric Arthur Blair, known to readers under the name of George Orwell, like the one we have already talked about, lived in an extremely turbulent time for the entire planet Earth.

During his lifetime, there were two world wars, a series of revolutions and civil wars (including in Russia), the Cold War began (the term, in fact, was invented by Orwell).

The future writer was born in India, then still a British colony, in the family of an official, and spent his early childhood there. But already at the age of 8 he ended up in the UK. In his youth he attended the famous Eton College. Then fate brought him to Burma, where he served in the colonial police until 1927.

In the late 1920s, Orwell nevertheless returned to Europe. Then his desire to engage in literature was already formed. Starting to write, George first supported himself with odd jobs in Paris, then moved to England. Europe did not spoil him too much.

No, and there can be no doubt that the personal biography and the brightest upheavals of history had a decisive influence on the personality of the young man. He quickly became politicized. The process of moral evolution reached the point that in 1936, Orwell and his wife went to Spain, engulfed in the Civil War *, and joined the militia of the Workers' Party of the Marxist Unification (also known as the POUM).

By fighting on his side, Orwell saw firsthand the internal struggles among the Left in this conflict. He also witnessed the actions of the Comintern (controlled by Stalin), regarded by many as treacherous towards the Spanish Republic. After being wounded in the throat, George Orwell returned to Britain with socialist and anti-Stalinist views already taking shape.

For reference

*Spanish Civil War- a clash between the democratic government of the Second Spanish Republic ("People's Front") and the fascist military-nationalist rebellious dictatorship under the leadership of General Franco, supported by Germany, Italy and Portugal. The war began in 1936 and ended in 1939 with the defeat of the Popular Front and the victory of Franco. On the side of the Spanish Republic in the Civil War, in addition to Orwell, Ernest Hemingway, Arthur Koestler, Antoine de Saint-Exupery, Ilya Ehrenburg, John Dos Passos took part .

Here we come to the most interesting moment for the author of this article in the biography of the writer. He becomes a political writer.

In his essay “Why I write,” the writer quite accurately formulates the political motives in his work. According to George Orwell, books cannot be apolitical at all, because "Even the opinion that art should have nothing to do with politics is already a political position".

In the same essay, he poses the problem of combining a political statement and a literary work. George Orwell is interested in how you can express your civic views and still get something called art. Orwell was engaged in the development of such a specific and, of course, the most complex issue until the end of his days.

Upon his return from Spain, he first writes the documentaries "In Memory of Catalonia" and "Remembering the War in Spain", but then moves on to his most important artistic experiments: "Animal Farm" and "1984".

Animal Farm by George Orwell. Analysis of the work

Without Animal Farm, Orwell would never have written 1984. And according to the subjective point of view of the author of these lines, "Animal Farm" has more artistic merit.

The story definitely came into being because the socialist Orwell looked with great bitterness at what was happening in the Soviet Union: the “great terror”, the distortion of history, the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact *, Stalin’s personality cult. And the writer found a great way to express his heartache.

The plot of the story is quite witty. On a British farm, animals inspired by the old boar Major start a revolution and oust the drunk farmer Mr Jones as an exploiter. The beasts, led by the pigs Snowball and Napoleon, establish their republic on the territory of the barnyard and establish the seven commandments by which they must all live.

After that, it would seem that the kingdom of freedom, equality and happiness should come. But quite quickly in the environment of animals there is a delimitation. The level of class consciousness in each individual citizen of the barnyard is different. But the main trouble lies elsewhere - there is a struggle for power between Snowball and Napoleon, which will lead to very disastrous consequences for the young republic of animals.

For reference

*Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact- non-aggression pact between the USSR and Germany of August 23, 1939. A secret protocol was attached to it, according to which spheres of influence in Eastern Europe were delimited if there was a territorial and political reorganization. The pact was unofficially named after Vyacheslav Molotov, People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of the USSR, and Joachim von Ribbentrop, German Foreign Minister.

In order not to spoil the pleasure, we will not reveal all the details of the story that the book "Animal Farm" contains. George Orwell, with the help of apt allegory, draws a satire on revolutionary society. On how a revolution arises and how it then degenerates into a bureaucratic oligarchy. Here Orwell, of course, appears as a consistent critic of Stalinism.

In the image of Napoleon, his methods and behavior, obviously, the personality of Comrade Stalin is visible. The snowball, depicted in the story both with irony and with sympathy, fully corresponds to Leon Trotsky (one of the leaders of the October Revolution, later expelled from the country by Stalin).

There is also a place here for the allegorical representation of entire strata of society: the industrious horse Fighter - workers; Molly, the ribbon-loving horse, is an emigrant intellectual; raven preacher Moses - religious figures; donkey-skeptic Benjamin - the intelligentsia remaining in the republic, etc. Many other events in the life of the Soviet Union will also be figuratively touched upon - for example, the Great Patriotic War.

Thanks to the chosen form of the parable, George Orwell manages to create a satire that is amazing in its accuracy, revealing all the vices of a degenerate revolutionary society in a tragicomedic vein. The substitution of revolutionary ideals under Stalin finds its place with the writer in the addition of animal commandments. So commandment "All animals are equal" during the dictatorship of Napoleon, eventually turns into a legendary "All animals are equal, but there are those who are more equal"…

There is evidence that Orwell dreamed that the Animal Farm would one day fall into the hands of the citizens of the USSR. And he got there, but only during the years of Perestroika.

1984 book by George Orwell.Analysis of the work

Finally, the parabola of George Orwell's creative development led him to the most famous and, unfortunately, the most recent work - the novel "1984". Probably, having created Animal Farm, the writer realized that he wanted to reflect not only the real state of affairs, but also to trace what such a balance of power could hypothetically lead to in the future. It was here that Orwell entered the territory of fantasy, which we talked about for so long at the beginning of the article. And he created one of the most famous dystopias in the history of literature.

As the name implies, the year is 1984 (for Orwell, the future, because he worked on the text of the novel in the late 40s). The world by this time is divided between three huge states: Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia. These countries are in an endless war with each other. The action of the novel takes place in Oceania, where the revolution triumphed in the late 50s and established the ideology of the so-called angsots (“English socialism”).

The ruler of Oceania and the head of the only governing party is a certain Big Brother, the hero of the revolution, the infallible and beloved leader of the whole nation - his face looks at the citizens from posters and screens hung everywhere. The image is always accompanied by the phrase "Big Brother is watching you."

Local television regularly broadcasts either about victories on the war fronts or about the successes of production and the economy. Periodically, the media arrange "minutes of hatred": the screens show recordings of a man named Emmanuel Goldstein, who “once, a long time ago (so long ago that no one even remembered when), was one of the leaders of the party, almost equal to Big Brother, and then embarked on the path of counter-revolution, was sentenced to death and mysteriously escaped, disappeared".

There is a rumor that there is a secret terrorist organization the Brotherhood, led by Goldstein from Eurasia, and permanently planning the overthrow of power in Oceania. During the "minutes of hate" party members fall into hysteria, turn themselves on, shouting insults and curses at Goldstein. To top it all, although it is hushed up, Oceania lives in conditions of acute commodity shortage - sometimes you can’t get razor blades or anything else that is needed in everyday life.

Big Brother is watching you

In this unfriendly, paradoxical world, an ordinary party member, an employee of the Ministry of Truth, Winston Smith has to live. He belongs to those few people who still retained the ability to reason. Reflections generated by the insane totalitarian reality that he observes every day lead Smith to realize the need to fight for his own opinion, for the freedom of the individual. In Oceania, such a position is deadly, because. there is a special thought police, and the most terrible violation of the law is here called thought crime.

Sad picture, isn't it? It is obvious that George Orwell is occupied with the limits of the totalitarian states that emerged in the middle of the 20th century, including in Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union. He does what he talked about in the essay - he dresses his political views in the form of a fantasy novel. But because of this, there is an effect that possibly reduces the impact of "1984" on the modern reader. Because many of the problems that Orwell refers to in his dystopia were reality for him, while for a person of our time they are already turning into details of history. And the reader may, as we know, may not know history well. So many strokes of the work clearly hint at the USSR. Let's say this is a description of Big Brother's appearance:

“... the face of a man of about forty-five, with a thick black mustache, rough, but masculinely attractive”

Almost certainly refers to Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin. Moreover, the period of Stalin's rule in the USSR was characterized by the widespread appearance of his portraits. One could write this off as a funny coincidence, if not for the appearance of the "traitor" Emmanuel Goldstein, written by the author:

“A dry Jewish face in a halo of light gray hair, a goatee - an intelligent face and at the same time inexplicably repulsive; and there was something senile about that long, cartilaginous nose with the glasses that had slipped almost to the very tip. .

Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin
Lev Davidovich Trotsky

Of course, we have before us a verbal portrait of Leon Davidovich Trotsky.

A similar interpretation is also confirmed by the fact that among the dissidents of Oceania, Goldstein’s book “The Theory and Practice of Oligarchic Collectivism” is being passed from hand to hand, fictitious quotes from which Orwell cites when Winston Smith reads it - most likely, the work of L. Trotsky is meant " Revolution Betrayed” (the second title is “What is the USSR, and where is it going?”).

Not to mention the fact that Trotsky's surname at birth is Bronstein, consonant with the surname Goldstein. After all, Orwell himself had already confirmed his interest in the political duel between Stalin and Trotsky at Animal Farm.

Theory and practice of oligarchic collectivism
A Revolution Betrayed

Present here are their victims of the local "great terror" - the former leaders of the party Aronson, Jones and Rutherford, convicted of treason, then publicly repented and still destroyed. Perhaps Orwell had in mind Kamenev, Zinoviev and Bukharin, but here the similarities are not as obvious as in the case of Trotsky and Stalin. Perhaps the writer brought out collective images of the affected "Old Bolsheviks".

The sinister thought police deserves special mention. Here, of course, Orwell brings the work of the special services of totalitarian regimes, such as the Gestapo or the NKVD, to the point of absurdity. The thought police are hunting for "thought criminals" using widespread surveillance, provocations and a well-established system of denunciations. Thus, many parents are afraid of their children (local pioneers), because they receive such an upbringing in schools that will not stop them from denouncing their father or mother. The story of Pavlik Morozov immediately comes to mind.

Winston Smith himself, working in the Ministry of Truth, is constantly engaged in editing history. Tasks coming down to him from above require correction of undesirable facts in the printed matter of the past years. For example, a mention of awarding an order to a comrade later recognized as an enemy of the people cannot remain in the newspaper - it must be edited. Thus, the history of Oceania is falsified at all levels. Again, you can’t get rid of the parallels with Stalinism (hello to the “Short Course in the History of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks”).

The whole system that has developed in this fictional society requires the citizen to unconditional obedience and faith in the imposed ideals. Any doubt (even logically justified) is immediately qualified as a thought crime. The hero writes in his diary: "Freedom is the ability to say that two times two equals four". And even such an obvious thesis can be changed at the request of the party.

In the world after the release of the novel "1984" there were immediately many critics and readers who dubbed the book an anti-communist work. However, was it only the Stalinist USSR that frightened Orwell?

Let us pay attention to the fact that in the plot of "1984" Oceania is at war with Eurasia, then with Eastasia, but in the media it is stated that either "Oceania has always been at war with Eurasia", or that "Oceania has always been at war with Eastasia", depending on situations. What inspired George Orwell when he came up with this? Consider his essay "The Suppression of Literature":

“Take, for example, the various, diametrically opposed positions that the English communist or 'fellow traveler' was forced to take with regard to the war between Britain and Germany. Until September 1939, for many years he was supposed to resent the "horrors of Nazism" and curse Hitler with every written word; after September 1939, he had to believe for a year and eight months that Germany had suffered more injustice than she herself was doing, and the word "Nazi", at least in printed text, was completely thrown out of the dictionary. No sooner had our English communist listened to the latest news on the radio at eight o'clock in the morning on June 22, 1941, than he had to believe again that the world had not seen a more monstrous evil than Nazism.

As you can see, no Soviet Union. Only European, quite civilized Great Britain, changing its official position with enviable constancy. In the same fragment there is also the phrase "cleanly thrown out of the dictionary" - and this has its own illustration, taken to the absolute, in "1984". Scientists are preparing Newspeak for the population of Oceania - a language that will be spoken by the entire population in the future. And whole categories of words and their meanings are constantly removed from it, so that the very possibility of a thought-crime disappears from a person. He simply won't have the verbal tools to think "wrong".

Some argue that "1984" is extremely similar to one of the first dystopias - the novel "We" by Yevgeny Zamyatin. But it is difficult to say for sure about the influence. Orwell read "We", which is a fact, but apparently, the book of the Russian emigrant fell into his hands when the idea of "1984" had already taken shape, and the work was underway. However, the Briton even wrote his own review of Zamyatin's work.

In the subjective opinion of the author of the article, George Orwell greatly overestimated the possibilities of a totalitarian regime. During the 20th century, totalitarianism, in the form in which the British science fiction writer feared it, ceased to exist - it turned out to be unviable in the long run. But this does not mean that modern society is safe. The tasks set by a totalitarian state according to Orwell are realized in other ways, more comfortable, but by no means more humane. Although this is a subject for another discussion.

"1984" - film adaptations

Like most cult literary works, Orwell's novel has its own screen versions. In the case of "1984", as many as 3 copies appeared.

The first had a television format, and was released on the BBC channel in 1954, shortly after the death of George Orwell. Unfortunately, Hobbibook didn't have a chance to check it out, but Peter Cushing (known to Star Wars fans as Governor Tarkin) starred in it.

The second adaptation, and the first as a movie, appeared 2 years later, in 1956. Directed by Michael Anderson. Winston Smith was played by Edmond O'Brien. Unfortunately, the serious problem of the picture is that it extremely primitivizes the literary original. Actually, in the film adaptation of Michael Anderson there is no sense of the main thing - a totalitarian society. Because of this, everything else instantly becomes completely unconvincing.

Finally, the third adaptation of 1984, directed by Michael Radford, came out in 1984. It is closest to the original text and definitely has the spirit of Orwell's monstrous world. But at the same time, it is not possible to call it a good film. It gives the impression of a mechanical transfer of the work to the screen. Radford's film does not make any sense, does not take into account many new historical data. "1984" in this version becomes simply a beautiful and atmospheric illustration of the novel, nothing more - this is not enough to be called a full-fledged cinematic work.

The line with Emmanuel Goldstein does not receive any noticeable development in any of the film adaptations.

We have to admit that the book "1984" has not received a screen incarnation adequate to its level.

And what is the result?

George Orwell, the books written by him had a huge impact on modern culture. The amazing worlds created by his imagination have firmly entered our lives. Lazy today did not hear the phrase "Big Brother is watching you" (even though he is usually called Big Brother). Everyone knows that among equals there are “those who are more equal”. And some sometimes remember that sometimes two times two can equal five.

The very name of Orwell today has become a household name and is associated with total control. Hollywood now and then makes films based on the literary heritage of the British - an example of this is George Lucas' THX-1138 or Kurt Wimmer's Equilibrium. The novel "1984" and the story "Animal Farm" are read with enthusiasm to this day.

Does this mean that George Orwell's warnings benefited humanity in one way or another?

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Mr. Jones owns Manor Farm near the town of Willingdon in England. The old hog Major collects all the animals that live here at night in a large barn. He says that they live in slavery and poverty, because man appropriates the fruits of their labor, and calls for rebellion: you need to free yourself from man, and animals will immediately become free and rich. The Major sings the old song "Beasts of England". The animals are catching up. Preparations for the uprising are taken over by pigs, which are considered the most intelligent animals. Among them, Napoleon, Snowball and Squealer stand out. They turn Major's teachings into a coherent philosophical system called Animalism and expound its foundations to others at secret gatherings. The most faithful students are the draft horses Boxer and Clover. The uprising comes sooner than expected, as Jones is drinking and his workers have completely abandoned the farm and stopped feeding the cattle. The patience of animals comes to an end, they pounce on their tormentors and drive them away. Now the farm, the Manor barnyard is owned by animals. They destroy everything that reminds them of the owner, and leave his house as a museum, but none of them should ever live there. The estate is given a new name: "Animal Farm".

Pig Animalism principles are reduced to the Seven Commandments and written on the barn wall. According to them, from now on and forever, animals are obliged to live in the Animal Farm:

1. All bipeds are enemies.

2. All four-legged or with wings are friends.

3. Animals must not wear clothes.

4. Animals should not sleep in bed.

5. Animals should not consume alcohol.

6. Animals should not kill other animals for no reason.

7. All animals are equal.

For those who can't remember all the Commandments, Snowball cuts them down to one: "Four legs is good, two legs is bad."

Animals are happy, although they work from dawn to dusk. Boxer works for three. His motto is: "I will work even harder." On Sundays general meetings are held; resolutions are always put forward by pigs, the rest only vote. Then everyone sings the anthem "Beasts of England". Pigs don't do work, they lead others.

Napoleon announces that the windmill must still be built. It turns out that Napoleon always insisted on this construction, and Snowball simply stole and appropriated all his calculations and drawings. Napoleon had to pretend that he was against it, since there was no other way to get rid of Snowball, "who was a dangerous person and had a bad influence on everyone." An explosion one night destroys a half-built windmill. Napoleon says that this is Snowball's revenge for his shameful exile, accuses him of many crimes and announces his death sentence. He calls for immediate restoration of the windmill.

Soon Napoleon, having gathered animals in the yard, appears accompanied by dogs. He forces the pigs who once objected to him, and then several sheep, chickens and geese, to confess to a secret relationship with Snowball. Dogs immediately gnaw their throats. The shocked animals mournfully begin to sing "Beasts of England", but Napoleon forbids the singing of the anthem forever. In addition, it turns out that the sixth commandment says: "Animals must not kill other animals without reason." Now it is clear to everyone that it was necessary to execute the traitors who themselves admitted their guilt.

Mr. Frederick, who lives next door, with fifteen armed workers attacks the Animal Farm, they injure and kill many animals and blow up a newly built windmill. Animals repel the attack, but they themselves are bled and exhausted. But, listening to Napoleon's solemn speech, they believe that they won the greatest victory in the Battle of the Windmill.

Boxer dies from overwork. As the years go by, fewer and fewer animals remain who remember life on the farm before the Rebellion. Animal Farm is gradually getting richer, but everyone, except for pigs and dogs, is still starving, sleeping on straw, drinking from a pond, working day and night in the field, suffering from cold in winter and heat in summer. Through reports and summaries, Squealer consistently proves that life on the farm is getting better every day. Animals are proud that they are not like everyone else: after all, they own the only farm in the whole of England where everyone is equal, free and works for their own good.

Meanwhile, the pigs move into Jones' house and sleep in the beds. Napoleon lives in a separate room and eats from the front service. Pigs begin to trade with people. They drink whiskey and beer, which they themselves brew. They demand that all other animals give way to them. Having violated another Commandment, pigs, using the gullibility of animals, rewrite it in a way that suits them, and the only commandment remains on the barn wall: "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others." Finally, the pigs put on Jones' clothes and start walking on their hind legs, to the bleating of approval from the Squealer-trained sheep: "Four legs is good, two legs is better."

People from neighboring farms come to visit the pigs. Animals peek through the living room window. At the table, guests and hosts play cards, drink beer and make almost identical toasts to friendship and normal business relations. Napoleon shows documents confirming that from now on the farm is joint property of pigs and is again called "Farm Manor". Then a quarrel breaks out, everyone screams and fights, and it is no longer possible to make out where the man is and where the pig is.

Mr. Jones owns the Manor farm near the town of Willingdon in England. The old hog Major collects all the animals that live here at night in a large barn. He says that they live in slavery and poverty, because man appropriates the fruits of their labor, and calls for rebellion: you need to free yourself from man, and animals will immediately become free and rich. The Major sings the old song "Beasts of England". The animals are catching up. Preparations for the uprising are taken over by pigs, which are considered the most intelligent animals. Among them, Napoleon, Snowball and Squealer stand out. They turn the Major's teachings into a coherent philosophical system called Animalism and expound its foundations to others at secret gatherings. The most faithful students are the draft horses Boxer and Clover. The uprising comes sooner than expected, as Jones is drinking and his workers have completely abandoned the farm and stopped feeding the cattle. The patience of animals comes to an end, they pounce on their tormentors and drive them away. Now the farm, the Manor barnyard is owned by animals. They destroy everything that reminds them of the owner, and leave his house as a museum, but none of them should ever live there. The estate is given a new name: "Animal Farm".

Pig Animalism principles are reduced to the Seven Commandments and written on the barn wall. According to them, from now on and forever, animals are obliged to live in the Animal Farm:

1. All bipeds are enemies.
2. All four-legged or with wings are friends.
3. Animals must not wear clothes.
4. Animals should not sleep in bed.
5. Animals should not consume alcohol.
6. Animals should not kill other animals for no reason.
7. All animals are equal.

For those who can't remember all the Commandments, Snowball cuts them down to one: "Four legs is good, two legs is bad."

Soon Napoleon, having gathered animals in the yard, appears accompanied by dogs. He forces the pigs who once objected to him, and then several sheep, chickens and geese, to confess to a secret relationship with Snowball. Dogs immediately gnaw their throats. The shocked animals mournfully begin to sing "Beasts of England", but Napoleon forbids the performance of the anthem forever. In addition, it turns out that the sixth commandment says: "Animals must not kill other animals without reason." Now it is clear to everyone that it was necessary to execute the traitors who themselves admitted their guilt.

Meanwhile, the pigs move into Jones' house and sleep in the beds. Napoleon lives in a separate room and eats from the front service. Pigs begin to trade with people. They drink whiskey and beer, which they themselves brew. They demand that all other animals give way to them. Having violated another Commandment, pigs, using the gullibility of animals, rewrite it in a way that suits them, and the only commandment remains on the barn wall: “All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others.” Finally, the pigs put on Jones' clothes and begin to walk on their hind legs, to the bleating of approval from the Squealer-trained sheep: "Four legs is good, two legs is better."

People from neighboring farms come to visit the pigs. Animals peek through the living room window. At the table, guests and hosts play cards, drink beer and make almost identical toasts to friendship and normal business relations. Napoleon shows documents confirming that from now on the farm is the joint property of pigs and is again called “Farm Manor”. Then a quarrel breaks out, everyone screams and fights, and it is no longer possible to make out where the man is and where the pig is.

Option 2

The action takes place on the farm of Mr. Jones, near the town of Willingdon in England. At night in the barn, the old boar Major collects all the animals. He convinces everyone that all troubles are only from man and says that an uprising is necessary in order to be freed from man, only then will they become truly free.

The major with the animals starts singing the old song "Beasts of England". The pigs take over the preparations for the uprising, with Napoleon, Snowball and Squealer being the most active. They create their own philosophical system - Animalism. Horses Boxer and Clover become their faithful students. An uprising passes, the animals drive the people away, and the Manor barnyard is renamed "The Animal Farm". They make up the seven commandments by which they begin to live.

The meaning of all the commandments was that: "Four legs is good, two legs is bad."

Everyone is happy, working all day and singing the Beasts of England anthem, and everyone is being led by pigs.

Between Snowball and Napoleon there is a conflict over a windmill. Napoleon orders the dogs to pounce on Snowball, but he escapes and is never seen again. Napoleon cancels all meetings, creates a committee, which he also heads and pronounces a new motto: "Napoleon is always right."

Napoleon says that the windmill should be built, and also says that it was his idea, and Snowball just stole it. After a while, he collects animals and finds out who secretly communicated with Snowball. He sets dogs on them, which kill them. Animals begin to sing a hymn, but Napoleon forbids it from now on to be performed.

Pigs and dogs live well, while the rest, as before, are starving, suffering from the cold, sleeping on straw. The Boxer horse dies from hard work and fewer and fewer animals remember how they lived on the former farm. Pigs begin to live in the house and sleep in beds, they also begin to trade with people, drink alcohol and leave only one commandment: "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others."

As a result, pigs put on people's clothes and begin to move on two legs with a new motto: "Four legs is good, two legs is better."

People come to the pigs, they sit together at the table, drink, play cards. Napoleon shows documents according to which the "Animal Farm" is the property of pigs and is again called "FarmManor". Then a quarrel breaks out, everyone screams and fights, and it is no longer possible to make out where the man is and where the pig is.

An essay on literature on the topic: Summary Animal Farm Orwell

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A former prisoner, now a school teacher, longing to find peace in some remote and quiet corner of Russia, finds shelter and warmth in the house of an elderly and familiar life Matryona. They immediately find a common language. Next to Matryona, the hero calms down with his soul. Biography simple Read More ......
Let's start with denial. Let's look at Dahl: "The righteous is a person who lives in everything according to the law of God." That is, sinless. The sinless one is good: she didn’t wait for her betrothed from the war, she married his brother, but it’s a difficult time and it’s difficult to live alone, but Read More ......
In the work “Matryona Dvor”, Alexander Isaevich Solzhenitsyn describes the life of a hardworking, intelligent, but very lonely woman - Matryona, whom no one understood or appreciated, but everyone tried to take advantage of her diligence and responsiveness. The very title of the story “Matryona Dvor” can be interpreted in different ways. Read More ......

Summary of Animal Farm Orwell

The book describes events from the life of a private farm near the town of Willingdon in England. Pigs are the smartest animals on the farm, they convince the rest of the inhabitants that a person keeps them in slavery and poverty. If they overthrow their cruel masters, their life will immediately improve. The pigs turn the thoughts of the Leader (the oldest boar on the farm) into a philosophical system called "Scotism" and spread its principles to the rest of the animals at secret gatherings. Exhausted by starvation and hard work, the animals pick up the teaching.

The uprising turns out to be spontaneous, but leads to the expected result - people are expelled from the farm, which is now called the Animal Farm. Its free inhabitants begin to organize their order. The principles of Scotism are now reduced to 7 commandments, which are written on the walls of the barn.

The pigs take over the management of the farm, and the rest work even harder, but no one questions, because now they are working for their bright future.

After some time, the political system on the farm smoothly transforms from democracy to dictatorship. A pig named Napoleon concentrates all power in his hands. All pigs receive a number of advantages, hypocritically violate and edit the commandments to fit their needs, while the rest of the animals, on the contrary, are forced to work up a sweat and starve. As a result, the current farm managers become those whom animals so feared and hated - people.

The events from the book, in fact, are an allegorical reflection of the realities of Russia in the first half of the twentieth century. The book teaches us to think critically and look to the future, drawing useful lessons from history, while demonstrating how the ideas of revolutionaries can be betrayed and vulgarized.

George Orwell's parable "Animal Farm" was written in 1945. But the target audience was able to get acquainted with it only after several decades, since the book was banned on the territory of the former USSR, like all the works of the author.