Rise of barbarian states. Great Migration
During the Great Migration of Peoples, the barbarian tribes did not have statehood. The emergence of states was due to the internal development of German society, as well as the adaptation of the Germans to the real conditions of infusion into the Roman Empire. The states created by the Germans were called barbarian kingdoms.
Definition 1
Barbarian kingdoms are state formations on the territory of the Western Roman Empire, created by barbarian peoples. The time of their occurrence is V century, i.e. the time of the collapse of the empire. A common feature of states: internal instability, the cause of which is not established rules for the transfer of power.
After the permission of the capital of the empire Ravenna to settle in a specific territory, the barbarian tribes received land. To manage it, to protect it became the duty of the tribe. The production was done by local people. Having become federates, the barbarians monopolized military affairs. The locals were happy with this state of affairs. They perceived them as rulers, governors from the emperor, continuing to consider themselves Romans.
Barbarian kingdoms remained disparate tribal formations based on interpersonal and intertribal relations. The authority of power was based on the magical halo and personal qualities of the leader. In most cases, the barbarians did not seize power, but received it from the emperor. As a result, the empire was dismembered.
The invasion of the Huns interrupted the creation of barbarian states. There is a simultaneous division of tribes and their consolidation into multi-ethnic unions. The empire controls the settlement of tribal formations.
Existing barbarian kingdoms
The first barbarian state was the Kingdom of the Visigoths, which arose in 418. The Visigoth king Valius signed an agreement with Honorius and received lands north of the Pyrenees to the Loire River. In 718 conquered by the Arabs.
In 429, the Vandals and Alans, ousted by the Visigoths from Iberia, crossed over to Africa and formed the Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans. By the mid-30s, the Vandals had conquered the entire Roman north of Africa, captured Carthage and made it their capital. In 534 Byzantium conquered the Kingdom of Carthage.
The Burgundians became federates in 413 and settled in Worms on the left bank of the Rhine. The Burgundian kingdom was formed. In 435, the invasion of the Huns devastated their lands and killed the king. The remaining Burgundians moved in 443 on the orders of Emperor Aetius to the banks of the Rhone River in Savoy. In 534 Burgundy became part of the Frankish state.
The leader of the Franks Clovis in 481 formed the Frankish kingdom and proclaimed himself king. For three centuries, a powerful state appeared in the center of Europe.
Remark 1
In 488, an agreement was concluded between the Ostrogothic king Theodoric and the emperor Flavius Zeno to fight the leader Odoacer. Having defeated the enemy, Theodoric created the Kingdom of the Ostrogoths and became the emperor's representative in Italy. In 555 Byzantium captured the Italian Kingdom of the Ostrogoths.
The Suevi settled in the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula. In 409 they created their own kingdom. In 585 they were subjugated by the Visigoths.
In 566, the Lombards completed the formation of a kingdom in Northern Italy. Gradually they populated the post throughout the Apennine Peninsula, Corsica and Istria. Charlemagne conquered them in 774.
In Britain in the 5th century, the Germanic tribes strengthened:
- English,
- Saxons
- Frisians,
- yuts.
In the 6th century, they created seven sovereign Anglo-Saxon states that sought to unite and created one kingdom.
Features of barbarian kingdoms
Each state had blurry, frequently changing borders. The capitals were also subject to relocation. Conflicts between the king and vassals ended in the death of the ruler.
Remark 2
Despite the formation of the state, communal relations persisted. This was expressed in holding public meetings, convening a military militia.
The Roman state system and Roman law had a great influence on the barbarian kingdoms. Officials, senior officials went through the management school in Rome.
Visigothic kingdom. (Toulouse)
Visigothic (Germanic) tribes. In 410 sacked Rome.
419 AD Visigothic tribes capture the southwestern part of Gaul. The capital of the kingdom in Toulouse. This is the first independent barbarian state on Roman territory. The Visigoths took 2/3 of the land from local landowners.
2nd floor Vv. the Visigoths conquer the territory from Gaul to the Loire and most of Spain (the capital of Toledo).
In the beginning. 6th century The Visigoths were forced out of Gaul by the Franks. Southeast. coast of Spain in 554. was conquered by Byzantium. The Visigoths were in the minority - the Romanization of the region began. Thus, in con. 6th century The Visigoths abandoned Arianism and adopted the Roman Christian faith.
In the beginning. 8th century their state in Spain was conquered by the Arabs.
Kingdom of the Sueves.
In 409 part of the Suevi (Germanic tribes) from the Upper. Danube moved to the Iberian Peninsula. In 585. The kingdom of the Suebi was conquered by the Visigoths.
vandal kingdom
In the 3rd century AD German tribes of the Vandals moved to the Middle Danube. But because of the onslaught of the Huns, the Vandals went to the West along with the Allans. They broke through the Roman defensive line on the Middle Rhine. In Vv. they invaded Gaul and Spain.
In 429-439, the Vandals and Allans invaded North Africa through Gibraltar and conquered it. The Kingdom of the Vandals was created here. King Gaiseric (428-477) The conquest was facilitated by: the rebellion of the local Roman governor Boniface, the liberation struggle of the Berbers, the movement agnostics. In 439 The Vandals entered Carthage. Later they captured Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, the Balearic Islands. Being Arians vandals seized the property of the Roman church. In 455 Vandals plundered Rome and destroyed many monuments of ancient culture.
In 534. The kingdom of the Vandals was conquered by Byzantium.
Burgundian kingdom.
The Burgundian kingdom was formed by the East German tribe of the Burgundians in the 3rd century AD. on the Middle Rhine in the region of Worms. But in 436 was conquered by the Huns. Part of the Burgundians formed a new kingdom in 457 in the Rhone basin with its capital in Lyon.
In 534 the Franks conquered the kingdom.
Ostrogothic kingdom.
Ostrogoths (greutungs), german tribe. In 375 AD the union of tribes in the Northern Black Sea region, headed by King Ermanaric, was defeated by the Huns.
In 488 led by Theodoric invaded Italy. Only in 493g. the kingdom was founded after an agreement was concluded with Odoacer, the head of one of the German detachments in the Roman service, on the division of Italy. Odoacer in 476 deposed Romulus Augustulus and seized power in Italy. In 493 He was killed by Theodoric at a feast. The Ostrogothic kingdom with its capital in Ravenna became the property of Theodoric.
In the Ostrogothic kingdom, Roman law and the Senate were preserved. The Ostrogoths took 1/3 of the income of large landowners. Theodoric pursued a policy of rapprochement between the Ostrogothic and Italo-Roman nobility. Death of Theodoric in 526. led to conflicts.
In 533 the kingdom was conquered by Byzantium by Belisarius, who led the fleet of the Byzantines, supported by the Roman nobility and the Catholic Church. But on the side of the Ostrogoths were the lower strata. In 552. The Byzantines accepted a new successful attempt to capture Italy. In 555. Italy was completely conquered by Byzantium.
Justinian issued a decree that the slaves and columns returned to their former owners - the Roman nobility.
Lombard kingdom.
In 568. The Germanic tribe of the Lombards invaded Italy. Previously, they were allied with the Saxons, Sarmatians and Bulgarians in the territory of Pannonia. In Italy, the Lombards took all the land of the local nobility, the population was turned into slaves. The Lombards controlled the entire sowing. Italy, and Wed. Italy, except for Ravenna and a small area. near Rome. In southern Italy, the Lombards captured the duchies of Benevent and Spoleto.
In 774 Charlemagne conquered the kingdom of the Lombards.
So, the early medieval kingdoms were unstable state formations with signs of a communal-tribal organization in the form of a territorial community of free landowners, popular assemblies, and military militias. The positions of royal power were weak. The king depended on the support of the troops and the ruling elite. The development of statehood was closely connected with the ethnogenesis and Romanization of the barbarian population.
Ticket number 9:
The Genesis of Feudalism in Western Europe. The main factors of the genesis of feudalism and their influence on the process. The rise of feudalism is a long and complex process. Both in Late Antiquity and in barbarian society, prerequisites arose for the formation of feudal relations. Historically, in Western Europe, the further development of feudalism took place in the context of the clash and interaction of these societies. The most active feudal synthesis proceeded where the ancient and barbarian principles were sufficiently balanced. A classic example of such a variant of development is North-Eastern Gaul, where feudalism took hold early, already in the 8th-9th centuries. The northern French model of feudalism is conditionally taken as a standard. The degree of activity of feudal synthesis in one region or another depended on many factors. In the first place among them should be put the numerical ratio of barbarians and Romans who found themselves in the same territory. In most provinces of the former Roman Empire, the Germans made up only 2-3 percent of the population; however, due to the uneven population, their proportion in some places was noticeably higher. The second important factor is the very nature of the settlement of barbarians on the territory of the empire. Most often, the Germans occupied the lands of the fiscus, but if they were not enough in a given area, they divided the land and other property of the local possessors, leaving them usually a third of the arable land and half of the land. so did the Visigoths, Burgundians, Heruli and Ostrogoths. Some tribes, in an effort to settle compactly, captured the entire area they liked, driving out all the former owners from there, an example of such a policy is the development of Italy by the Lombards. It happened that the Roman possessors, together with the servants, left their lands themselves and the barbarians got almost deserted places. This course of events is typical for Britain and Norik. The third factor is the comparative cultural level of the alien and local population. The speed of this process also depended on other factors, including religious and legal ones. The fact that the Franks immediately, in 496, accepted Christianity in the Catholic form, undoubtedly facilitated their contacts with the Romans, while, as the adherence of the Visigoths and Lombards to Arianism, these contacts were very difficult. The laws of the Visigoths and Lombards categorically forbade their marriages with the Romans on specific feudalization in a particular area, natural-geographical and foreign-political conditions also had a noticeable effect. The transformation of the socio-economic structure and law of classical antiquity, which began in the late ancient period, continues. Slavery is still very widespread, but the status of a slave is already significantly different: the law increasingly considers him as the owner of property, including land, and assumes to some extent his legal responsibility. Small rent is also increasingly becoming a form of dependence. Slowly but steadily, the Roman estate turns into a feudal fiefdom. The barbarians are even more influenced by the new environment. They get acquainted with Roman agricultural technology and the organization of Roman estates, with Roman law, with developed trade (including the purchase and sale of land), with powerful statehood. The pre-state institutions of power and justice are still strong, but in general the state is increasingly moving away from the people. This was greatly facilitated by the Germans' acquaintance with Roman political institutions. The barbarian nobility turns into a layer of large landowners who rallied around the now real monarch. The nobility, German by origin, goes to establish family ties with the nobility of Rome, begins to imitate its way of life, participate in its political intrigues, and by the beginning of the 8th century gradually merges with it. A similar process was observed in the lower strata of society, but it proceeded more slowly.
Ticket number 10
The emergence of the kingdom of the Franks. Frankish kingdom under Clovis Merovingian. Initially, the Franks lived across the Rhine. The name Frank was a collective name for the Germanic tribes. In the Battle of Catalaun in 451, the Franks fought on the side of the Romans against the Huns as their federates. The Franks were divided into two large groups of seaside, living along the lower reaches of the Rhine or Salic and Franks living along the middle Rhine, coastal or Ripuarian. The strongest were the Salic Franks, advancing to the west of Gaul. Their significance especially increased at the end of the 5th and beginning of the 6th century under King Clovis. The history of the reign of Clovis, from the Merovean family (hence the Merovingian dynasty) (481-511) is described in detail in the "History of the Franks" by Bishop Gregory of Tours. Clovis in 486 conquered all of Northern Gaul. This Roman region, centered in Paris, was under the control of the Roman governor, who, after the fall of the Roman Empire, became in fact the king of Northern Gaul. Near the city of Soissons, the Roman army was defeated by the Franks. The result was a Frankish kingdom. Having conquered a large and important territory, the basin of the Seine and Laura; Clovis was able to endow the Franks with lands in abundance. The vast and depopulated area under the Romans became the site of a continuous Frankish settlement. By the end of his reign, Clovis had already advanced significantly south of the Loire, reaching the Garonne River. In the mid-90s, Clovis converted to Christianity, the adoption of Christianity by the barbarians was an important factor, as it testified to their Romanization. While most of the barbarians usually accepted Christianity in the form of the so-called Arianism, which was a sect in relation to the Catholic Church, the Franks immediately adopted Christianity from the Gallo-Roman Catholic clergy. Clovis found strong support in the person of the local and influential Gallo-Roman clergy, this greatly facilitated his further subjugation of the south of Gaul-Visigothia and Burgundy, and also helped to raise the authority of royal power among the Franks themselves. Clovis gradually exterminated all the Salian and Ripuarian kings and became the sole king of a new vast kingdom, which included approximately three-quarters of Gaul, not counting the lands beyond the Rhine. The sons and grandsons of Clovis, despite the frequent divisions and redistributions and mutual strife, continued to expand the boundaries of the kingdom. In 534, they conquered Burgundy, In 542, they captured the last possessions of the Visigoths in Gaul. Across the Rhine, Alimania, Thuringia, Bavaria and some tribes of the Saxons obeyed the Franks. In the second half of the 6th century, the Frankish kingdom was the largest of all the barbarian kingdoms, now hegemony passed to it, which the Ostrogoths used to have under Theodoric.
barbarian kingdoms- states created by barbarian peoples on the territory of the Western Roman Empire in the conditions of its collapse in the 5th century. A characteristic feature common to all these early medieval political formations was internal instability, resulting from the absence of an established rule of succession at that time - the sons of the king, in principle, had a priority right to the throne, but the nobility could well propose a different, their own candidacy. Discord between members of the royal family, between the king and his vassals, disputes between pretenders to the throne were commonplace, many kings died a violent death. The borders of the barbarian kingdoms were also unstable, with capitals frequently changing their locations. The internal structure was characterized by a communal-tribal organization in the form of a territorial community of free landowners, popular assemblies and military militias.
The statehood of the barbarian kingdoms developed under the influence of the Roman political system, Roman law, and with the participation of officials who received a Roman education.
Kingdom of the Visigoths. It arose in 418 as a result of an alliance agreement concluded by the Visigothic king Valia with the emperor Honorius, who allocated to the Visigoths, as federates, land from the foothills of the Pyrenees in the south to the Loire River in the north. It reached its highest development in the second half of the 5th century. It ceased to exist in 718, when it was conquered by the Arabs. It lasted longer than all other barbarian kingdoms and achieved the greatest power.
Kingdom of Vandals and Alans. In 429, the Vandals and Alans, pressed by the Visigoths, left Iberia and moved through Gibraltar to North Africa. By 435, the Vandals had established their dominance over large parts of Roman North Africa. In 435, peace was concluded with the Romans, the Vandals and Alans received the status of federates. In 439, the Vandals broke the treaty and captured Carthage, and in 455 they sacked Rome. The kingdom of the Vandals was conquered by Byzantium in 534.
Kingdom of the Burgundians. In 413, the Burgundians were recognized by the emperor Honorius federates and received a place to settle on the left bank of the Rhine in the region of Worms. In 435, the Huns devastated their state, the Burgundian king was killed, and the remnant of the Burgundian people in 443 was resettled by the emperor Aetius in Savoy on the banks of the Rhone. The state reached its greatest development by 485. In 534, the Burgundian kingdom was conquered by the Franks and became one of the parts of the Frankish state.
Kingdom of the Franks. It was founded by King Clovis I in 481 and within three centuries became the most powerful state in Western Europe.
Kingdom of the Ostrogoths. In 488, Emperor Flavius Zeno concluded an agreement with the Ostrogothic king Theoderic, according to which Theoderic, in the event of a victory over Odoacer, became the ruler of Italy as the representative of the emperor. In 493, the goals of the agreement were achieved. In 555, under Emperor Justinian I, the Italian kingdom of the Ostrogoths was conquered by Byzantium.
Kingdom of the Suebi. The Suebi settled in the northwestern part of the Iberian Peninsula in 409. His role in the political processes in the region was minimal in comparison with the role of other barbarian kingdoms. In 585, their kingdom was conquered by the Visigoths.
Kingdom of the Lombards. The last barbarian kingdom in history in terms of both the emergence and the cessation of its existence. In 566, the Lombards invaded northern Italy. By the middle of the VIII century, the kingdom of the Lombards occupied almost the entire Apennine Peninsula, Istria, Corsica. In 774 it was conquered by Charlemagne.
Anglo-Saxon kingdoms in Britain. By the middle of the 5th c. Britain was conquered by the Germanic tribes of the Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians. In the 6th century, seven kingdoms arose on the territory of Britain, which gradually united into one state.
Some researchers also rank the "kingdom" of Odoacer, the state-political regime that was established in the Western Roman Empire after Odoacer's coup in 476, among the barbarian kingdoms.
Ticket 19. History of the Kingdom of the Franks V-VII centuries. "Salic Truth"
The emergence of the state among the Franks is associated with the name of one of the military
leaders - Clovis from the Merovingian clan. Under his leadership at the turn of V-
6th century The Franks conquered the main part of Gaul. The formation of a new
state was accompanied by the development in the depths of the Frankish society
feudalism, the formation of new property relations and the formation
new classes.
The development of the feudal state among the Franks can be divided into two
1) VI-VII centuries. - period of the Merovingian monarchy
2) VIII century. - first half of the ninth century period of the Carolingian monarchy.
At the Battle of Adrianople. Soon they settled in the north of the Balkan Peninsula, and then began to move towards Italy. In 410, they captured and plundered Rome, and in 418 they created their own state in the Marseille region, right on the territory of the Roman Empire. Later, the Visigoths extended their power to most of Spain.
Visigothic kingdom became the first barbarian state, but soon other Germanic tribes began to create their own states on the territory of the Western Roman Empire.
In 439 arose Alano-Vandal Kingdom in North Africa, in 457, the Burgundians created their kingdom in the region of Lyon, and in the territory of the British Isles in the 40s. 5th century several German kingdoms arose at once: Mercia, Northumbria and East Anglia were the kingdoms of the Angles, Wessex, Essex and Sussex were the kingdoms of the Saxons, and Kent was the kingdom of the Jutes. In fact, the Western Roman Empire ceased to exist. Officially, the end of its existence was put in 476, when, after the overthrow of the emperor Romulus Augustulus, the military leader Odoacer did not take the imperial title, and in the rank of consul began to rule only Italy, which he could still control. However, the power of Odoacer over Italy was short-lived. material from the site
In 493, the Ostrogoths, under the leadership of Theodoric, invaded the Apennine Peninsula and created the kingdom of the East Goths. A little earlier, in 486, the tribal union of the Franks under the leadership of Clovis defeated the troops of the Roman governor Siagrius and created his own state in Northern Gaul - kingdom of the Franks.
A distinctive feature of the barbarian kingdoms was the synthesis of Roman and Germanic traditions. This process was inevitable, since the Germans in the territories subject to them were an insignificant minority. For example, in Gaul after its conquest by the Franks, no more than 150 thousand Germans and about 3-5 million Gallo-Romans lived.
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In the conditions of its collapse in the V century. A characteristic feature common to all these early medieval political formations was internal instability, resulting from the absence of an established rule of succession at that time - the sons of the king, in principle, had a priority right to the throne, but the nobility could well propose a different, their own candidacy. Discord between members of the royal family, between the king and his vassals, disputes between pretenders to the throne were commonplace, many kings died a violent death. The borders of the barbarian kingdoms were also unstable, with capitals frequently changing their locations. The internal structure was characterized by a communal-tribal organization in the form of a territorial community of free landowners, popular assemblies and military militias.
The statehood of the barbarian kingdoms developed under the influence of the Roman political system, Roman law, and with the participation of officials who received a Roman education.
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Books
- From Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Formation of power structures and its images, Starostin Dmitry Nikolaevich. From Late Antiquity to the Early Middle Ages. Formation of power structures and its images in the kingdom of the Franks during the reign of the Merovingians (V-VIII centuries). Transition from Antiquity to...